Role of Endophytic Fungi in Forage Production of Tall Fescue, Festuca arundinacea
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1 Proceedings of The Fourth Interntionl Irn & Russi Conference 327 Role of Endophytic Fungi in Forge Production of Tll Fescue, Festuc rundince 1 2 Mohmmd Rez Szlin, Rez Mohmmdi nd AghFkhr Mirlohi 1, 2, 3-Deprtment of Agronomy nd Plnt Breeding, College of Agriculture, Isfhn University of Technology, Phone: , Fx: , mil: szlin@g.iut.c.ir Astrct Symiotic reltionship hs een found etween endophytic fungi nd most coolseson grsses including 8 gener nd 1 species of sufmily Pooidee. In this reltion, endophytic fungi gin their food nd energy from host plnts nd insted improve host chrcteristics such s yield nd resistnce to intense grzing nd iotic nd iotic stresses. These effects induced from endophytic fungi cn increse net production of plnt forge. Six genotypes of tll fescue, Festuc rundince, were used in this reserch to evlute endophytic fungi role in forge production. Endophyte-free versions of ech genotype were prepred using fungicide mixture of Fulicor nd Propiconzol from endophyte-infected plnts. These genotypes were plnted in rndomized complete lock design with three replictions in the field. Fresh nd dry weight of forge produced, tiller numer nd rte of re-growth of ech genotype (endophyte-infected nd endophyte-free versions) were mesured fter eight months. Results of this study showed tht endophytic fungi could increse fresh nd dry weight of plnt forge. Endophyte-infected plnts hd two to ten times more tiller numer thn endophyte-free counterprts. Endophyte lso enhnced re-growth of infected plnts fter clipping. This my e due to lloction of more ssimiltes to plnt roots. This study showed tht endophytic fungi cn improve production of plnt forge nd my e used in other grss species importnt for forge production. 3 Key words: endophyte, Festuc rundince, forge plnt, Neotyphodium Introduction Tll fescue (Festuc rundince Schre.) is infected y the fungus Neotyphodium coenophilum Glenn, Bcon, Hnlin. This fungus spends its life cycle within the plnt without ny externl sign of infection (Siegel et l., 1985). Hyphe of Neotyphodium re distriuted in ll plnt prts except plnt roots (Bcon et l., 1977; Clrk et l., 1983). This ssocition of tll fescue nd its endophyte hs een suggested to e mutulistic symiosis in which, grss enefits y incresed growth, deterrence of insects nd mmmlin herivores, nd tolernce to stress environments while the fungus receives nutrients from the plnt poplst, reproduce nd disseminte vi seed production (Bcon nd Siegel, 1988). Endophyte infection hs incresed tillering nd herge growth in tll fescue clones (Belesky et l., 1987). At the popultion level, infected tll fescue seedlings, showed greter germintion nd tiller nd dry weight production thn noninfected counterprts (Cly, 1987). Results on the effect of endophyte on these trits in the field, however, re not crucil nd involve some contrsting reports. Siegel et l. (1984) found no difference in survivl rte nd herge yield etween infected nd noninfected popultions under well dpted condition. By contrst, in stressful environment, Red nd Cmp (1986) reported enhnced growth nd etter survivl of infected plnts. The ojective of this study ws to determine the effects of the 327
2 Proceedings of The Fourth Interntionl Irn & Russi Conference 328 endophyte ssocition on forge production nd ssocited trits in roder rnge of tll fescue genotypes. Mterils nd Methods Plnt Mterils Six tll fescue genotypes clonlly propgted were used for this study. Seeds of three ccessions were originlly plnted in the greenhouse nd six comptile hostendophyte comintions from ccessions were selected. Microscopic exmintion of lef sheths confirmed infection of plnts nd comptile comintion ws chosen sed on high hyphe concentrtion nd its unrnched hyphe movement. Ech selected plnt ws seprted into two groups of individul tillers which were trnsplnted into seprte plots in the field. One plot of ech plnt (genotype) ws treted (spryed) with Propiconzole [1-(2-(2-4-dichlorophenyl)-4-propyl-1, 3- dioxoln-2-y1) methyl-1h-1, 2, 4-trizole] nd Folicur s fungicide mixture t 2.i. (ctive ingredient) nd 1ml per liter, respectively. The fungicide tretment ws repeted two times, 7d prt. Microscopic exmintion of new tillers produced in the treted plots confirmed erdiction of the endophyte. New tillers of endophyteinfected nd endophyte-free plnts were trnsplnted to experimentl field. The experimentl design ws rndomized complete lock with fctoril rrngement of the tretments (six genotypes nd their infection sttus) with 3 replictions including 6 hills of plnt per repliction. Ech hill comprised of pproximtely 5 tillers. Plots were m 2 in size nd contined rich cly-lom soil. Throughout the experiment, ll plots were wtered twice week, nd fertilized (75 kg/h N) efore flowering stge in the spring. Plnt Anlysis After 8 months of field growth, plnts were cut from 5 cm of ground level, oven dried t 6 C for 48 h nd weighted. Shoot fresh nd dry weight of one hill ws lso mesured. One hill from ech plot ws rndomly selected, nd numer of tillers per hill ws mesured. After tht, the hill ws wshed free of soil, roots were seprted, weighted nd oven dried t 6 C for 48 h nd weighted gin to mesure fresh nd dry mtter of root. After two weeks of cutting, the height of regrowth in ech plot ws mesured. Anlyses of vrince were performed for ech vrile nd tretment mens were compred using Duncn s multiple rnge test. Results The experimentl plnt genotypes used in this study showed significnt (P<.1) differences for ll vriles. When pooled cross genotypes, the vriles including shoot fresh nd dry weight, root fresh nd dry weight, plot herge yield, numers of tillers per hill nd regrowth height fter cutting were significntly (P<.1) incresed y endophyte infection (Figure 1) ut the increse rte mong genotypes ws different nd in some cses endophyte-free genotypes hd greter vlue of the trit thn their endophyte-free counterprts. This ws resulted in significnt (P<.1) interction etween genotype nd endophyte infection for shoot nd root weight (fresh nd dry), numers of tillers per hill nd regrowth height ut not for plot herge yield (Tle 1). Discussion Tiller numer per hill, herge growth, nd root fresh nd dry yield were incresed in infected clones (Fig. 1). Similr results in tillering nd herge production hve een otined with infected nd noninfected clones of tll fescue nd perennil rye grss (De Bttist et l., 199; Arechvlet et l., 1989; Belesky et l., 1987). Infected 328
3 Proceedings of The Fourth Interntionl Irn & Russi Conference 329 plnts produced (P<.1) more root dry mtter thn endophyte free counterprts. Enhnced root mss ws lso reported in endophyte-infected clones of perennil ryegrss (Ltch et l., 1985). In this study, it is showed tht endophyte infection my decrese growth of t lest some tll fescue genotypes, ut it is not cler how the endophytic fungus my lter the plnt s physiology to chieve these differences. Chnge in hormonl lnce of the host plnt could e possile fungl mechnism to lter host growth (Archevlet et l., 1989; Belesky et l., 1987). It hs een estlished tht the endophyte of tll fescue produces IAA in culture (De Bttist, 1989), But, the effect on IAA in the plnt re still unknown. The high interctions of endophyte infection nd plnt genotype my result from specific reltionships etween ech plnt nd fungus genotype. This effect implies genotypic differences mong individuls of oth plnt nd fungus. Greter regrowth fter cutting in endophyte-infected plnts, suggests tht endophyte infected plnts were more efficient in using supplies of root for shoot regrowth. This effect my lso relte to ltertion in plnt physiology nd hormonl lnce. In summry, endophyte infection my increse root growth nd enhnce forge production of tll fescue host plnt, ut ecuse of the presence of interctions etween endophyte nd grss genotypes, the sme effect my not e extrpolted to other genotypes of the endophyte hroring plnt species. More informtion is needed on the physiologicl ses nd mechnisms y which fungl endophyte ffect host growth chrcteristics, long with the effect of environmentl fctors on the expression of them efore generlized conclusion. References 1- Arechvlet M, Bcon CW, Hovelnd CS,, Rdcliffe DE,(1989) Effect of the tll fescue endophyte on plnt response to environmentl stress. Agron J. 81: Bcon CW, Porter JK, Roines JD, Luttrell ES(1977) Epichlo typhin from toxic fescue grsses.appl. Environ. Microiol. 34: Bcon CW, Siegel MR (1988) The endophyte of tll fescue. J. Prod. Agric. 1: Belesky DP, Devine OJ, Plls JE, Stringer WC(1987) Photosynthetic ctivity of tll fescue s influenced y fungl endophyte. Photosynthet. 21: Clrk EM, White JF, Ptterson RM (1983) Improved histochemicl techniques for the detection of Acremonium coenophilum in tll fescue nd methods in vitro culture of the fungus. J. Microiol. Methods 1: Cly K (1987) Effects of fungl endophytes on the seed nd seedling iology of Lolium perenne nd Festuc rundince. Oecologi 73: De Bttist JP (1989) Evlution of tll fescue rhizome production in the greenhouse nd effect of endophyte infection on rhizome expression. M.S. thesis. Univer. Of Georgi. Athens. 8- De Bttist JP, Bouton JH, Bcon CW, Siegel MR (199) Rhizome nd herge production of endophyte-removed tll fescue clones nd popultion. Agron. J. 82: Ltch GCM, Hunt WF, Musgrve DR (1985) Endophytic fungi ffect growth of perennil ryegrss. N.Z.J. Agric. Res. 28: Red JC, Cmp BJ (1986) The effect of fungl endophyte Acremonium coenophillum in tll fescue on niml performnce, toxicity nd stnd mintennce. Agron J. 78: Siegel MC, Ltch GCM, Johnson MC (1985) Acremonium fungl endophytes of tll fescue nd perennil ryegrss: significnce nd control. Plnt Dis. 69: Siegel MR, Johnson MC, Vrney DR, Nesmith WC, Buckner RC, Bush LP, Burrus PB, Jones TA, Boling JA(1984) A fungl endophyte in tll fescue: incidence nd dissemintion. Phytopthology 74:
4 Proceedings of The Fourth Interntionl Irn & Russi Conference 33 Tle 1-Anlysis of vrinces for tll fescue forge production trits in endophyte-infected nd noninfected plnt genotypes. source df SFW SDW RFW RDW PHY TIL REG Genotype 5 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Endophyte 1 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Genotype*Endophyte 5 ** ** ** ** NS ** ** **, NS Significnt t the.1 level nd Not Significnt, respectively. SFW: Shoot Fresh Weight, SDW: Shoot Dry Weight, RFW: Root Fresh Weight, RDW: Root Dry Weight, PHY: Plot Herge Yield, TIL: Tiller numers per hill nd REG: Regrowth height Weight 8 (gr) SFW SDW RFW RDW PHY Trit Figure1()- Shoot fresh weight (SFW), shoot dry weight (SDW), root fresh weight (RFW), root dry weight (RDW) nd plot herge yield (PHY) of tll fescue clones s ffected y endophyte infection. Vlues re mens of six clones nd three replictions per clone. Mens with the different letter re significntly different. Tiller numer Height (cm) TIL REG 33
5 Proceedings of The Fourth Interntionl Irn & Russi Conference 331 Figure1()- Tiller numer per hill nd men regrowth height of tll fescue clones s ffected y endophyte infection. Vlues re mens of six clones nd three replictions per ech clone. Mens with the different letter re significntly different. TIL:Tiller numer nd REG: Regrowth 331
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