Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, P.O. Box , Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panamá

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1 SUPPORTING INFORMATION Authors: Fan Bai 1, Ryan Chisholm 2,3, Weiguo Sang 1*, Ming Dong 1* Affiliations: 1 State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing , China 2 Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, P.O. Box , Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panamá *Corresponding author: Weiguo Sang, State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing , China, swg@ibcas.ac.cn; Phone: ; FAX: Ming Dong, State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing , China, dongming@ibcas.ac.cn; Phone: Title: Spatial Risk Assessment of Alien Invasive Plants in China Number of pages: 17 Figure: 1 Table: 1 S1

2 SI 1: List of alien invasive plants in China No. Scientific name Family Provinces Distributio n-types 1. Lilium hansonii Leichtlin ex D. T. Moore Gro wth Origins Time form Impact Spread index index Liliaceae Aloe vera var. chinensis Liliaceae Asparagus densiflorus (Kunth) Jessop Liliaceae Asparagus setaceus (Kunth) Jessop Liliaceae Plantago virginica L. Plantaginaceae Plantago aristata Michx. Plantaginaceae Plantago lanceolata L. Plantaginaceae Knautia arvensis(l.)coult. Dipsacaceae Cabomba caroliniana A. Gray Cabombaceae Rosmarinus officinalis Linnaeus Labiatae Dracocephalum moldavica Linnaeus Labiatae Hyptis rhomboidea Martius &Galeotti Labiatae Hyptis brevipes Poiteau Labiatae Hyptis suaveolens (Linnaeus)Poiteau Labiatae Salvia coccinea Buc hoz ex Etlinger Labiatae Prunella vulgaris Linnaeus Labiatae Ricinus communis Linnaeus Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia maculata Linnaeus Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia dentata Michaux Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia hirta Linnaeus Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia prostrata Aiton Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia serpens Kunth Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia esula Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia hypericifolia Linnaeus Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia cyathophora Murray Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia lathyris Linnaeus Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia marginata Pursh Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia helioscopia Linnaeus Euphorbiaceae Pedilanthus tithymaloides Euphorbiaceae Jatropha curcas L. Euphorbiaceae Manihot esculenta Euphorbiaceae Cannabis sativa Linnaeus Cannabaceae Humulus scandens(loureiro)merrill Cannabaceae Lotus corniculatus L. Leguminosae S2

3 35. Melilotus albus Medik. Leguminosae Melilotus officinalis(l.)pall. Leguminosae (L.)Desr Trifolium repens L. Leguminosae Trifolium pratense L. Leguminosae Trifolium incarnatum L. Leguminosae Trifolium hybridum L. Leguminosae Robinia pseudoacacia Linnaeus Leguminosae Mimosa invisa MarT. ex Colla Leguminosae Mimosa bimucronata(dc.)kuntze Leguminosae Mimosa pudica Linnaeus Leguminosae Mimosa invisa var. inermis Adelb. Leguminosae Aeschynomene indica Linn. Leguminosae Acacia mearnsii De Wilde Leguminosae Acacia farnesiana(linn.)willd Leguminosae Acacia dealbata Link Leguminosae Ulex europaeus L. Leguminosae Cassia alata Linn., Leguminosae Cassia floribunda Cav. Leguminosae Chamaecrista mimosoides(l.)greene Leguminosae Senna occidentalis var. Leguminosae sophera(l.)x. Y. Zhu Cassia tora Linn. Leguminosae Senna hirsuta(l.)h. S. Irwin et Leguminosae Barneby Senna occidentalis(l.)link Leguminosae Cassia didymobotrya Fresen. Leguminosae Calopogonium mucunoides Leguminosae Medicago polymorpha L. Leguminosae Medicago minima Leguminosae Medicago sativa L. Leguminosae Tamarindus indica Leguminosae Sesbania grandiflora(l.)pers. Leguminosae Vicia villosa Leguminosae Leucaena leucocephala(lam.)de Wit Leguminosae Crotalaria spectabilis Roth Leguminosae Amorpha fruticosa Leguminosae Lemna perpusilla Torr. Lemnaceae Sonneratia petala B. Sonneratiaceae Pittosporum tobira(thunberg)w. T Aiton Pittosporaceae Imperata cylindrica(linnaeus)raeuschel Gramineae Echinochloa crusgalli (Linnaeus)P. Gramineae S3

4 Beauvois 74. Brachiaria mutica(forsk.)stapf Gramineae Brachiaria eruciformis(j. E. Gramineae Smith)GriseB Hordeum jubatum Linnaeus Gramineae Hordeum bulbosum Linn. Gramineae Axonopus compressus (Swartz)P. Gramineae Beauvois Sorghum Gramineae halepense(linnaeus)persoon Sorghum sudanense(piper)stapf Gramineae Sorghum almum Parodi Gramineae Setaria parviflora (Parodi)Kerguélen Gramineae Setaria palmifolia (J. König)Stapf Gramineae Lolium temulentum Linnaeus Gramineae Lolium multiflorum Lamarck Gramineae Lolium perenne Linnaeus Gramineae Lolium persicum Boissier Gramineae &Hohenacker Lolium temulentum var. Gramineae arvense(withering)liljeblad Lolium temulentum Gramineae var.longiaristatum Parnell Rhynchelytrum repens(willd.)hubb. Gramineae Chloris gayana Gramineae Cenchrus calyculatus Cav. Gramineae Cenchrus echinatus Linnaeus Gramineae Cenchrus pauciflorus Benth Gramineae Alopecurus japonicas Gramineae Pennisetum setosum(swartz)rich. Gramineae Pennisetum purpureum Schumacher Gramineae Pennisetum glaucum(linnaeus)r. Gramineae Brown Digitaria ciliaris(retzius)koeler Gramineae Spartina anglica C. E. Hubbard Gramineae Spartina alterniflora Loiseleur Gramineae Paspalum conjugatum Bergius Gramineae Paspalum fimbriatum Kunth Gramineae Paspalum dilatatum Parodi Gramineae Bromus catharticus Vahl Gramineae Bromus sterilis Linnaeus Gramineae Aegilops tauschii Coss. Gramineae Aegilops cylindrica Host Gramineae Eleusine indica (Linnaeus)Gaertner Gramineae S4

5 110. Panicum maximum Jacquin Gramineae Panicum repens Linnaeus Gramineae Phleum pratense Linnaeus Gramineae Vetiveria zizanioides(l.)nash Gramineae Avena barbata Pott ex Link Gramineae Avena fatua Linn. Gramineae Avena ludoviciana Durieu Gramineae Festuca arundinaceauca Gramineae arundinacea Schreber Buchloe dactyloides Gramineae (Nuttall)Engelmann Phalaris paradoxa Linnaeus Gramineae Phalaris minor Retzius Gramineae Poa compressa Linnaeus Gramineae Ehrharta erecta Lam. Gramineae Peperomia pellucida(linnaeus)kunth Piperaceae Piper betle Piperaceae Sicyos angulatus L. Cucurbitaceae Coccinia grandis(l.)voigt Cucurbitaceae Cucumis melo var. agrestis Cucurbitaceae Cucumis bisexualis A.M. Lu et G.C Wan ex Lu et Z. Cucurbitaceae Ribes multiflorum Kitaibel ex Schultes Grossulariaceae Ribes nigrum Linnaeus Grossulariaceae Ribes reclinatum Linnaeus Grossulariaceae Deutzia crenata Siebold &Zuccarini Grossulariaceae Nerium oleander Linnaeus Apocynaceae Rauvolfia cubana A. de Candolle Apocynaceae Voacanga africana Stapf Apocynaceae Vinca minor Linnaeus Apocynaceae Ochrosia elliptica Labillardière Apocynaceae Cameraria latifolia Linnaeus Apocynaceae Catharanthus roseus (Linnaeus)G. Don Apocynaceae Etlingera elatior(jack)r. M. Smith Zingiberaceae Martynia annua Linnaeus Martyniaceae Sida szechuensis Matsuda Malvaceae Sida rhombifolia Linnaeus Malvaceae Hibiscus trionum Linnaeus Malvaceae Malvastrum coromandelianum (Linnaeus)Garcke Malvaceae Abutilon crispum(linn.)medicus Malvaceae Abutilon theophrasti Medikus Malvaceae S5

6 148. Bryophyllum pinnatum(linnaeus f.)oken Crassulaceae Triodanis biflora Campanulaceae Triodanis perfoliata Campanulaceae Conyza sumatrensis(retz.)walker Compositae Conyza bonariensis(l.)cronq. Compositae Conyza canadensis(l.)cronq. Compositae Zinnia peruviana(l.)l. Compositae Polymnia uvedalia L. Compositae Leucanthemum vulgare TourN. ex Compositae LaM. Lam Xanthium spinosum L. Compositae Xanthium italicum Moretti Compositae Anthemis cotula Linn. Compositae Anthemis tinctoria Linn. Compositae Anthemis arvensis Linn. Compositae Acanthospermum australe(l.)kuntze Compositae Acroptilon repens L. Compositae Helenium autumnale L. Compositae Erigeron philadelphicus L. Compositae Erigeron annuus(linn.)pers. Compositae Bidens pilosa var. radiata ScH. Bip. Compositae Bidens frondosa Linn. Compositae Bidens pilosa L. Compositae Flaveria bidentis (L.) Kuntze Compositae Ageratum conyzoides Linn. Compositae Ageratum houstonianum Miller Compositae Cirsium arvense(l.)scop. Compositae Iva xanthifolia Nutt. Compositae Iva axillaris Pursh Compositae Pseudelephantopus spicatus(j.ex Compositae AuB.)Gleason Mikania micrantha Kunth Compositae Coreopsis grandiflora Hogg ex Compositae Sweet Coreopsis lanceolata L. Compositae Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. Compositae Synedrella nodiflora(l.)gaertn. Compositae Cichorium intybus L. Compositae Erechtites lerianaefolia(wolf)dc. Compositae Sonchus asper(l.)hill. Compositae Sonchus oleraceus L. Compositae Sonchus brachyotus DC. Compositae Soliva anthemifolia(jussieu)sweet, Compositae S6

7 HorT. Brit Galinsoga parviflora Cay. Compositae Wedelia trilobata(linn.)hitchc. Compositae Pyrethrum parthenifolium Willd. Compositae Senecio dubitabilis C. Jeffrey et Y. L. Compositae Chen 192. Senecio jacobaea L. Compositae Cosmos sulphureus Cav. Compositae Cosmos bipinnata Cav. Compositae Achillea millefolium Linnaeus Compositae Centaurea cyanus Linn. Compositae Silybum marianum(l.)gaertn. Compositae Gaillardia pulchella Foug. Compositae Chrysanthemum carinatum Compositae Schousboe 200. Chrysanthemum coronarium L. Compositae Ambrosia psilostachya DC. Compositae Ambrosia trifida L. Compositae Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. Compositae Tagetes patula L. Compositae Tagetes erecta L. Compositae Lactuca seriola Torner Compositae Lactuca pulchella(pursh)dc. Compositae Helianthus tuberosus L. Compositae Helianthus annuus L. Compositae Crassocephalum crepidioides(benth.)s. Moore Compositae Solidago canadensis L. Compositae Parthenium hysterophorus Linnaeus Compositae Tridax procumbens L. Compositae Eupatorium odoratum L. Compositae Eupatorium catarium Compositae Eupatorium coelestium L. Compositae Eupatorium adenophorum Compositae Tithonia diversifolia A. Gray Compositae Aster subulatus Michx. Compositae Andrographis paniculata Acanthaceae Thunbergia grandiflora Acanthaceae Atriplex nummularia Lindley Chenopodiaceae Chenopodium ambrosioides L. Chenopodiaceae Chenopodium hybridum Linnaeus Chenopodiaceae Chenopodium giganteum D. Don Chenopodiaceae Persicaria pensylvanica(linnaeus)m Gómez Polygonaceae S7

8 Orobanche 227. brassicae(novopokrovsky)novopokr ovsky Orobanchaceae Orobanche coerulescens Stephan Orobanchaceae Gaura parviflora Douglas ex Lehmann Onagraceae Oenothera rosea L'HeR. ex Ait. Onagraceae Oenothera glazioviana Micheli Onagraceae Agave americana Linn. Agavaceae Cordyline fruticosa(linnaeus)a. Chevalier Agavaceae Asclepias curassavica Linn. Asclepiadaceae Anredera scandens(l.)moq. Basellaceae Anredera cordifolia (Tenore)Steenis Basellaceae Clerodendrum thomsonae Balf. Verbenaceae Duranta repens Linnaeus Verbenaceae Stachytarpheta jamaicensis(l.)vahl Verbenaceae Lantana camara Linnaeus Verbenaceae Tectona grandis Linnaeus f. Verbenaceae Talinum paniculatum(jacq.)gaertn. Portulacaceae Geranium carolinianum Linnaeus Geraniaceae Ranunculus muricatus Linnaeus Ranunculaceae Ranunculus sardous Crantz Ranunculaceae Ranunculus arvensis Linnaeus Ranunculaceae Ranunculus trachycarpus Fischer &C. A. Meyer Ranunculaceae Reseda lutea Linnaeus Resedaceae Parthenocissus quinquefolia(linnaeus)planchon Vitaceae Rhus typhina L. Anacardiaceae Acer negundo Linnaeus Aceraceae Borreria stricta(linn. f.)g. Mey. Rubiaceae Borreria latifolia(aubl.)k. Schum. Rubiaceae Petunia hybrid Solanaceae Nicandra Solanaceae physalodes(linnaeus)gaertner Capsicum frutescens L. Solanaceae Datura stramonium Linnaeus Solanaceae Datura inoxia Miller Solanaceae Datura metel Linnaeus Solanaceae Solanum carolinense L. Solanaceae Solanum rostratum DunaL. Solanaceae Solanum Solanaceae chrysotrichum Schlechtendal S8

9 263. Solanum erianthum D. Don Solanaceae Solanum aculeatissimum Jacquin Solanaceae Solanum seaforthianum Andrews Solanaceae Solanum capsicoides Allioni Solanaceae Solanum torvum Swartz Solanaceae Solanum sisymbriifolium Lamarck Solanaceae Sloanum elaeagnifolium Cav. Solanaceae Physalis peruviana Linnaeus Solanaceae Physalis pubescens L. Solanaceae Eryngium foetidum Linnaeus Umbelliferae Ammi visnaga (Linnaeus)Lamarck Umbelliferae Ammi majus Linnaeus Umbelliferae Conium maculatum Umbelliferae Daucus carota Linnaeus Umbelliferae Petroselinum crispum (Miller)Nyman 277. Umbelliferae ex A. W. Hill 278. Apium leptophyllum(pers.)f. MuelL. Umbelliferae Coriandrum sativum L. Umbelliferae Cyperus rotundus Linn. Cyperaceae Phytolacca americana Linnaeus Phytolaccaceae Sinapis alba Linnaeus Cruciferae Coronopus didymus(l.)j. E. Smith Cruciferae Alliaria petiolata Cruciferae Sisymbrium altissimum Linnaeus Cruciferae Sisymbrium orientale Linnaeus Cruciferae Nasturtium officinale R. Brown Cruciferae Lepidium perfoliatum Linnaeus Cruciferae Lepidium virginicum Linnaeus Cruciferae Lepidium sativum Linnaeus Cruciferae Lepidium campestre(linnaeus)r. Cruciferae Brown 292. Lepidium densiflorum Schrader Cruciferae Diplotaxis muralis(linn.)dc. Cruciferae Armoracia rusticana(lam.)gaertn. Cruciferae Raphanus raphanistrum Linnaeus Cruciferae Capsella bursa-pastoris (Linnaeus)Medikus Eutrema wasabi (Siebold)Maximowicz Cruciferae Cruciferae Bunias orientalis Linnaeus Cruciferae Alyssum alyssoides(linn.)linn. Cruciferae Hesperis matronalis Linnaeus Cruciferae Lobularia Cruciferae maritima(linnaeus)desvaux S9

10 302. Rapistrum rugosum(l.)all. Cruciferae Brassica juncea(l.)czern et Coss. Cruciferae Sinapis arvensis Linnaeus Cruciferae Brassica campestris Linn. Cruciferae Zephyranthes candida (Lindley)Herbert Amaryllidaceae Zephyranthes carinata Herbert Amaryllidaceae Narcissus tazetta var. chinensis M. Roemer Amaryllidaceae Spergula arvensis Linnaeus Caryophyllaceae Stellaria apetala Ucria ex RoeM. Ucria Caryophyllaceae Vaccaria segetalis(neck.)garcke Caryophyllaceae Agrostemma githago L. Caryophyllaceae Silene vulgaris(moench.)garcke Caryophyllaceae Saponaria officinalis Linnaeus Caryophyllaceae Nymphaea alba Linnaeus Nymphaeaceae Pinus banksiana Pinaceae Pinus Thunbergii Pinaceae Eucalyptus robusta Smith Myrtaceae Psidium guajava Linnaeus Myrtaceae Pistia stratiotes L. Araceae Waltheria indica Linnaeus Sterculiaceae Passiflora foetida Linnaeus Passifloraceae Passiflora coerulea Linnaeus Passifloraceae Hylocereus undatus (Haworth)Britton &Rose Cactaceae Opuntia monacantha Haworth Cactaceae Opuntia ficus-indica(linnaeus)miller Cactaceae Opuntia stricta var. dillenii Cactaceae Alternanthera pungens H.B.K. Amaranthaceae Alternanthera paronychioides A. Saint-Hilaire Amaranthaceae Alternanthera bettzickiana(regel)nichols. Amaranthaceae Alternanthera philoxeroides(mart.)griseb. Amaranthaceae Gomphrena celosioides C. Martius Amaranthaceae Amaranthus lividus Linn. Amaranthaceae Amaranthus albus Linnaeus Amaranthaceae Amaranthus blitoides S. Watson Amaranthaceae Amaranthus spinosus Linnaeus Amaranthaceae Amaranthus retroflexus LinN. var. Amaranthaceae delilei(richter &Loret)ThelL S10

11 338. Amaranthus paniculatus Linn. Amaranthaceae Amaranthus retroflexus Linn. Amaranthaceae Amaranthus polygonoides Amaranthaceae Amaranthus standleyanus Parodi ex Amaranthaceae 341. Covas Amaranthus hybridus Amaranthaceae Amaranthus caudatus Linn. Amaranthaceae Amaranthus tricolor Linnaeus Amaranthaceae Amaranthus palmeri S. Watso Amaranthaceae Amaranthus viridis Linnaeus Amaranthaceae Striga asiatica (Linnaeus)Kuntze Scrophulariaceae Digitalis purpurea Linn. Scrophulariaceae Veronica persica Poir. Scrophulariaceae Veronica hederifolia Scrophulariaceae Veronica didyma Tenore Scrophulariaceae Veronica peregrina L. Scrophulariaceae Veronica arvensis L. Scrophulariaceae Scoparia dulcis Linnaeus Scrophulariaceae Ipomoea indica(j. Burman)Merrill Convolvulaceae Ipomoea nil(linnaeus)roth Convolvulaceae Ipomoea lacunosa Linn. Convolvulaceae Ipomoea carnea subs P. Convolvulaceae 358. fistulosa(martius ex Choisy)D. F. Austin Ipomoea Pandurata(L.)G. F. W. Mey. Convolvulaceae Ipomoea cairica(linnaeus)sweet Convolvulaceae Ipomoea purpurea(linnaeus)roth Convolvulaceae Ipomoea alba Linnaeus Convolvulaceae Evolvulus nummularius Convolvulaceae (Linnaeus)Linnaeus Cuscuta japonica Choisy Convolvulaceae Cuscuta europaea Linn. Convolvulaceae Cuscuta lupuliformis Krocker Convolvulaceae Jacquemontia tamnifolia(linnaeus) Convolvulaceae Convolvulus arvensis Linnaeus Convolvulaceae Pilea microphylla(linnaeus)liebmann Urticaceae Callisia repens Linnaeus Commelinaceae Tradescantia zebrina Bosse Commelinaceae Tradescantia spathacea Swartz Commelinaceae Linum usitatissimum Linnaeus Linaceae Salix fragilis Linnaeus Salicaceae Argemone mexicana Linn. Papaveraceae Papaver alpinum Linnaeus Papaveraceae S11

12 377. Eichhornia crassipes(martius)solms Pontederiaceae Symphytum officinale Linnaeus Boraginaceae Heliotropium europaeum Ait. Boraginaceae Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd. Nyctaginaceae Mirabilis jalapa Linnaeus Nyctaginaceae Macfadyena unguis-cati Bignoniaceae Pyrostegia venusta Bignoniaceae Oxalis corymbosa Candolle Oxalidaceae Provinces: number of provinces in which the species is present. Growth form: 1: annual or short-lived herb; 2: perennial herb; 3: vine; 4: succulent; 5: shrub; 6: tree; 7: aquatic plant. Distribution types: 1: Species only in South; 2: Species predominantly in South; 3: Cosmopolitan; 4: Species predominantly in North; 5: Species only in North. Origins: 1: Asia; 2: Eurasia and Mediterranean; 3: Africa; 4: North America; 5: Central America; 6: South America; 7: Australia. Time: Time since introduction (year). 1: After 1979, less than 30 years; 2: After 1949, less than 60 years; 3: After 1911, less than 100 years; 4: After 1840, less than 170 years; 5: Ancient times, less than 1000 years; >1000: 6: Ancient times, more than 1000 years. S12

13 SI 2: Literature sources for the list of alien invasive plants in China (A) International online databases or publications: the Global Invasive Species Database (GISD) 1, 100 of the World's Worst Invasive Alien Species 2, The World s Worst Weeds 3. The species listed in these databases threaten ecosystems and biodiversity across the world. (B) Chinese official documents on invasive plants: the Chinese alien invasive species list 4, 5. The 19 plants species listed in these documents can be considered the most notorious invasive species in China. (C) Prohibited entry plants by Chinese quarantine 6, 7. These documents list 40 plants that were considered future potential invasive alien species in China in the 1990s; many of these species have subsequently invaded. (D) Database of invasive alien species in China 8. The 229 plants listed here have been authenticated as alien invasive plants in China. (E) Other published literature Species listed here have been noted as invasive plants by Chinese scientists. References for SI 2 1. ISSG, Global invasive species database. In IUCN, 100 of the World s Worst Invasive Alien Species. In Holm L; Plucknett D; Pancho J; Herberger J, World's Worst Weeds: Distribution and Biology. University of Hawaii Press: Honolulu, Ministry of Environmental Protection of China, First batch of alien invasive species list in China Ministry of Environmental Protection of China, Second batch of alien invasive species list in China Ministry of Agriculture of China, List of Quarantine dangerous diseases, insects, weeds of Entry Plant in the People 's Republic of China In S13

14 7. Inspection and Quarantine of China, List of potentially dangerous sexually transmitted diseases, insects, weeds of plant quarantine in China IPP CAAS, Database of invasive alien species in China. In Huang, Q. Q.; Wu, J. M.; Bai, Y. Y.; Zhou, L.; Wang, G. X., Identifying the most noxious invasive plants in China: role of geographical origin, life form and means of introduction. Biodivers Conserv 2009, 18, (2), Liu, J.; Dong, M.; Miao, S. L.; Li, Z. Y.; Song, M. H.; Wang, R. Q., Invasive alien plants in China: role of clonality and geographical origin. Biol Invasions 2006, 8, (7), Liu, J.; Liang, S.; Liu, F.; Wang, R.; Dong, M., Invasive alien plant species in China: regional distribution patterns. Divers Distrib 2005, 11, (4), Weber, E.; Sun, S. G.; Li, B., Invasive alien plants in China: diversity and ecological insights. Biol Invasions 2008, 10, (8), Jiang, H.; Fan, Q.; Li, J. T.; Shi, S.; Li, S. P.; Liao, W. B.; Shu, W. S., Naturalization of alien plants in China. Biodivers Conserv 2011, Wu, S. H.; Sun, H. T.; Teng, Y. C.; Rejmánek, M.; Chaw, S. M.; Yang, T. Y. A.; Hsieh, C. F., Patterns of plant invasions in China: Taxonomic, biogeographic, climatic approaches and anthropogenic effects. Biol Invasions 2010, 12, (7), Li, Z. Y.; Xie, Y., Invasive alien species in China. China Forestry Publishing House: Beijing, Ding, J. Q.; Wang, R., Invasive alien plant species and their impact on biodiversity in China. In:. In China's Biodiversity: A Country Study, Compilation Group of China' s Biodiversity, Ed. China Environmental Science Press: Beijing, 1998; pp S14

15 SI 3 The evaluated methods of AIP Impact and Spread Indices As explained in the main text, invasive species are species that establish and spread beyond their native range and have negative economic, social and environmental impacts. An impact index reflects the degree of threat posed by invasive plants to ecosystems, the economy, and human health 16, 18. The impact index for each species was assigned a score from 1 to 4 (SI 1), representing the number of categories of source material (SI 2, i.e., categories (A) (E) above) in which the species was mentioned (only one species was mentioned in all five categories and this species was given a score of 4) (SI 1). Higher impact indices correspond to more harmful invasive species. This index was aggregated for each province as described below. To characterise the establishment and spread aspects of invasiveness, we developed a spread index that measures the rate at which an AIP has invaded new geo-districts across China. This index was calculated by first calculating the rate of spread: R = OGU/ t where OGU represents the current number of geo-districts occupied (between 1 and 6) and t represents the time since introduction, where t = 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 correspond to species introduced less than 30, 60, 100, 170 and 1000 years ago, respectively, and t = 6 corresponds to species introduced more than 1000 years ago (SI 1). The value of R for each species was then converted to a spread index from 1 to 4 (SI 1): S15

16 1: R < 1, in each time unit the species increased its range in China by less than one spatial unit; 2: R = 1, in each time unit the species increased its range by one spatial unit; 3: 1 < R < 2, in each time unit the species increased its range by one to two spatial units; 4: 2 R 6, in each time unit the species increased its range by more than two spatial units; this value describes the most highly invasive behaviour. The impact and spread scores were aggregated across species for each province to generate total impact indices (T_IM for impact and T_IS for spread) and average impact indices (A_IM and AIS) according to the following formulas: Where T represents T_IM or T_IS, A represents A_IM or A_IS, N i is the impact or spread score (1 to 4) of the ith AIP within the province, and S is the total number of AIP in the province. S16

17 SI 4 PCA ordination diagram of environment variables(a) and economic variables(b) in China (A)MAT: mean annual temperature; MAP: mean annual precipitation; MTWA, mean temperature of the warmest month; GDD0: growing degree days on a 0º basis; PAR0: photosynthetically active radiation; PJJA: mean precipitation in June, July and August; MI, climatic moisture index moisture index; alpha: Aridity index; FC: forest cover. (B)GDP: gross national product; Density: density of population; ln_impor: Total Value of Imports (Natural log transform); ln_tou: Inbound tourist arrivals (Natural log transform); RM: Railway mileage; River; Road: Substandard highway mileage; Cargo: Cargo per year; Long(E): Longitude; Lat(N): Latitude. 1: Heilongjiang; 2: Jilin; 3: Liaoning; 4: Hebei; 5: Neimenggu; 6: Shanxi; 7: Shaanxi; 8: Ningxia; 9: Gansu; 10: Qinghai; 11: Xinjiang; 12: Shandong; 13: Anhui; 14: Jiangsu; 15: Jiangxi; 16: Zhejiang; 17: Fujian; 18: Taiwan; 19: Henan; 20: Hubei; 21: Hunan; 22: Guangdong; 23: Guangxi; S17

18 24: Hainan; 25: Guizhou; 26: Sichuan; 27: Yunnan; 28: Xizang. S18