MORPHO-ANATOMIC FEATURES AND CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS IN SOME AQUATIC PLANT SPECIES PRELIMINARY DATA

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1 MORPHO-ANATOMIC FEATURES AND CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS IN SOME AQUATIC PLANT SPECIES PRELIMINARY DATA Emilia Brîndu a S NDULESCU, Mala-Maria STAVRESCU-BEDIVAN, Gina VASILE SC E EANU, Tudor CHIOPU University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Faculty of Agriculture 59 Marasti Blvd, District, 06, Bucharest, Romania Abstract Scientific Papers. Series A. Agronomy, Vol. LVII, 0 ISSN ; ISSN CD-ROM ; ISSN Online ; ISSN-L Corresponding author emasand@yahoo.com Plants live everywhere, populating all major habitats (air, land, water). ir life cycle takes place under the influence of environmental factors and is therefore subject to large variations in abiotic factors. In this context, plants have changed over time their structures, organ shape and appearance, resulting from their adaptation to living environment. Some changes in the structure and function of the vegetative organs, arising as a result of their adaptation to the plant were followed by one of the greatest figures in literature and the founder of morphology as a science J.W. von Goethe, who in 790 formulated a theory of plant metamorphosis (adaptive change). This paper highlights such adaptive changes but seeks and identifies chemical elements in plant composition under study (Hydrocharis morsusranae, Anubias barteri, Hygrophila odora, Bacopa caroliniana) the first step in trying as thorough knowledge of aquatic plants to establish their possible uses. Key words: aquatic plants, metamorphosis, chemical elements. INTRODUCTION aquatic plants can live underwater (submerged) or can float on water surface (natant). Some of them have adapted their morphology to aquatic environment: large intercellular spaces in lamina are connected with aeriferous canals from petiole that extend as aerenchyma in the rhizome and roots, ensuring their oxygenation. Other plant species compensate the underdeveloped aerenchyma by highlighting the mechanical and conducting tissues. aim of thus study was to investigate the morpho-anatomic features and chemical compounds in the following aquatic plant species: Hydrocharis morsus-ranae, Anubias barteri, Hygrophila odora, Bacopa caroliniana. Hydrocharis morsus-ranae (Alismatales, Hydrocharitaceae) or frogbit, native to Europe and parts of Asia, is a free-floating annual herbaceous aquatic plant, but its leaves can become emergent when the vegetation is dense enough (O Neil, 007). Anubias barteri (Alismatales, Araceae), a West African species, survives either totally or partially submersed ( Hygrophila species usually are growing emersed along natural bodies of water ( Hygrophila odora (Lamiales, Acanthaceae) is a plant species distributed in Western Africa; its emersed form has a strong, ascending to upright stems that lignify at the basis, and lanceolate leaves ( Bacopa caroliniana (Lamiales, Scrophulariaceae) comes from South America, where it is found growing in swampy areas, emerged and submerged. One of the basic characteristics of this plant is lemon smell of the leaves when they are broken ( MATERIALS AND METHODS For identification and description purposes, we used preserved material belonging to four aquatic plant species: Hydrocharis morsusranae, Anubias barteri, Hygrophila odora, Bacopa caroliniana. Macroscopic observations were performed on plants with the help of identification handbooks. Microscopic

observations and micrometric measurements were madee on numerous cross-sections of the studied plants (Andrei, 00).

photos were taken withh the digital camera Panasonic Lumix DMC - LS60 (6MPX, X optical zoom).

Tisues measurement m from leaf petiole belongingg to Hydrocharis H morsus-ranae Epidermis, Central cylinder Conducting fascicle 7 8 6 Hydrocharis

It has long, slender stolons andd long-petiolate, ovate kidney-shaped leaves. It is common in stagnant or slowly flowing waters. Figure.

cells, covered with a thin cuticle Figure.

T lacunar tissue has big, intracelular spaces (aeriferi parenchyma) ribs present a very weak developed xylem.

Tissue s leaff dimensions in Hydrocharis s morsus-ranae plant are indicated in Table.

2 observations and micrometric measurements were madee on numerous cross-sections of the studied plants (Andrei, 00). Observations were carried out with a ML-M laboratoryy of IOR microscope belonging to the Biology, UASVM Bucharest. photos were taken withh the digital camera Panasonic Lumix DMC - LS60 (6MPX, X optical zoom). Sodium and potassium levels were determined by flame photometry, using % acetic acid (extractantt ratio :0). Table. Tisues measurement m from leaf petiole belongingg to Hydrocharis H morsus-ranae Epidermis, Central cylinder Conducting fascicle Hydrocharis morsus-ranam ae has a bifacial leaff with a dorsiventral heterofacial, structure, presenting a mesophyll m tissue lie between upper and lower epidermis (Figure ). RESULTSS AND DISCUSSIONS Results regarding morpho-anatomic structure of aquatic plant Hydrocharis morsus-ranae (frogbit) Hydrocharis morsus-ranae plant. It has long, slender stolons andd long-petiolate, ovate kidney-shaped leaves. It is common in stagnant or slowly flowing waters. Figure. Hydrocharis morsus-ranae (Figure ) iss a natant hydrophyte Hydrocharis morsus-ranae leaf ss petiole hass an epidermis formed from a single row of cells, covered with a thin cuticle (Figure ). Figure. Hydrocharis morsus-ranae : leaf structure mesophyll presents a palisadic tissue with long cells, rich r in chloroplasts including idioblasts. T lacunar tissue has big, intracelular (Figure ). spaces (aeriferi parenchyma) ribs present a very weak developed xylem. Between ribs and lower epidermis, an angular colenchyma is differentiated, that t gives lamina s resistance. Tissue s leaff dimensions in Hydrocharis s morsus-ranae plant are indicated in Table. Table. Tisues measurements from Hydrocharis morsus-ranae leaf structures Upper epidermis Mesophyll Lower epidermis Figure. Hydrocharis morsus-ranae: petiole cross- Results regarding morpho-anatomic structuree section of aquatic plant Anubias barteri Fundamental parenchyma is highly developed, Anubias barteri (Figure ) is a plantt commonly having many aerifer channels of varying sizes. found in aquariums. mechanical elements are reduced. Phloem In cross section, the adventitious root presentss is limited and the wood is reduced to a single exodermis, cortex and vascular cylinder. No vessel. aerenchyma tissues are differentiated. Tissue dimensions from Hydrocharis morsus- ranae leaf s petiole are shown in Table.

In cross-section (Figure 6), leaf s petiole has a

phloem and xylem vessels (with sclerencyma caps) c

Anubias barteri are indicated in Table. Figure.

numerous phloem vessels alternates with xylem, with

pith contains lignificated cells. Figure 5.

Dimensions recorded for Anubiass barteri root s

Exodermis Endodermis Vascular cylinder Pith 8.8 576.

Cross-section through petiole belonging to A.

upper epidermis, mesophyll, lower epidermis

7 Tisues measurement from leaf petiole belonging

3 In cross-section (Figure 6), leaf s petiole has a unistratified epidermis, e covered with a thin cuticle. cortical parenchyma is very poorly developed; phloem and xylem vessels (with sclerencyma caps) c are disorderly arranged, the petiole being polistelic. tissue s petiolee micrometric measuremenm nts in Anubias barteri are indicated in Table. Figure. Anubias barteri In the vascular cylinder (Figure 5) numerous phloem vessels alternates with xylem, with lignificatedd cells between those two t layers. pith contains lignificated cells. Figure 5. Cross section through Anubias barteri root Dimensions recorded for Anubiass barteri root s tissues are shown in Table. Table. Tisues measurements from Anubias barteri roots 5 Exodermis Endodermis Vascular cylinder Pith Figure 6. Cross-section through petiole belonging to A. barteri leaves are large, green, ovate-lanceolate, with pinnate venation. v In cross section, presentss a very thin cuticle, upper epidermis, mesophyll, lower epidermis (formedd by cells of different size) (Figure 7). 7 Table. Tisues measurement from leaf petiole belonging to Anubias barteri E Cuticle Epidermis Conducting fascicle Sclerenchyma Figure 7. Cross section through a A. barteri leaf mesophyll is homogeneous, consisting of several rows of cells without intercellularr spaces. Rows below thee upper epidermis are rich in chloroplasts. ribs have vascular bundles surrounded by sclerenchyma (Figure 7). Dimensions recorded for leaf s tissuess measured in Anubias barteri are shown in Table 5.

Table 5. Tissue dimensions in Anubias barteri leaves Cuticle. Upper epidermis 7 Mesophyll 6 5 Lower epidermis 8.8 6 Midrib Table 6. Tissue dimensions from Hygrophila odora roots Rizhodermis 8.8.8 Central cylinder 5.

Hygrophila odora cylindrical stem has nodes and internodes, with dorso-ventral flattened, pinnate leaves in nodes. It forms adventive roots.

9). In the highly developed cortex, there are three or four layers of colechyma but the major part is occupied by aerenchyma with intercellular spaces by different sizes (Figure 0), forming air

Hygrophila odora: root cross section mechanical elements and central cylinder are very reduced (Figure 9). dimensions for measured tissues in Hygrophila odora root are indicated in Table 6.

4 Table 5. Tissue dimensions in Anubias barteri leaves Cuticle. Upper epidermis 7 Mesophyll 6 5 Lower epidermis Midrib Table 6. Tissue dimensions from Hygrophila odora roots Rizhodermis Central cylinder 5. Results regarding morpho-anatomy of Hygrophila odora aquatic plant Hygrophila odora (Figure 8) is an aquatic plant species. Figure 0. Hygrophila odora: cross section of a cortex Figure 8. Hygrophila odora cylindrical stem has nodes and internodes, with dorso-ventral flattened, pinnate leaves in nodes. It forms adventive roots. In cross-section, the root appears to be formed by rhizodermis lacking absorbing hairs (one layer of cells); cortex is very well developed, with large intercellular spaces found in aerenchyma (Figure 9). In the highly developed cortex, there are three or four layers of colechyma but the major part is occupied by aerenchyma with intercellular spaces by different sizes (Figure 0), forming air chambers. last layer of the cortex, endodermis, is formed by one single row of different size cells. Figure. Hygrophila odora: cross section of a central cylinder Figure 9. Hygrophila odora: root cross section mechanical elements and central cylinder are very reduced (Figure 9). dimensions for measured tissues in Hygrophila odora root are indicated in Table 6. stem has a unistratified epidermis, covered by a thin cuticle (Figure 0). conducting tissue is formed by poor developed collateral fascicles, orderly arranged (Figure ). dimensions for measured tissues in Hygrophila odora stem are shown in Table 7. In cross section, the leaf of Hygrophila odora presents the upper epidermis with smaller cells on one single row, covered by a thin cuticle and the lower epidermis formed by bigger cells (Figure ).

Collenchyma Pith Central cylinder Conducting

the upper epidermis, the mesophyll, presenting

is crossed by different size air chambers.

dimensions for measured tissues in Hygrophila

Upper epidermis Lower epidermis Mesophyll Rib

8 Results regarding morpho-anatomic structure of

Bacopa caroliniana is an aquatic plant (Figure )

In stem s nodes theree are adventive roots and

In cross-section, the adventive root presents

cortex has cells with thin cell walls and few

last layer of the cortex, endodermis, is well

central cylinder, there are four liberian

separated by medullary rays formed by cells with

5 Table 7. Measurements for stem tissues in Hygrophila odora NR Cuticule Epidermis Endodermis Collenchyma Pith Central cylinder Conducting fascicle , Figure. Bacopa caroliniana Figure. Hygrophila odora: cross section of leaf Below the upper epidermis, the mesophyll, presenting cells rich in chloroplasts (Figure ) ), and it is crossed by different size air chambers. ribs are poorly developed. dimensions for measured tissues in Hygrophila odora leaves are presented in Table 8. Table 8. Tissue dimensions from Hygrophila odora leaves Upper epidermis Lower epidermis Mesophyll Rib MEAN( (μ) Results regarding morpho-anatomic structure of aquatic plant Bacopa caroliniana (water hyssop) Bacopa caroliniana is an aquatic plant (Figure ) ), ubiquitous in aquariums for many years. In stem s nodes theree are adventive roots and leaves (oblong, succulents, opposite arranged). In cross-section, the adventive root presents rhizodemis, exodermis, cortical parenchyma and central cylinder (Figure ). rhizodermis is lacking in absorbent hair; the cortex has cells with thin cell walls and few intercellular spaces (aerenchyma). last layer of the cortex, endodermis, is well differentiated, presenting Casparian strips. 5 Figure. Bacopa caroliniana: root cross section In central cylinder, there are four liberian fascicles, respectively four wooden fascicles, separated by medullary rays formed by cells with cellulosic, thin walls. pith is formed byy cells with slightly lignificated walls. dimensions for measured tissues, in Bacopa coroliniana roots, are shown in Table 9. In cross-section, the stem presents the epidermis, cortex c and centrall cylinder (Figure 5). unistratified epidermis is covered by cuticle. cortex is occupied with aeriferous canals by different size (aerenchyma) separated

through a single layer of cells. cells have cellulosic, thin walls.

. central cylinder is represented by many xylem and phloem vessels

undifferentiated, formed by several layers of cells lacking intercellular

Beneath the upper epidermis there are layer of cells rich inn

e ribs have poor developed collaterall fascicles (woody-adaxial and

e measurements for leaf s tissuess in Bacopaa coroliniana are indicated

Bacopa caroliniana: stem cross section Upper epidermis Lower epidermis

dimensions for measured tissues from Bacopa caroliniana stem are shown

Tissue dimensions measured in Bacopaa caroliniana stalk ) Cuticle

78 86 In cross-section, the morpho-anatomic structure of B.

6 through a single layer of cells. cells have cellulosic, thin walls.. endodermis is well developed.. central cylinder is represented by many xylem and phloem vessels arranged on two concentric circles. (smaller than (Figure 6). those of the upper epidermis) Table 9. Tissue dimensions measured in Bacopa caroliniana roots Rizhodermis 7 88 Central cylinder Figure 6. Bacopa caroliniana: cross section of a leaf e mesophyll is homogeneous, undifferentiated, formed by several layers of cells lacking intercellular spacess or thesee spaces are reduced. Beneath the upper epidermis there are layer of cells rich inn chloroplasts. e ribs have poor developed collaterall fascicles (woody-adaxial and liberian-abaxial). e measurements for leaf s tissuess in Bacopaa coroliniana are indicated in Table. Table. Tissue dimensions measured in i Bacopa carolinianaa leaves Figure 5. Bacopa caroliniana: stem cross section Upper epidermis Lower epidermis Mesophyll M Midrib pith iss formed by parenchimatous cells. dimensions for measured tissues from Bacopa caroliniana stem are shown Table 0. Table 0. Tissue dimensions measured in Bacopaa caroliniana stalk ) Cuticle Epidermiss Central cylinder In cross-section, the morpho-anatomic structure of B. caroliniana leaves presents: a very thin cuticle; thee upper epidermis formed by larger thin walled cells; mesophyll; the lower epidermis containing different size cells Results regarding determination off potassium and sodium in aquaticc plant: Hydrocharis s morsus-ranae, Anubias barteri, Hygrophila a odora, Bacopaa caroliniana Results regarding sodium and potassium chemical identifying inn the studied plant composition are shown inn Table. Table. Potassium and sodium determination in the studied aquatic plants Sampless K, ppm Na +, ppm Hydrocharis morsus-ranae Anubias barteri Hygrophila odora o Bacopa caroliniana

7 CONCLUSIONS Although the specialist literature presents aquatic plants having a well developed aerenchyma and reduced mechanical and conducting elements, the submerged plant species Anubias barteri, Hygrophila odora and Bacopa caroliniana show important differences regarding these morpho-anatomic structures. Aerenchyma s absence both in root, petiole and leaves (Anubias barteri) is correlated with developed conducting elements and sclerenchyma s presence. aeriferous tissues recorded in Bacopa caroliniana are reduced, correlated with numerous conducting elements. Hygrophila odora presents a well developed aerenchyma in organ s structures; the mechanical and conducting elements are reduced, although the xylem vessels are numerous in stem s structure. Potassium and sodium identification in the studied plant species (Hydrocharis morsusranae, Anubias barteri, Hygrophila odora, Bacopa caroliniana) represent a first step in trying as thorough knowledge of aquatic plants to establish their possible uses. REFERENCES Andrei M., 00. Microtehnic botanic. Editura Niculescu SRL, Bucure ti. O Neil C.R., 007. European Frog-Bit (Hydrocharis morsus-ranae) Floating Invader of Great Lakes Basin Waters. Available online: NYSG Invasive Species Factsheet Series: 07- *** *** *** *** 7

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