Endogenous cytokinins in Cocos nucifera L. in vitro cultures obtained from plumular explants
|
|
- Loreen Barton
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 DOI /s ORIGINAL PAPER Endogenous cytokinins in Cocos nucifera L. in vitro cultures obtained from plumular explants L. Sáenz A. Azpeitia C. Oropeza L. H. Jones K. Fuchsova L. Spichal M. Strnad Received: 25 March 2010 / Revised: 13 July 2010 / Accepted: 22 July 2010 Ó Springer-Verlag 2010 Abstract Auxin induces in vitro somatic embryogenesis in coconut plumular explants through callus formation. Embryogenic calli and non-embryogenic calli can be formed from the initial calli. Analysis of endogenous cytokinins showed the occurrence of cytokinins with aromatic and aliphatic side chains. Fourteen aliphatic cytokinins and four aromatic cytokinins were analysed in the three types of calli and all the cytokinins were found in each type, although some in larger proportions than others. The most abundant cytokinins in each type of callus were isopentenyladenine-9-glucoside, zeatin-9-glucoside, zeatin riboside, isopentenyladenine riboside, dihydrozeatin and dihydrozeatin riboside in decreasing order. Total cytokinin content was compared between the three types of calli, and it was found to be lower in embryogenic calli compared to non-embryogenic calli or initial calli. The same pattern was Communicated by M. Jordan. L. Sáenz (&) C. Oropeza Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 43 No. 130, Col. Chuburna de Hidalgo, C.P., Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico vyca@cicy.mx A. Azpeitia Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuaria, Campo Experimental Huimanguillo Km 1 Carr., Apdo. Postal No. 17, C.P Huimanguillo, Tabasco, Mexico L. H. Jones 17 Marriotts Close, Felmersham, Bedford MK43 7HD, UK K. Fuchsova L. Spichal M. Strnad Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR and Palacký University, Slechtitelu 11, Olomouc, Czech Republic observed for individual cytokinins. When explants were cultured in media containing exogenously added cytokinins, the formation of embryogenic calli in the explants was reduced. When 8-azaadenine (an anticytokinin) was added the formation of embryogenic calli and somatic embryos was increased. These results suggest that the difference in somatic embryo formation capacity observed between embryogenic calli and non-embryogenic calli is related to their endogenous cytokinin contents. Keywords Coconut palm Somatic embryogenesis Endogenous cytokinins Abbreviations 2,4-D 2,4-Dichlorophenoxiacetic acid BAP 6-Benzylaminopurine BAP9G 6-Benzylaminopurine-9-glucoside BAPR 6-Benzylaminopurine riboside BAPR5 0 P 6-Benzylaminopurine ribotide DHZ Dihydrozeatin DHZR Dihydrozeatin riboside DHZ9G Dihydrozeatin-9-glucoside DHZR5 0 P Dihydrozeatin ribotide ip Isopentenyladenine ipr Isopentenyladenine riboside ip9g Isopentenyladenine-9-glucoside ipr5 0 P Isopentenyladenine ribotide mt Meta-Topolin 6-(3- hydroxybenzylamino)purine mt9g Meta-Topolin-9-glucoside mtr Meta-Topolin-riboside ot Ortho-Topolin 6-(2- hydroxybenzylamino)purine ot9g Ortho-Topolin 9-glucoside
2 otr Z ZR Z9G ZR5 0 P ZOG ZROG FW SE Introduction Ortho-Topolin riboside Zeatin Zeatin riboside Zeatin-9-glucoside Zeatin ribotide Zeatin-O-glucoside Zeatin riboside-o-glucoside Fresh weight Somatic embryogenesis Cytokinins are purine derivatives with phytohormone activity that can influence several plant processes such as growth of lateral buds, leaf expansion and leaf senescence (see Davies 1995). They can also influence (in combination with auxins) cell division and morphogenesis in in vitro plant tissue cultures (see Krikorian 1995). For instance, small amounts of exogenously provided cytokinin inhibited embryogenesis in Dactylis glomerata explants of embryogenic genotypes (Wenck et al. 1988). Further, the addition of anticytokinins promoted somatic embryo formation in low embryogenic genotypes (Somleva et al. 1995). When the endogenous cytokinin contents of different genotypes of D. glomerata were analysed, it was found that they were inversely related to their somatic embryogenic potential (Wenck et al. 1988). On the other hand, exogenous cytokinins can favour embryogenesis in different species (see Gaj 2004). With respect to endogenous cytokinin Centeno et al. (1997) found that embryogenic potential was directly related to the amount of Z-type and inversely related to the ip-type in Corylus avellana. In the case of coconut previous data shows a correlation between the endogenous content of zeatin and isopentenyladenine and the formation of somatic embryos from foliar explants cultured in vitro (Verdeil and Hocher 1997). In plumular explants the synthetic auxin 2,4-D induces in vitro somatic embryogenesis through callus formation (Chan et al. 1998). In this system, embryogenic calli and non-embryogenic calli can be formed from the initial calli (Chan et al. 1998). Whether the difference in embryogenic capacity between embryogenic callus and non-embryogenic callus is correlated to differences in endogenous cytokinins is not known. This paper reports on the relationship of endogenous cytokinins in initial calli, nonembryogenic calli and embryogenic calli obtained from coconut plumular explants and the effect of exogenous cytokinins and anticytokinin (8-azaadenine), (see George 1993), on the morphogenetic responses of plumule explants cultured in vitro. Materials and methods Plant material Zygotic embryos of mature coconut fruit (12 14 months after pollination) of 15-year-old Malayan dwarf palms were collected. The plumules were extracted and cultivated as in Chan et al. (1998). Three different types of in vitro cultured tissues derived from plumule explants were analysed: initial callus formed after 1 month of culture; embryogenic callus formed after 3 months of culture that shows globular structures (embryogenic structures); and non-embryogenic callus formed after 3 months of culture which lacks embryogenic structures. These cultures were weighed, deep frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored in a freezer at -70 C and, subsequently lyophilised. Culture media and conditions Media preparation and culture conditions were done according to Chan et al. (1998). Media I and II, each prepared using Y3 medium (Eeuwens 1976) were supplemented with 3 g l -1 Gelrite and 2.5 g l -1 charcoal (acidwashed, plant cell culture tested). Medium I contained 0.55 mm 2,4-D, while Medium II contained 6 lm 2,4-D and 300 lm BAP. All chemicals were reagent grade (Sigma, St. Louis MO, USA). Medium ph was adjusted to 5.75 before autoclaving for 20 min at 120 C. Each explant was cultured in 35 ml vessels containing 10 ml of medium I and was incubated in the dark for 3 months at 27 ± 2 C without subculturing and then transferred to medium II under illumination (45 60 lmol m -2 s -1 PPFD) at 27 ± 2 C, subculturing every 2 months. Experiments with exogenous cytokinins and 8-azaadenine Filter sterilized zeatin, isopentenyladenine, 6-benzylaminopurine (Sigma, St. Louis MO, USA) or 8-azaadenine (Fluka, Buchs, Switzerland)) were added to an autoclaved medium prior to solidification to give finals concentrations of 1, 5, 25, 100 lm for the cytokinins or 0, 4.5, 9 and 18 lm for the 8-azaadenine. These compounds were maintained in medium I throughout the in vitro culture period. None of these compounds were added to medium II. Chemicals and reagents Cytokinins ip, ipr, Z, ZR, DHZ, DHZR, BAP, BAPR were purchased from Sigma. ot, otr, ot9g, mt, mtr and mt9g were synthesized as described by Holub et al. (1998). Before use all cytokinins were purified by HPLC as described by Strnad (1996). Bovine serum albumin,
3 ovalbumin and 4-nitrophenylphosphate were purchased from Fluka; DEAE cellulose and acid phosphatase from Sigma, Sep-Pak C18 cartridges from Waters Assoc., and methanol and acetonitrile for chromatography from Merck (Germany). Tritium-labelled cytokinins, immunogens and alkaline phosphatase tracer syntheses as well as immunization schedule and isolation of immunoglobulins were performed as described by Strnad (1996). Cytokinin analyses Cytokinins from each plant part studied were extracted and purified by the methods of Kraigher et al. (1991) and Faiss et al. (1997). The extracts were purified using combined DEAE Sephadex-Sep Pack C18 columns. Cytokinin bases, ribosides and glucosides retained on the reverse-phase cartridge were eluted in 5 ml 80% methanol (v/v) and after drying fraction B (basic cytokinins) was obtained. After washing with 10 ml distilled water the DEAE Sephadex column was coupled to another Sep Pack and cytokinin nucleotides were eluted with 10 ml 6 M HCOOH. The nucleotides retained on the C18 cartridge were eluted in 5 ml 80% methanol, dried and dephosphorylated (fraction NT). The conversion of cytokinin nucleotides to their dephosphorylated forms was carried out using acid phosphatase for 30 min in the dark (25 C, 0.05 U ml -1, Sigma P-3627, EC ) in 40 mm ammonium acetate buffer (ph 6.5), as described by MacDonald et al. (1981). Both fractions were immunopurified on a cytokinin monoclonal antibody column (Faiss et al. 1997). Cytokinin-O-glucosides (fraction OG) occurring in PBS eluates from the immunoaffinity columns were treated with b-glucosidase (Sigma, St. Louis MO, USA) and repurified on the same monoclonal column. All three immunopurified fractions were separated by reversed-phase HPLC and assayed by ELISA following the methods described in Jones et al. (1995). The aromatic cytokinins were analysed by the method of Strnad (1996). The following modifications of the methods have been used for cytokinin analyses: (1) HPLC Alliance 2690 Separations Module (Waters, Milford, MA, USA) separation was realised on Microsorb C1 column (Rainin, mm, 3 lm particle size), (2) the HPLC elution was performed with a methanolic gradient in (A): 10% methanol in 40 mm acetic acid (AcA) adjusted to ph 3.4 with triethylamine, and (B): 80% methanol in 40 mm AcA. The following gradient sequences were used: 0 min, 90% A? 10% B, 10 min, 60% A? 40% B, 14 min, 65% A? 35% B, 18 min, 50% A? 50% B, 24 min, 50% A? 50% B, 26 min, 100% B, 30 min, 100% B, 31 min, 90% A? 10% B, the flow rate was 0.6 ml min -1 ; (3) aliquots of 50 ll were used in different group specific ELISA; (4) the resulting immunohistograms were quantified on the basis of cross-reactivity and losses of tritiated cytokinin recovery markers; (5) the endogenous content was also calculated from the integration of HPLC peaks when the cytokinin levels were higher than 5 pmol g -1 FW. Recoveries were usually greater than 60%. Total cytokinin content was calculated as the sum of the individual cytokinins analysed. The pool of active cytokinins was obtained by the sum of the ribosides, free bases, nucleotides and O-glucosides. Identification of cytokinins Cytokinin identity was confirmed by photodiode-array 996 (Waters, Milford, MA, USA) HPLC detection and by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (Jones et al. 1996). HPLC fractions containing appropriate cytokinin were evaporated in l ml hypovials (Pierce, Chester, UK) and permethylated using methyl iodide in dimethylsulphonyl carbanion. The samples were dried in a stream of N 2. The permethylated cytokinins were dissolved in 10 ll of methanol and 3 ll injected onto a 30 m mm PTE-5, (Supelco, INC, Bellefonte, PA, USA) 0.25 lm i.d. capillary column: He carrier gas, flow rate 2 ml min -1, 2 min at 40 C, from 40 C at10 C min -1 to 300 and 300 C for 10 min. The mass spectrometer was an electron impact HP 6890/HP5073 operating at electron energy of 70 ev with an autosampler HP 7673 (Hewlett Packard) in MSD regime: TIC, amu, and 2.91 scan s -1. Statistics The data presented are means values ± the standard deviation (SD) of two independent batches from in vitro tissue culture for the analysis of endogenous cytokinins. It was subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA). Significant differences were determined by the Newman Keuls s test at p = For the study of the response of plumules explants cultured in vitro, a completely randomised block design with three or four replication depending of experiment as indicated in the text. Data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by means separation using the Fischer s least significant difference (LSD) test at p = Results Morphogenic development The initial explants were plumule explants from coconut zygotic embryos as described by Chan et al. (1998) (Fig. 1a). After 30 days of culture initial callus was formed. This callus was beige in colour and 2 3 mm in diameter (Fig. 1b). At 90 days, the callus measured
4 Fig. 1 Embryogenic callus formation during in vitro culture: initial explant (a). Initial callus formed at 30 days (b) and embryogenic callus at 90 days of culture (c). Nonembryogenic callus at 90 days (d). ESt embryogenic structures, p plumule, ze zygotic embryo % formation of embryogenic callus Concentration of exogenous cytokinins (µm) 6 9 mm diameter and showed clear embryogenic structures (Fig. 1c). During the development of explants, calli that did not show embryogenic structures or somatic embryo formation were referred to as non-embryogenic calli (Fig. 1d). Effect of exogenous cytokinins a b bcd cd BAP Z ip The capacity of plumule explants to form initial calli and embryogenic calli was tested in media containing different concentrations (0, 1, 5, 25, 100 lm) of the cytokinins BAP, ip or Z. The percentage of explants forming initial calli (nearly 100%) was not affected by the addition of any of these cytokinins within the concentration range tested (data not shown). On the other hand, the percentage of explants forming embryogenic calli with these cytokinins was reduced and the extent of this reduction increased with increasing concentrations of cytokinin (Fig. 2). At 1 lm embryogenic calli formation was reduced from 60 to 39, 32 and 28% with BAP, ip and Z, respectively. With the highest concentration of cytokinin tested, 100 lm, embryogenic calli formation was further reduced to 17, 16 and 8% with BAP, ip and Z, respectively. bc de ef dede ef ef fg g Fig. 2 Effect of different exogenously added cytokinins (6-benzylaminopurine, zeatin and isopentenyladenine) on the formation of embryogenic callus. Each replicate consisted of 20 individual plumule explants (n = 3). Different letters represents significant differences at p [ 0.05 Fig. 3 Effect of different concentrations of 8-azaadenine on the formation of callus and embryogenic callus in explants of plumule cultured in vitro either with or without 1 lm of BAP. Each replicate consisted in 10 individual plumule explants (n = 4). Different letters represent significant differences at p [ IC initial callus, EC embryogenic callus Effect of 8-azaadenine application The results shown above suggested that there was an inverse correlation between cytokinin levels and the formation of embryogenic calli. In order to further validate this negative effect on the somatic embryogenesis process, the effect of the addition of 8-azaadenine in plumule explants cultured in vitro was tested. The results showed that the addition of 9 lm 8-azaadenine produced a slight but significant increase in the formation of initial callus, from 90 to 100% and in the formation of embryogenic calli from 52 to 65% (Fig. 3). Moreover, the addition of 8-azaadenine at 18 lm could restore the percentage of formation of embryogenic calli in plumule explants cultured in vitro with 1 lm BAP with values similar to control (without 8-azaadenine and BAP). The formation of somatic embryos was further evaluated in medium II as outlined in Materials and methods. It was observed that the explants cultured with 4.5 lm of 8-azaadenine in medium I showed 5.14 somatic embryos/embryogenic calli at 30 days and 8.80 at 60 days and were significantly higher than all the other treatments tested including the control forming 3 and 5.7 somatic embryos/embryogenic calli at 30 and 60 days, respectively (Fig. 4). The effect of 8-azaadenine on
5 Fig. 4 Effect of different concentrations of 8-azaadenine on the formation of somatic embryos from embryogenic callus in explants of plumule cultured in vitro. Each replicate consists in 10 individual plumule explants (n = 4). Different letters represent significant differences at p [ SE somatic embryos embryo formation was almost twice that of the control. However, higher concentrations (18 lm) of this compound lowered the embryogenic response showing that an optimal level of cytokinin is necessary to increase the formation of somatic embryos. Endogenous isoprenoid cytokinins The concentrations of naturally occurring cytokinins were measured in the three types of calli that form during the induction of in vitro coconut somatic embryogenesis from plumule explants: initial calli, embryogenic calli and nonembryogenic calli. The highest concentration of total isoprenoid cytokinins was found in non-embryogenic calli with 222 pmol g -1 FW and in initial calli with 189 pmol g -1 FW; and the lowest in embryogenic calli with, 105 pmol g -1 FW (Fig. 5); and the difference was significant. When the Fig. 5 Comparison of endogenous concentrations of different types of cytokinins in different stages of plumule explants cultured in vitro. Figures presented are means ± SD (n = 2). Different letters represent significant differences at p [ 0.05 contents of the different types of isoprenoid cytokinins were calculated, the ip-type were the ones with the largest concentrations, followed by the Z-type and then by the DHZtype, in each of the three types of callus analysed. For each type of callus differences were observed in the contents of each type of isoprenoid cytokinin. In the case of the ip-type the highest concentrations were found in non-embryogenic calli with pmol g -1 FW and in initial calli with pmol g -1 FW; and the lowest in embryogenic calli with pmol g -1 FW; and the difference was significant (Fig. 5). Similarly for the Z-type, the highest concentrations were found in non-embryogenic calli with pmol g -1 FW and in initial calli with pmol g -1 FW; the lowest in embryogenic calli with 6.68 pmol g -1 FW; and the difference was significant (Fig. 5). In the case of the DHZ-type, the highest concentration was found in initial calli with 5.3 pmol g -1 FW; the lowest in embryogenic calli with 1.67 pmol g -1 FW; and an intermediate value in nonembryogenic calli with 3.51 pmol g -1 FW (Table 1); and the differences were significant. With respect to individual isoprenoid cytokinins, all 14 analysed were detected in each of the three types of calli studied. The concentration of each of the isoprenoid cytokinins was always significantly lower in embryogenic Table 1 Endogenous concentrations of individuals cytokinins (pmol g -1 FW) in explants of plumule cultured in vitro of Cocos nucifera L. Cytokinins Initial callus Embryogenic callus Non-embryogenic callus Z9G ± 2.93 b 2.74 ± 0.49 c ± 2.54 a Z 3.66 ± 0.22 a 1.20 ± 0.25 c 2.16 ± b ZR 7.93 ± 0.46 a 1.34 ± 0.17 b ± 3.82 a ZR5 0 P 1.63 ± 0.12 ab 0.16 ± 0.09 b 1.76 ± 0.74 a ZOG 0.27 ± a 0.07 ± 0.01 a 0.23 ± 0.05 a ZROG 2.84 ± 0.96 a 1.16 ± 1.0 a 1.92 ± 0.57 a IP9G ± 16 a ± 8 b 167 ± 1.06 a IP 0.58 ± 0.19 a 0.33 ± 0.08 a 0.43 ± 0.46 a IPR 4.41 ± 0.15 a 1.18 ± 0.20 b 3.35 ± 0.63 a IPR5 0 P 0.34 ± 0.09 a 0.16 ± 0.15 a 0.42 ± 0.23 a DHZ9G 1.17 ± 0.25 a 0.29 ± 0.05 b 0.71 ± 0.22 ab DHZ 1.17 ± 0.25 a 0.29 ± 0.05 b 0.71 ± 0.22 ab DHZR 2.51 ± 0.20 a 0.48 ± 0.1 c 1.56 ± 0.41 b DHZR5 0 P 0.44 ± 0.14 a 0.6 ± 0.03 a 0.52 ± 0.13 a BAP9G 4.13 ± 0.22 b 3.91 ± 0.86 b 6.20 ± 0.18 a BAP 2.01 ± 1.01 a 0.25 ± 0.05 a 0.32 ± 0.13 a BAPR 4.73 ± 0.56 a 1.86 ± 0.99 b 1.60 ± 0.05 b BAPR5 0 P 0.27 ± 0.11 a 0.55 ± 0.09 a 0.48 ± 0.19 a Active CKs ± 2.09 a 9.66 ± 1.17 b ± 7.22 a Values presented are means ± SD (n = 2). Different letters are significantly different (p [ 0.05)
6 calli than in the other two types of calli, with the exception of ZOG, ZROG, ip, IPR5 0 P and DHZR5 0 P (Table 1). The concentrations of Z, DHZ9G, DHZ and DHZR were significantly higher in initial calli, and the concentrations of Z9G and ZR5 0 P were significantly higher in non-embryogenic calli (Table 1). The most abundant ones were: ip9g (167 pmol g -1 FW), Z9G (30.29 pmol g -1 FW), ZR (11 pmol g -1 FW), and Z (2.16 pmol g -1 FW) in nonembryogenic calli (Table 1); ip9g (145 pmol g -1 FW), Z9G (17.72 pmol g -1 FW), ZR (7.93 pmol g -1 FW), and Z (3.66 pmol g -1 FW) in initial calli (Table 1); and ip9g (95.44 pmol g -1 FW), Z9G (2.74 pmol g -1 FW), ZR (1.34 pmol g -1 FW), and Z (1.20 pmol g -1 FW) in embryogenic calli (Table 1). Endogenous aromatic cytokinins The results also showed the occurrence of aromatic cytokinins in each of the different types of callus. The significantly highest concentration of total aromatic cytokinins was present in initial calli with pmol g -1 FW; the lowest in embryogenic calli with 6.58 pmol g -1 FW; and an intermediate value in non-embryogenic calli with 8.61 pmol g -1 FW (Fig. 5); and the differences were significant. The aromatic cytokinins were, depending on the type of callus, from 26- to 16-fold less abundant than the isoprenoid ones (Fig. 5). With respect to individual aromatic cytokinins only BAP types were present, and all four metabolites analysed were detected in each of the calli studied. BAPR (4.73 pmol g -1 FW) was significantly higher in initial calli, BAP9G (6.20 pmol g -1 FW) was significantly higher in non-embryogenic calli. In the case of BAP and BAPR5 0 P no differences were found between different types of calli (Table 1). The concentrations of individual cytokinins were summed to calculate the total concentration of cytokinin. The calli with the highest concentrations of total cytokinins were non-embryogenic calli with 230 pmol g -1 FW and initial calli with 201 pmol g -1 FW, and the lowest concentration was in embryogenic calli with 112 pmol g -1 FW (Fig. 5); and this difference was significant. Active cytokinins Contents of these cytokinins were calculated by the sum of the ribosides, free bases, nucleotides and O-glucosides. The highest concentrations were found in initial calli with 32.8 pmol g -1 FW and non-embryogenic calli with 26.6 in pmol g -1 FW, and the lowest in embryogenic calli with 9.7 pmol g -1 FW (Table 1); and this difference was significant. Discussion Effect of exogenous cytokinins The present results show that addition of the aromatic cytokinin BAP to the culture medium reduced the formation of embryogenic calli promoted by auxin, in coconut plumule cultures, and that the extent of this reduction was dependent on the concentration. Similarly, this effect was observed with other cytokinins of the isoprenoid type, Z and ip. Therefore, this effect is not associated with only one type of cytokinin. Wenck et al. (1988) reported that exogenous Z inhibits somatic embryogenesis in cultures of a D. glomerata embryogenic genotype. Our results further show that none of the cytokinins affected the yield of initial calli. These observations prompted the question of whether the concentrations of endogenous cytokinins were different between initial calli and embryogenic calli, and later forming embryogenic and non-embryogenic calli. Therefore analysis of both the isoprenoid and the aromatic cytokinins was performed in the three different types of calli. Effect of 8-azaadenine Previous studies have shown that exogenous cytokinins suppressed somatic embryogenesis in leaf explants of D. glomerata (Wenck et al. 1988) while anticytokinins applied during the whole culture period stimulated somatic embryo formation in this species (Somleva et al. 1995). Therefore the addition of 8-azaadenine was tested. The results showed that there was an increase in the formation of both embryogenic calli and somatic embryos. Further when the explants were initially cultured with BAP, the addition of 8-azaadenine restored the percentage of embryogenic calli formation. Our results suggest that there is a negative correlation between the action of endogenous cytokinins and the formation of embryogenic calli in plumule cultured coconut palm explants. Analysis of endogenous cytokinins The analysis showed that all isoprenoid and aromatic cytokinins studied were present in each type of callus, and that the isoprenoid cytokinins were from 17- to 26-fold (depending on the type of callus) more abundant than the aromatic ones, coinciding with what has been found in different plant parts of the coconut palm (Sáenz et al. 2003). Comparison of the total cytokinin concentrations in the different calli showed that it was two times lower in embryogenic calli than in initial calli or non-embryogenic calli, and basically the same pattern was observed for total isoprenoid cytokinin concentrations. However, in the case of total aromatic cytokinin concentrations the pattern was
7 different. This time the concentration in embryogenic calli was no different than that in non-embryogenic calli, but the concentration in initial calli was more than twofold higher than in the other two calli. Isoprenoid cytokinins Within the isoprenoid cytokinins, the most abundant ones for each of the calli studied were the ip-type, the Z-type and the DHZ-type in decreasing order. In in vitro culture of oil palm (Jones 1990) and tobacco (Gaudinová et al. 1995) the ip type cytokinin were the most abundant. This result is in contrast with what was observed for the coconut palm and other species where the Z-type was more abundant than the ip-type. For instance the Z-type cytokinins comprised 90% of the total cytokinins in Urtica dioica (Wagner and Beck 1993) 80 90% in Rosa hybrida (Dieleman et al. 1997) and 43% in Pistacia vera seedlings (Ahmadi and Baker 2000). In a hormone-autotrophic genetic tumour line of tobacco the Z types were the dominant endogenous cytokinins (Nandi et al. 1990). Regarding individual isoprenoid cytokinins, in each of the calli studied the most abundant one was ip9g. This contrasts with what was observed in the coconut palm and plants in general (for instance: U. dioica, (Wagner and Beck 1993); R. hybrida (Dieleman et al. 1997); and P. vera (Ahmadi and Baker 2000) where ZR was the most abundant cytokinin. Aromatic cytokinins The present study shows the occurrence of BAP and the metabolites BAP9G, BAPR and BAP5 0 P in each of the three types of calli studied, as has been previously reported for the coconut palm (Sáenz et al. 2003). As in the present case, these types of cytokinins have been always reported in lower concentrations than the isoprenoid ones (Jones et al. 1995). No particular pattern was observed. One of the first reports about the detection of endogenous aromatic cytokinins came from cell suspensions of anise, where BAPR was detected (Ernst et al. 1983). Other reports from in vitro culture have shown the presence of aromatic cytokinins as reported by Danin et al. (1993) in Apium graveolens, embryogenic cultures, Jones et al. (1995) in Elaeis guineensis, and Centeno et al. (1997) incorylus avellana. Correlation between endogenous cytokinins and morphogenetic response The results above showed that there were indeed differences in cytokinin concentration between different types of calli, particularly for the concentrations of the isoprenoid cytokinins, which comprised most of the cytokinins in the tissues. In the embryogenic calli these were always lower than in either initial calli or non-embryogenic calli, thereby demonstrating an inverse correlation between isoprenoid cytokinin concentrations and embryogenic capacity of the calli. This suggested an inhibitory effect of cytokinins on the development of embryogenic calli, which is consistent with the fact that addition of exogenous cytokinins decreased the formation of embryogenic calli in this system. Other authors have found an inverse relationship between the endogenous cytokinin content and the embryogenic capacity of plant tissues (Rajasekaran et al. 1987; Ivanova et al. 1994; Centeno et al. 1997). On the contrary, Jones et al. (1995) reported higher levels of endogenous cytokinins in the embryogenic callus of oil palm (30 1,500 pmol g -1 FW) than in initial callus ( pmol g -1 FW). There are observations that coconut tissue cultures behave differently to oil palm culture as reported by Jones and Hughes (1989). Oil palm forms somatic embryos reluctantly and produces a callus of large vacuolated cells that cease division and die. In coconut Verdeil and Hocher (1997) found higher levels of Z and ip in the coconut calli derived from foliar explants oriented towards embryogenesis than in the part remaining at the multiplication stage; however, in this study only Z, ip and their respective ribosides were analysed. It is probable that the initial source of endogenous cytokinins affects the response of the in vitro culture. Sáenz et al. (2003) have shown that zygotic embryos had higher endogenous cytokinin content than the foliar tissues; even the pattern of individual cytokinins was different. The information presented here is useful, not only to understand more about the role of cytokinins in in vitro coconut tissue cultures capable of forming somatic embryos, but also for practical purposes. We know that we should avoid adding cytokinins to these cultures during callogenesis, and the addition of anticytokinin compound can increase the embryogenic response. Further increases may be obtained with testing other compounds that block cytokinin action. Acknowledgments We are grateful to H. Martínková for excellent technical assistance. L. Sáenz would like to acknowledge the continuing support from the Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán and CONACyT (88207). A. Azpeitia would like to acknowledge continuing support from Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias and CONACyT (119335). Research in the Czech Republic was supported by Ministry of Education Grant No. MSM and Academy of Science Grant No. IBS References Ahmadi M, Baker DA (2000) Identification and quantification of the major endogenous cytokinins in pistachio seedlings. Plant Growth Regul 32: Centeno ML, Rodríguez R, Berros B, Rodríguez A (1997) Endogenous hormonal content and somatic embryogenic capacity of Corylus avellana L. cotyledons. Plant Cell Rep 17:
8 Chan JL, Sáenz L, Talavera C, Hornung R, Robert M, Oropeza C (1998) Regeneration of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) from plumule explants through somatic embryogenesis. Plant Cell Rep 17: Danin M, Upfold SJ, Levin N, Nadel BL, Altman A, van Staden J (1993) Polyamines and cytokinins in celery embryogenic cell cultures. Plant Growth Regul 12: Davies PJ (1995) The plant hormones: their nature, occurrence and functions. In: Davies PJ (ed) Plant hormones: physiology, biochemistry and molecular biology. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 1 38 Dieleman JA, Verstappen FWA, Perik PRJ, Kuiper D (1997) Quantification of the export cytokinins from root to shoots of Rosa hybrida and their degradation rate in the shoot. Physiol Plant 101: Eeuwens CJ (1976) Mineral requirements for growth and callus initiation of tissue explants excised from mature coconut palms (Cocos nucifera) and cultured in vitro. Physiol Plant 36:23 28 Ernst D, Schaffer W, Oesterhelt D (1983) Isolation and identification of a new, naturally occurring cytokinin (6-benzylaminopurine riboside) from anise cell culture (Pimpinella anisum L.). Planta 159: Faiss M, Zalubilová J, Strnad M, Schmulling T (1997) Conditional expression of the ipt gene indicates a function for cytokinins in paracrine signalling in whole tobacco plants. Plant J 12: Gaj MD (2004) Factors influencing somatic embryogenesis induction and plant regeneration with particular reference to Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. Plant Growth Regul 43:27 47 Gaudinová A, Süssenbeková H, Vojtechová M, Kamínek M, Eder J, Kohout L (1995) Different effects of two brassinosteroids on growth, auxin and cytokinin content in tobacco callus tissue. Plant Growth Regul 17: George EF (1993) Plant propagation by tissue culture, Part 1, 2nd edn. Exegetics, England, p 444 Holub J, Hanuš J, Hanke DE, Strnad M (1998) Biological activity of cytokinins derived from ortho- and meta-hydroxybenzyladenine. Plant Growth Regul 26: Ivanova A, Velcheva M, Denchev P, Atanassov A, Onckelen A (1994) Endogenous hormone levels during direct somatic embryogenesis in Medicago falcata. Physiol Plant 92:85 89 Jones LH (1990) Endogenous cytokinins in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis L.) callus, embryoids and regenerant plants measured by radioimmunoassay. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 20: Jones LH, Hughes WA (1989) Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq). In: Bajaj YPS (ed) Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry 5. Trees II. Springer, Berlin, pp Jones LH, Hanke DE, Eeuwens CJ (1995) An evaluation of the role of cytokinins in the development of abnormal inflorescences in oil palm cultures (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) regenerated from tissue culture. J Plant Growth Regul 14: Jones LH, Martínková H, Strnad M, Hanke DE (1996) Occurrence of aromatic cytokinins in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.). J Plant Growth Regul 15:39 49 Kraigher H, Grayling A, Wang T, Hanke DE (1991) Cytokinin production by two ectomycorrhizal fungi in liquid culture. Phytochemistry 30: Krikorian D (1995) Hormones in tissue culture and micropropagation. In: Davies PJ (ed) Plant hormones: physiology, biochemistry and molecular biology. Kluwer, London, pp MacDonald EMS, Akioshi DE, Morris RO (1981) Combined high performance liquid chromatography radioimmunoassay for cytokinins. J Chromatogr 214: Nandi SK, Palni LM, Parker CW (1990) Dynamics of endogenous cytokinins during the growth cycle of hormone-autotrophic genetic tumor line of tobacco. Plant Physiol 94: Rajasekaran K, Hein MB, Davis GC, Carnes MG, Vasil IK (1987) Endogenous growth regulators in leaves and tissue cultures of Pennisetum purpureum Schum. J Plant Physiol 130:13 25 Sáenz L, Jones LH, Oropeza C, Vlácil D, Strnad M (2003) Cytokinins in Cocos nucifera L. Plant Growth Regul 39: Somleva MM, Kapchina V, Alexieva V, Golovinsky E (1995) Anticytokinin effects on in vitro response of embryogenic and non embryogenic genotypes of Dactylis glomerata L. Plant Growth Regul 16: Strnad M (1996) Enzyme immunoassays of N 6 -benzyladenine and N 6 -(meta-hydroxybenzyl)adenine cytokinins. J Plant Growth Regul 15: Verdeil J-L, Hocher V (1997) Coconut: development of methods for the clonal propagation of elite, disease resistant palms by somatic embryogenesis. Third Annual Report. EC STD3 Wagner BM, Beck E (1993) Cytokinins in the perennial herb Urtica dioica L. as influenced by its nitrogen status. Planta 190: Wenck AR, Conger BV, Trigiano RN, Sams CE (1988) Inhibition of somatic embryogenesis in Orchardgrass by endogenous cytokinins. Plant Physiol 88:
MICROPROPAGATION OF COCONUT THROUGH PLUMULE CULTURE
COCOS (2004), 16, 01-10 Printed in Sri Lanka MICROPROPAGATION OF COCONUT THROUGH PLUMULE CULTURE S C Fernando, L K Weerakoon and T R Gunathilake Coconut Research Institute, Lunuwila, Sh Lanka ABSTRACT
More informationANALYSIS OF CYTOKININS BY IMMUNOASSAY AND HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY OF IN VITRO CULTIVATED DIANTHUS CARYOPHYLLUS
BULG. J. PLANT PHYSIOL., 1996, 22(3 4), 95 14 95 ANALYSIS OF CYTOKININS BY IMMUNOASSAY AND HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY OF IN VITRO CULTIVATED DIANTHUS CARYOPHYLLUS Todor Genkov* 1, Ivailo Ivanov
More informationTitle Allantoin by Inosine in Nutrient So. Author(s) Toshihiro; Yokoi, Daisuke; Osaki, M
Title Rice Root Growth with Increasing in Allantoin by Inosine in Nutrient So Author(s) Tokuhisa, Dai; Okazaki, Keiki; Shin Toshihiro; Yokoi, Daisuke; Osaki, M Citation The Proceedings of the Internationa
More informationNATURAL VARIATION IN THE CYTOKININ METABOLIC NETWORK IN ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA
NATURAL VARIATION IN THE CYTOKININ METABOLIC NETWORK IN ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA PŘÍRODNÍ VARIACE METABOLISMU CYTOKININŮ U ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA Samsonová Z. 1, 2, 3, Kuklová A. 1, 2, Mazura P. 1, 2, Rotková
More informationEFFECT OF PURINE AND PHENYLUREA CYTOKININS ON PEROXIDASE ACTIVITY IN RELATION TO APICAL DOMINANCE OF IN VITRO CULTIVATED ROSA HYBRIDA L.
40 BULG. J. PLANT PHYSIOL., 1997, 23(1 2), 40 48 EFFECT OF PURINE AND PHENYLUREA CYTOKININS ON PEROXIDASE ACTIVITY IN RELATION TO APICAL DOMINANCE OF IN VITRO CULTIVATED ROSA HYBRIDA L. Veneta Kapchina-Toteva*
More informationTOPOLINS VIABLE ALTERNATIVE GROWTH REGULATORS IN MICROPROPAGATION? JOHANNES VAN STADEN, ADEYEMI O. AREMU & STEPHEN O. AMOO
TOPOLINS VIABLE ALTERNATIVE GROWTH REGULATORS IN MICROPROPAGATION? JOHANNES VAN STADEN, ADEYEMI O. AREMU & STEPHEN O. AMOO Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development School of Life Sciences University
More informationCALLUS INDUCTION AND SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS FROM MAIZE MATURE EMBRYOS (ZEA MAYS L.)
Journal of Cell and Tissue Research Vol. 13(1) 3565-3569 (2013) (Available online at www.tcrjournals.com) ISSN: 0973-0028; E-ISSN: 0974-0910 Original Article CALLUS INDUCTION AND SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS
More informationFigure 1. Identification of UGT74E2 as an IBA glycosyltransferase. (A) Relative conversion rates of different plant hormones to their glucosylated
Figure 1. Identification of UGT74E2 as an IBA glycosyltransferase. (A) Relative conversion rates of different plant hormones to their glucosylated form by recombinant UGT74E2. The naturally occurring auxin
More informationChanges in cytokinin and auxin concentrations in seaweed concentrates when stored at an elevated temperature
Journal of Applied Phycology 16: 31 39, 2004. 2004 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands. 31 Changes in cytokinin and auxin concentrations in seaweed concentrates when stored at an elevated
More informationThe Effect of Gibberellic Acid and Gibberellin Inhibitors on Cassava
The Effect of Gibberellic Acid and Gibberellin Inhibitors on Cassava Authors: R.J.M. Melis and J. van Staden, Department of Crop Science and Department of Botany, respectively, University of Matal, Pietermaritzburg
More informationPlant Propagation PLS 3221/5222
Plant Propagation PLS 3221/5222 Dr. Sandra Wilson Dr. Mack Thetford Chapter 2 Introduction to the Biology of Plant Propagation -A review- 1 5. Plant Hormones and Plant development Phytohormones Nt Naturally
More informationRaphanus sativus L. Raphaiol. Thin Layer Chromatography R f
Raphaiol Thin Layer Chromatography R f Tissue Cultivation of Plant and Identification of Raphaiol Alkaloid of Extraction of The Seeds, Explants, Callus and produced Plants from tissue Cultivation Asst.
More informationInduction of Haploid Callus from Isolated Microspores of Peony in vitro
Plant & Cell Physiol. 22(2): 337-34 (98) Short communication Induction of Haploid Callus from Isolated Microspores of Peony in vitro Kanji Ono and Shuichi Harashima Department of Biology, Faculty of Science,
More informationTHE DEVELOPMENT OF PLANT REGENERATION SYSTEMS FOR THE GENETIC IMPROVEMENT OF WALNUT. Walt Tu1ecke and Gale McGranahan
THE DEVELOPMENT OF PLANT REGENERATION SYSTEMS FOR THE GENETIC IMPROVEMENT OF WALNUT Walt Tu1ecke and Gale McGranahan ABSTRACT The techniques and capability to regenerate asexual embryos from walnut cotyledon
More informationDoubled haploid ramets via embryogenesis of haploid tissue cultures
Doubled haploid ramets via embryogenesis of haploid tissue cultures Harry E. Iswandar 1, J. M. Dunwell 2, Brian P. Forster 3, Stephen P. C. Nelson 1,4 and Peter D. S. Caligari,3,4,5 ABSTRACT Tissue culture
More informationThe Effect of Stratification on Endogenous Cytokinin Levels in Seeds of Acer saccharum
Planta (Berl.) 14, 11--114 (1972) 9 by Springer-Verlag 1972 The Effect of Stratification on Endogenous Cytokinin Levels in Seeds of Acer saccharum J. van Staden, D. P. Webb and P. F. Warcing Botany Department,
More informationCOCONUT CLONES THROUGH SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS
- COCONUT CLONES THROUGH SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS 27 J. L. Verdeil, J. Buffàrd-Morel, A. Rival, R. Grosdemange, C. Huet and C. Panne tier* QRSTOM-IRHOKIRAD, Laboratoire de Ressources Genetiques et d Amelioration
More informationIN VITRO RHIZOGENESIS IN PAPAYA (CARICA PAPAYA L.)
J. Plant Develop. 20(2013): 51 55 IN VITRO RHIZOGENESIS IN PAPAYA (CARICA PAPAYA L.) Jaime A. TEIXEIRA DA SILVA 1,2 Abstract: The seeds of two papaya (Carica papaya L.) cultivars ('Rainbow' and 'Sunrise
More informationMaria V. Yamburenko, Yan O. Zubo, Radomíra Vanková, Victor V. Kusnetsov, Olga N. Kulaeva, Thomas Börner
ABA represses the transcription of chloroplast genes Maria V. Yamburenko, Yan O. Zubo, Radomíra Vanková, Victor V. Kusnetsov, Olga N. Kulaeva, Thomas Börner Supplementary data Supplementary tables Table
More informationPLANT HORMONES-Introduction
PLANT HORMONES-Introduction By convention hormone are said to be a substances whose site of synthesis and site of action are different; the two events are separated by space and time. Hormones are known
More information1( ) 5, dist. 4 5, dist. 3 5, dist. 5 5, dist
and plant regeneration protocols for Brassica napus // International Journal of agriculture & Biology. 2011. Vol. 13. P. 83 88. 10. Gamborg O. L., Miller R. A, Ojima K. Nutrient requirements of suspension
More informationCallus induction and plant regeneration on optimization of the culture conditions in Jow Haw rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Journal of Agricultural Technology 2016 Vol. 12(2):241-248 Available online http://www.ijat-aatsea.com ISSN 1686-9141 Callus induction and plant regeneration on optimization of the culture conditions in
More informationThe Effect of Different levels and kinds of Cytokinins on Buds proliferation of Iraqian Date Palm Cultiver (Barhi) In vitro
The Effect of Different levels and kinds of Cytokinins on Buds proliferation of Iraqian Date Palm Cultiver (Barhi) In vitro A. A. H. Al-Khalisi Department of Biology, College of Education Ibn Al-Haitham,
More informationPlant Growth Regulators(NCERT)
Plant Growth Regulators(NCERT) Promoters: 1. Auxins: -first isolated from urine, contains Zinc. -Natural: Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) Indole Butyric Acid (IBA) -Synthetic: Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA) 2-4
More informationEfficient plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis from anthers of Datura stramonium L.
Available online http://www.ijat-rmutto.com Journal of Agricultural Technology 2010 Vol. ISSN 6(4): 1686-9141 741-745 Efficient plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis from anthers of Datura stramonium
More informationImplication of Endogenous Cytokinins in the Growth Inhibition of. Cucumber Plants by Supraoptimal Root-zone Temperature
J. Japan. Soc. Hort. Sci. 66(3.4) : 549-555. 1997. Implication of Endogenous Cytokinins in the Growth Inhibition of Cucumber Plants by Supraoptimal Root-zone Temperature Shoji Tachibana, Yong Chen Du1,
More informationEFFECT OF META-TOPOLIN ON THE SHOOT MULTIPLICATION OF PEAR ROOTSTOCK OHF-333 Pyrus ommunis
Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus, 15(2) 2016, 43-53 EFFECT OF META-TOPOLIN ON THE SHOOT MULTIPLICATION OF PEAR ROOTSTOCK OHF-333 (Pyrus communis L.) Abstract. meta Pyrus ommunis in vitro meta in vitro meta
More informationABSTRACT. Key words: hemp, microsporogenesis, androgenesis
ABSTRACT Key words: hemp, microsporogenesis, androgenesis Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) has a growing economical importance, because of the various utilizations in alimentation, textiles, plastics, constructions
More informationHistological and Scanning Electron Observations on Embryogenic and Non-embryogenic Calli of Aromatic Thai Rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Khao Daw Mali 105)
Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 35 : 427-432 (2001) Histological and Scanning Electron Observations on Embryogenic and Non-embryogenic Calli of Aromatic Thai Rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Khao Daw Mali 105) Nitsri
More informationMacrolides in Honey Using Agilent Bond Elut Plexa SPE, Poroshell 120, and LC/MS/MS
Macrolides in Honey Using Agilent Bond Elut Plexa SPE, Poroshell 120, and LC/MS/MS Application Note Food Testing and Agriculture Author Chen-Hao (Andy) Zhai and Rong-jie Fu Agilent Technologies (Shanghai)
More informationInitiation of somatic embryogenesis in coconut (Cocos nucifera L.)
ir 4 -@-*? Initiation of somatic embryogenesis in coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) J. BUF'FARD-MOREL, J.L. VERDEIL, S. DUSSERT, C. MAGNAVAL, C. HUET and F. GROSDEMANGE. Laboratorie des Ressources Genetiques
More informationAuthor(s) Kosaku; Matsuura, Hideyuki; Yoshiha. Citation Journal of Plant Physiology, 163(5) RightCopyright 2006 Elsevier GmbH. All
TitleInhibition of stem elongation in sp Author(s) Kong, Fanjiang; Gao, Xiquan; Nam, K Kosaku; Matsuura, Hideyuki; Yoshiha Citation Journal of Plant Physiology, 163(5) Issue Date 2006-03-03 DOI Doc URLhttp://hdl.handle.net/2115/8464
More informationVALIDATION OF A UPLC METHOD FOR A BENZOCAINE, BUTAMBEN, AND TETRACAINE HYDROCHLORIDE TOPICAL SOLUTION
VALIDATION OF A UPLC METHOD FOR A BENZOCAINE, BUTAMBEN, AND TETRACAINE HYDROCHLORIDE TOPICAL SOLUTION Andrew J. Aubin and Tanya L. Jenkins Waters Corporation, Milford, MA, USA INTRODUCTION Benzocaine (4-Aminobenzoic
More informationApplication Note: A TD-700 Laboratory Fluorometer Method for Alkaline Phosphatase Fluorescence
1. INTRODUCTION Because of their critical functions in eukaryotic cells, methods for measuring protein phosphatases were established at least as early as 1953 1. In 1965 Fernley and Walker 2 decribed the
More informationCytological Analysis of Embryogenic Callus and Regenerated Plants of Urginea Indica Kunth., Indian Squill
Caryologia International Journal of Cytology, Cytosystematics and Cytogenetics ISSN: 0008-7114 (Print) 2165-5391 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tcar20 Cytological Analysis of
More informationBiological Roles of Cytokinins
Direct Control of Shoot Meristem Activity by a Cytokinin-Activating Enzyme By Kurakawa et. Al. Published in Nature Presented by Boyana Grigorova Biological Roles of Cytokinins Cytokinins are positive regulators
More informationINTRODUCING PLANT TISSUE CULTURE IN THE CLASSROOM CONCEPTS & HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
INTRODUCING PLANT TISSUE CULTURE IN THE CLASSROOM CONCEPTS & HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE Dr. Mike Kane University of Florida Applications of Plant Tissue Culture Concepts & Terminology Micropropagation: A Historical
More informationOccurrence of nutrients and plant hormones (cytokinins and IAA) in the water fern Salvinia molesta during growth and composting
Environmental and Experimental Botany 61 (2007) 137 144 Occurrence of nutrients and plant hormones (cytokinins and IAA) in the water fern Salvinia molesta during growth and composting Georgina D. Arthur
More informationCharacterization of Carbon SPE for the Extraction of Polar Analytes
Characterization of Carbon SPE for the Extraction of Polar Analytes Cory Szafranski, Lydia Nolan, and William R. Betz Supelco, Supelco Park, Bellefonte, PA 16823 USA 1997 Sigma-Aldrich Co. T497277 BNG
More informationHorticulture 201H Spring, 2002 Exam 2 Name:
Horticulture 201H Spring, 2002 Exam 2 Name: Section 1. In the space to the left of the statements below, write the word(s) that best fit the definition or description. (20 pts) Vegetative reproduction
More informationUseful Propagation Terms. Propagation The application of specific biological principles and concepts in the multiplication of plants.
Useful Propagation Terms Propagation The application of specific biological principles and concepts in the multiplication of plants. Adventitious Typically describes new organs such as roots that develop
More informationMajor Plant Hormones 1.Auxins 2.Cytokinins 3.Gibberelins 4.Ethylene 5.Abscisic acid
Plant Hormones Lecture 9: Control Systems in Plants What is a Plant Hormone? Compound produced by one part of an organism that is translocated to other parts where it triggers a response in target cells
More informationVoegele et al. Journal of Experimental Botany Embryo growth, testa permeability and endosperm weakening are major
Voegele et al. Journal of Experimental Botany 2012 1 Embryo growth, testa permeability and endosperm weakening are major targets for the environmentally regulated inhibition of Lepidium sativum seed germination
More informationIn vitro flowering and in vitro pollination: methods that will benefit the orchid industry
In vitro flowering and in vitro pollination: methods that will benefit the orchid industry Kim Hor HEE, Hock Hin YEOH, Chiang Shiong LOH Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore
More informationThe involvement of photosynthesis in inducing bud formation on excised leaf segments of Heloniopsis orientalis (Liliaceae)
Plant & Cell Physiol. 19(5): 791-799 (1978) The involvement of photosynthesis in inducing bud formation on excised leaf of Heloniopsis orientalis (Liliaceae) Yukio Kato Biological Laboratory, Fukui University,
More informationAppendix II- Bioanalytical Method Development and Validation
A2. Bioanalytical method development 1. Optimization of chromatographic conditions Method development and optimization of chromatographic parameters is of utmost important for validating a method in biological
More informationReproduction, Seeds and Propagation
Reproduction, Seeds and Propagation Diploid (2n) somatic cell Two diploid (2n) somatic cells Telophase Anaphase Metaphase Prophase I One pair of homologous chromosomes (homologues) II Homologues condense
More informationMethods of isolation of Cucumis sativus and C. melo pollen grains and their utilization in in vitro pollination 1
Methods of isolation of Cucumis sativus and C. melo pollen grains and their utilization in in vitro pollination 1 D. Skálová *, B. Navrátilová, and A. Lebeda * Palacký University, Faculty of Science, Department
More informationMethods for proteome analysis of obesity (Adipose tissue)
Methods for proteome analysis of obesity (Adipose tissue) I. Sample preparation and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric analysis Instruments, softwares, and materials AB SCIEX Triple TOF 5600
More informationAnalysis of Serum 17-Hydroxyprogesterone, Androstenedione, and Cortisol by UPLC-MS/MS for Clinical Research
Analysis of Serum 17-Hydroxyprogesterone, Androstenedione, and Cortisol by UPLC-MS/MS for Clinical Research Heather A Brown, 1 Claudia Rossi, 2 and Lisa J Calton 1 1 Waters Corporation, Wilmslow, UK 2
More informationUNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, RIVERSIDE. Botany. Department of. and. Plant Sciences.
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, RIVERSIDE Department of Botany and Plant Sciences www.ucr.edu $Plant Growth Regulator $ Strategies and Avocado Phenology and Physiology $ $ Carol Lovatt Professor of Plant Physiology
More informationAdvances in tissue culture propagation of compact oil palm clones in Costa Rica
Advances in tissue culture propagation of compact oil palm clones in Costa Rica Nidia Guzman 1 and Francisco Peralta After 20 years of research, ASD has developed a reliable protocol for cloning oil palm
More informationCallus Induction and Somatic Embryogenesis of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Improvement with the Addition of Coconut Water
Callus Induction and Somatic Embryogenesis of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Improvement with the Addition of Coconut Water Luma H. Abdul-Qadir Department of biology, College of education for pure sciences, University
More informationRapid Screening and Confirmation of Melamine Residues in Milk and Its Products by Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Rapid Screening and Confirmation of Melamine Residues in Milk and Its Products by Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry Application Note Food Authors Jianqiu Mi, Zhengxiang Zhang, Zhixu Zhang,
More informationPlant hormones. Characteristics
Plant hormones Plant hormones (also known as phytohormones) are chemicals that regulate plant growth, which, in the UK, are termed 'plant growth substances'. Plant hormones are signal molecules produced
More informationChapter 4. Biology of Flowering Plants. Regulation of Plant Growth by Plant Hormones
BOT 3015L (Sherdan/Outlaw/Aghoram); Page 1 of 8 Chapter 4 Biology of Flowering Plants Regulation of Plant Growth by Plant Hormones Objectives Plant Growth Regulators. Know the names of the plant growth
More informationDETERMINATION OF DRUG RELEASE DURING DISSOLUTION OF NICORANDIL IN TABLET DOSAGE FORM BY USING REVERSE PHASE HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
CHAPTER 9 DETERMINATION OF DRUG RELEASE DURING DISSOLUTION OF NICORANDIL IN TABLET DOSAGE FORM BY USING REVERSE PHASE HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY CHAPTER 9 Determination of drug release during
More informationToxicity, Teratogenic and Estrogenic Effects of Bisphenol A and its Alternative. Replacements Bisphenol S, Bisphenol F and Bisphenol AF in Zebrafish.
1 Supporting Information 2 3 Toxicity, Teratogenic and Estrogenic Effects of Bisphenol A and its Alternative Replacements Bisphenol S, Bisphenol F and Bisphenol AF in Zebrafish. 4 5 John Moreman, Okhyun
More informationMd. Mahmudul Islam, Md. Enamul Haque, Shah Md. Mahbub Alam, Md. Asadul Islam, Md. Khalekuzzaman, Biswanath Sikdar*
Research in Plant Biology, 3(5): 21-27, 2013 ISSN : 2231-5101 www.resplantbiol.com Regular Article Morphological and Histological Observation of Embryogenic Calli Derived from Immature Embryo of BRRI Dhan28
More informationLC/MS/MS qua ntitation of β-estradiol 17-acetate using an Agilent 6460 Triple Quadrupole LC/MS working in ESI negative ion mode
LC/MS/MS qua ntitation of β-estradiol 17-acetate using an Agilent 6460 Triple Quadrupole LC/MS working in ESI negative ion mode Application Note Authors Siji Joseph Agilent Technologies India Pvt. Ltd.
More informationPlasma Metanephrines and 3-Methoxytyramine by LC/MS/MS Using Agilent SimpliQ WCX SPE, 1290 Infi nity LC, and 6460 Triple Quadrupole LC/MS
Plasma Metanephrines and 3-Methoxytyramine by LC/MS/MS Using Agilent SimpliQ WCX SPE, 129 Infi nity LC, and 646 Triple Quadrupole LC/MS Application Note Clinical Research Authors Linda Côté and Christophe
More informationSomaclonal Variation
Tissue-culture cycle involves: dedifferentiation in culture proliferation of cells (implies sev. cell generations removed from original differentiated cell) subsequent regeneration to plants no selection
More informationDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Bornova-İzmir, Turkey
Bangladesh J. Bot. 46(2): 559-564, 2017 (June) IN VITRO SEED GERMINATION OF CYCAS REVOLUTA THUNB. HATICE DEMIRAY *, AYLIN EŞIZ DEREBOYLU, ZEKIYE IŞIN YAZICI, SIMAY BILDIK, KADIR BÜLBÜL, SERDAR GÖKHAN ŞENOL
More informationState Forest Research Institute, Post Box No. 159, Itanagar , India 1 Department of Botany, Rajiv Gandhi University, Itanagar , India
Indian Journal of Biotechnology Vol 6, April 2007, pp. 256-261 Effects of different culture media on seed germination and subsequent in vitro development of protocorms of Hygrochilus parishii (Veith &
More informationAnalytical determination of testosterone in human serum using an Agilent Ultivo Triple Quadrupole LC/MS
Application Note Clinical Research Analytical determination of testosterone in human serum using an Agilent Ultivo Triple Quadrupole LC/MS Authors Yanan Yang 1, Victor Mandragon 2, and Peter Stone 1 1
More informationEvaluation of chemical and physical parameters for callus induction from anther cultures of tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze)
Evaluation of chemical and physical parameters for callus induction from anther cultures of tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) Mishra Vijay Kumar a and Chaturvedi Rakhi *a a Department of Biotechnology
More informationCONTROL OF PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT BI-2232 RIZKITA R E
CONTROL OF PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT BI-2232 RIZKITA R E The development of a plant the series of progressive changes that take place throughout its life is regulated in complex ways. Factors take part
More informationcamp Direct Immunoassay Kit
camp Direct Immunoassay Kit Catalog Number KA0886 100 assays Version: 05 Intended for research use only www.abnova.com Table of Contents Introduction... 3 Background... 3 General Information... 4 Materials
More informationFonds Dscumenhir~ B R D. Recent progress on coconut micropropagation through a joined effort involving different countries
L c Recent progress on coconut micropropagation through a joined effort involving different countries t /HALVON1 and A SANGARE6 J-L. VERDEL, R. HORNUNG2, H-J. JACOBSEN3, E. RLLO, C, OROPEZA4, R. BOURDEX6,
More informationEFFECTS OF MOBILE PHASE COMPOSITION ON THE SEPARATION OF CATECHOLAMINES BY LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY WITH ELECTROCHEMICAL DETECTION
Pharmacology EFFECTS OF MOBILE PHASE COMPOSITION ON THE SEPARATION OF CATECHOLAMINES BY LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY WITH ELECTROCHEMICAL DETECTION A. ISIMER N. E. BASCI A. BOZKURT S. O. KAYAALP SUMMARY: In this
More informationMaximizing Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry Productivity with the Agilent StreamSelect LC/MS System
Maximizing Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry Productivity with the Agilent StreamSelect LC/MS System Application Note Authors Kevin McCann, Sameer Nene, Doug McIntyre, Edmond Neo, Dennis Nagtalon, and
More informationNORBUPRENORPHINE (Buprenorphine s Metabolite ) BUPRENORPHINE in urine by GC/MS Code GC Method of Confirmation by GC-MS
NORBUPRENORPHINE (Buprenorphine s Metabolite ) BUPRENORPHINE in urine by GC/MS Code GC44010 Method of Confirmation by GC-MS INTRODUCTION Buprenorphine is an analgesic with a long-time action, 25 to 40
More informationBio 100 Guide 27.
Bio 100 Guide 27 http://www.offthemarkcartoons.com/cartoons/1994-11-09.gif http://www.cneccc.edu.hk/subjects/bio/album/chapter20/images/plant_growth.jpg http://pgjennielove.files.wordpress.com/2008/06/apical_meristem.png
More informationEFFECTS OF DIFFERENT MORPHOREGULATORS ON GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF CANNABIS SATIVA L.
EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT MORPHOREGULATORS ON GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF CANNABIS SATIVA L. AJINKYA BHARAT LALGE, PETER MENDEL, TOMAS VYHNANEK, VACLAV TROJAN, PETR KALOUSEK, LADISLAV HAVEL Department of Plant
More informationKluwer Academic Publishers
Kluwer Academic Publishers P.O. Box 17,3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands Dear Reader We would very much appreciate receiving your suggestions and criticisms on the Plant Tissue Culture Manual. They will
More informationOrganogenic responses of Pinus pinea cotyledons to hormonal treatments: BA metabolism and cytokinin content
Tree Physiology 25, 1 9 2005 Heron Publishing Victoria, Canada Organogenic responses of Pinus pinea cotyledons to hormonal treatments: BA metabolism and cytokinin content P. MONCALEÁN, 1 P. ALONSO, 2 M.
More informationplant physiology and energy conversion to plant systems. identify the components and the functions of plant describe the processes of
Plant Systems-AG1 Essential Questions: 1. How do plant classification, plant anatomy, and plant physiology affect the production and management of plants? 2. What are the necessary steps to Prepare and
More informationAnalysis of Biomarkers in Crude Oil Using the Agilent 7200 GC/Q-TOF
Analysis of Biomarkers in Crude Oil Using the Agilent 7 GC/Q-TOF Application Note Petrochemical and Environmental Authors Frank David Research Institute for Chromatography, Kennedypark 6, B-85 Kortrijk,
More informationGrowth Regulator Effects on Flowering in Maize
Growth Regulator Effects on Flowering in Maize Eric Bumann July 14, 2008 My Background Research Associate at Pioneer Hi-Bred in Johnston, IA Production research 5 years in greenhouse research B.S. in Horticulture
More informationUltrafast Analysis of Buprenorphine and Norbuprenorphine in Urine Using the Agilent RapidFire High-Throughput Mass Spectrometry System
Ultrafast Analysis of Buprenorphine and Norbuprenorphine in Urine Using the Agilent RapidFire High-Throughput Mass Spectrometry System Application Note Authors Mohamed Youssef and Vaughn P. Miller Agilent
More informationThe Effect of Pollination Time and Gibberellic Acid (GA3) on the Production and Seed Germination of Phalaenopsis Orchids
The Effect of Pollination Time and Gibberellic Acid (GA3) on the Production and Seed Germination of Phalaenopsis Orchids Hassan Kia Heirati 1*, Rasoul Onsinejad 2 and Fattaneh Yari 3 1 M.S. Student, Department
More informationSulfotepp impurities in Chlorpyrifos EC formulations
Page 1 of 16 Method DAS-AM-01-058 Sulfotepp impurities in Chlorpyrifos EC formulations A. ABSTRACT Method DAS-AM-01-058 has been validated for the analysis of the relevant impurity sulfotepp in chlorpyrifos
More informationEPA Method 535: Detection of Degradates of Chloroacetanilides and other Acetamide Herbicides in Water by LC/MS/MS
EPA Method 535: Detection of Degradates of Chloroacetanilides and other Acetamide Herbicides in Water by LC/MS/MS Christopher Borton AB SCIEX Golden, Colorado verview Described here is the analysis of
More informationIn Vitro Polyploid Induction of Ophiopogon planiscapus. Dominic A. Gillooly, Darren H. Touchell and Thomas G. Ranney
In Vitro Polyploid Induction of Ophiopogon planiscapus Dominic A. Gillooly, Darren H. Touchell and Thomas G. Ranney North Carolina State University, Departement of Horticultural Science Mountain Crop Improvement
More informationAN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF. Susan C. Dixon for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. in Horticulture presented on May 1, 1990
AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Susan C. Dixon for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Horticulture presented on May 1, 1990 Title: Characterization of Cytokinin Metabolic Enzymes from Phaseolus Abstract
More information23-. Shoot and root development depend on ratio of IAA/CK
Balance of Hormones regulate growth and development Environmental factors regulate hormone levels light- e.g. phototropism gravity- e.g. gravitropism temperature Mode of action of each hormone 1. Signal
More informationLecture-6. The physiological basis of adventitious root formation in cutting and layering. Learning objective
Lecture-6 The physiological basis of adventitious root formation in cutting and layering Learning objective Introduction To know about the physiological, anatomical and biochemical basis of root formation
More informationQuantitative analysis of mitragynine in human urine by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
Quantitative analysis of mitragynine in human urine by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry Shijun Lua, Buu N. Trana, Jamie L. Nelsenb, Kenneth M. Aldousa. Journal of Chromatography
More informationEndogenous Plant Hormones in the. Xylem Sap. of Grapevines during Development
J. Japan. Soc. Hort. Sci. 47(2) : 181-187. 1978. Changes in Endogenous Plant Hormones in the Xylem Sap of Grapevines during Development Yoshiyuk1 NIIMI and H1rotaka TORIKATA Faculty of Agriculture, Nagoya
More informationNAD metabolome analysis in cultured human cells using 1H NMR spectroscopy
NAD metabolome analysis in cultured human cells using 1H NMR spectroscopy Konstantin Shabalin 1,2, *, Kirill Nerinovski 3,4, Alexandr Yakimov 2,3, Veronika Kulikova 1,3, Mikhail Khodorkovskiy 3, Mathias
More informationCYTOKININ PRODUCTION BY ECTOMYCORRHIZAL FUNGI BY P. P. NG, A. L. J. COLE, P. E. JAMESON AND J. A. MCWHA
New Phytol. (1982) 91, 57-62 57 CYTOKININ PRODUCTION BY ECTOMYCORRHIZAL FUNGI BY P. P. NG, A. L. J. COLE, P. E. JAMESON AND J. A. MCWHA Department of Botany, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New
More informationAnalysis of Metals, Halides, and Inorganic Ions Using Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography
Application Note Inorganic Ions, Water Testing, Minerals, Metals, Basic Chemicals Analysis of Metals, Halides, and Inorganic Ions Using Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography Authors Anne Mack, Adam Bivens
More informationGenetic transformation of table grape via organogenesis and field evaluation of DefH9-iaaM transgenic plants
Genetic transformation of table grape via organogenesis and field evaluation of DefH9-iaaM transgenic plants Mezzetti B., Silvestroni O., Costantini E. Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali e delle Produzioni
More informationCypExpress 3A4 Catalyzed Conversion of Testosterone (TE) to 6β- Hydroxytestosterone (HT)
TM CASE STUDY CypExpress 3A4 Catalyzed Conversion of Testosterone (TE) to 6β- Hydroxytestosterone (HT) Shuvendu Das, 1 Enrique Martinez, 2 and Mani Subramanian 1 1 Center for Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing,
More informationFluoro NADP/NADPH Fluorescent NADP/NADPH Detection Kit
Fluoro NADP/NADPH Fluorescent NADP/NADPH Detection Kit Contact Information Address Telephone Toll Free Fax General Information Sales Technical Questions Website Cell Technology Inc 950 Rengstorff Ave Suite
More informationCytokinin. Fig Cytokinin needed for growth of shoot apical meristem. F Cytokinin stimulates chloroplast development in the dark
Cytokinin Abundant in young, dividing cells Shoot apical meristem Root apical meristem Synthesized in root tip, developing embryos, young leaves, fruits Transported passively via xylem into shoots from
More informationStorage Proteins and Peroxidase Activity During Zygotic and Somatic Embryogenesis of Firs (Abies sp.)
Plant Cell Monogr (2) A. Mujib J. Šamaj: Somatic Embryogenesis DOI 10.1007/7089_021/Published online: 20 October 2005 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2005 Storage Proteins and Peroxidase Activity During
More informationPreparing Colloidal Gold for Electron Microscopy
Corporate Headquarters 400 Valley Road Warrington, PA 18976 1-800-523-2575 FAX 1-800-343-3291 Email: info@polysciences.com www.polysciences.com Europe - Germany Polysciences Europe GmbH Handelsstr. 3 D-69214
More informationCBSE Quick Revision Notes (Class-11 Biology) CHAPTER-15 PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
CBSE Quick Revision Notes (Class-11 Biology) CHAPTER-15 PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Root, stem leaves, flower, fruits and seeds arise in orderly manner in plants. The sequence of growth is as follows-
More informationNECTAR COLLECTION AND ANALYSES. One significant consideration when performing nectar collection is timing, both
NECTAR COLLECTION AND ANALYSES COLLECTION PROCEDURES Important Considerations One significant consideration when performing nectar collection is timing, both developmental and circadian. This is because
More information