Find out more about your soil! Soil plug-in for Google earth California Soil Resource Laboratory SoilWeb Earth
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1 Find out more about your soil! Soil plugin for Google earth California Soil Resource Laboratory SoilWeb Earth Support Soil Science and Student Farming 100% of profits go to funding student internships! (and get a tshirt that MEANS something!) Go to: soilforward.org
2 SOIL SOIL soilforward.org
3 Soil! What it is and how it works. James Cassidy Oregon State University, Soil Science President Oregon Society of Soil Scientists Soilforward.org
4
5 2 of the 12 Soil Orders Aridisol Mollisol
6 Aridisol 12% of the earth s icefree surface Inceptisol 17% of the earth s icefree surface
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8 Oxisols Veryfine, kaolinitic, isohyperthermic Typic Eutrotorrox
9 No Oxisols or Gelisols!
10 Spodosol Oregon Coast
11 Entisols
12 Inceptisols A 0 5 cm AB 5 18 Bw Bw BC C GEORGIA COARSELOAMY, MIXED, SEMIACTIVE, MESIC AQUIC DYSTRIC EUTRUDEPTS
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14 Soil is habitat!
15 Soil is a living thing! Not a chemical sponge! B Bacteria A Actinomycetes My Mycorrhizae H Saprophitic fungus N Nematode CP Ciliate protozoa FP Flagellate protozoa M Mite < 1mm 1/10 mm
16 What is Soil? Soil is: Rotted Rock Decomposed Organic Matter
17 The four components of soil: (Sand, silt, clay)
18 Rock primary mineral Granite
19 Clay is a secondary mineral formed at normal surface temperatures and normal surface pressures The product of dissolution and recrystallization Sand Silt Clay
20 Rocks dissolve and recrystallize Primary rock Dissolved minerals Physical + Chemical weathering silicon, iron, alum., mag., potassium, calcium Recrystallization Clay sheets of silica and aluminum oxide
21 When rocks dissolve O OH O Si O OH Al OH OH O OH Tetrahedron a 3D geometric form contained by four plane faces; a triangular pyramid. Octahedron a 3D geometric form contained by eight plane faces.
22 and recrystallize. Clay secondary mineral Tetrahedral sheet Octahedral sheet Tetrahedral sheet Tetrahedral sheet Octahedral sheet Tetrahedral sheet
23 and recrystallize. Clay secondary mineral
24 Isomorphous substitution Within the silica tetrahedron and aluminum octahedron O O O Si Fe O O OH OH Al Mg O O O What ions are present in the soil water solution is determined by the PM and the weathering environment.
25 Iron can substitute in for Silica Isomorphic Substitution a source of negative charge in soils! Magnesium can substitute in for Aluminum Silica Tetrahedral sheet Aluminum Octahedral sheet Silica Tetrahedral sheet
26 ~ 100,000x magnification
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28 Fibrous illite (a clay mineral) in Tordillo sandstone, Neuquen basin, westcentral Argentina
29 Nacrite Nacrite, Lodève Basin, France Field of view approx. 200 microns wide
30 Kaolinite Well crystallized kaolinite from the Keokuk geode, USA Field of view approx. 18 microns wide
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32 net negative charge due to isomorphic substitution on the secondary mineral called clay!!!
33 Clay Clay
34 What is Soil? Soil is: Rotted Rock Decomposed Organic Matter
35 What is Organic Matter? The four components of soil: (Sand, silt, clay)
36 Sun air water Producers Decomposers Consumers soil Humus (Organic Matter!)
37 Functions of Organic Matter 1. Carbon and energy for soil organisms Organic Matter 2. Provides nutrient storage! negative charge twice that of clay! provides another source of charge in soils twice that of clay! O ni
38 Organic Matter a random complex molecule!
39 How a plant works Nutrients
40 How a plant works
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43 Find out more about your soil! Soil plugin for Google earth California Soil Resource Laboratory SoilWeb Earth Support Soil Science and Student Farming Donate! Buy a tshirt that REALLY means something! (100% of profits go to funding student internships!) Go to: soilforward.org
44 Reservoir of plant nutrients Food/energy source for soil organisms Provides cation exchange capacity (200 cmol/kg) Increases waterholding capacity Decreases Al toxicity at low ph Improves soil structure (but doesn t change soil texture) Positive effects on physical characteristics: infiltration, drainage, aggregation potential, poresize distribution, available water holding capacity, erosion potential, deep water storage, diverse habitat, increased function Positive effects on soil chem: buffers for neutral ph, increases nutrient availability, increased vegetation increasing organic matter SOM: ADD ORGANIC Why it is important(?) MATTER!!!
45 Soil structure
46 Effect of OM on structure stability
47 Soil is habitat!
48 !It s their world! Live in the tiniest pores in soil!we just die in it!
49 Nematodes Microfauna Live in small pores in soil Protozoa kg/ha!
50 Microfauna Protozoa Most abundant of all soil fauna Onecelled Feed on bacteria (live and move in water films) Up to 30% of all mineralized N from protozoa
51 Mites Mesofauna Live in medium size pores in soil Springtails
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54 Mesofauna Heterotrophs (detritivores, predators) Feed on fungi, protozoa, nematodes, mites Important in regulating populations of everything smaller Collembola (springtails) Fungus feeding mite Nematode feeding mite
55 Other invertebrates pseudoscorpion Mesofauna
56 Worms Voles! Live in large pores in soil Macrofauna
57 Fungi tens of thousands of spp. The major agent of decay in acid environs Network of hyphae: improves soil structure Decomposition of cellulose!!! Can compete with higher plants for N Sun Producers Decomposers Consumers Humus
58 hyphae clay Aggregates held together by: sand 1. Fungal hyphae 2. Bacterial glues silt 3. Organic matter bacteria
59 Fungi tens of thousands of spp. The major agent of decay in acid environs Network of hyphae: improves soil structure Decomposition of cellulose!!! Can compete with higher plants for N Sun Chemo Heterotrophs energy and carbon from dead or living biomolecules (trap nematodes!) Producers Decomposers Consumers Humus
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61 Fungi tens of thousands of spp. The major agent of decay in acid environs Network of hyphae: improves soil structure Decomposition of cellulose!!! Can compete with higher plants for N Got beer? Chemo Heterotrophs energy and carbon from living (trap nematodes!) or dead biomolecules 3 groups, yeast, mold, mushrooms Mycorrhizae symbiotic relationships with most plants Produce chemicals that are toxic (or otherwise ) Sun Producers Decomposers Humus Consumers
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63 N capture (mycorrhizal fungi) Soil fungi that form symbiotic relationship with plant roots Extend root surface area for uptake of nutrients Fungus transfers nutrients (N,P,K) to plant Especially important for phosphorous uptake because it is immobile in the soil Plant provides fungus with carbon (root exudates) plant root (Fungus Root) Ecto & endo types mycorrhizae Mycorrhizae infecting a plant root and extracting nutrients from rock particles.
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65 Crops with mycorrhizal onions corn cotton wheat soybeans potatoes alfalfa sugarcane cassava rice associations most vegetables beets apples grapes citrus fruit trees (lumber and fiber) cacao coffee rubber Oregon industries: Wine! Christmas trees!
66 Cost to plant 510% of photosynthate production Benefit to plant 10X the absorptive surface Rhizosphere/ Mycosphere? Cost to Mycorrhizae nutrient shuttle to plant Benefit to Mycorrhizae get sugars directly from plant
67 Douglas Fir Trees with and without mycorrhizae inoculation
68 Bacteria 1 billion 1 trillion/g soil (up to 20,000 spp.) Exist in both forest and grassland soils Aerobic, anaerobic, and facultative forms Autotrophic and heterotrophic forms Most do best under high Ca 2+, high ph Do best when soil temp 2040C (68100F) but seldom killed by temp extremes Sun Producers Decomposers Consumers Humus
69 Actinomycetes funguslike, filamentous bacteria, huge numbers in soil; second only to regular bacteria Historically classified as fungi misnomer Specialized group of soil bacteria (unicellular, no nuclear membrane) Aerobic heterotrophs decompose OM humusforming, also parasitic/symbiotic relationships with some plants Produce antibiotic compounds to reduce competition etc. (side benefit Antobiotic drugs e.g. streptomycin) Super resistant to hostile environments Sporulate smell good after rain Decomposers Sun Producers Humus Streptomycin Neomycin Erythromycin Tetracyline actinomycetes Consumers geosmins dimethyl9decalols
70 Streptomyces Filamentous bacteria which produces the antibiotic, Streptomycin. Thanks bacteria!!! From
71 Bacteria and N fixation Types of Biological Nitrogen Fixation (N 2 from atmosphere) Freeliving (asymbiotic) Cyanobacteria Azotobacter Associative Rhizosphere Azospirillum Lichens cyanobacteria (with fungi) Leaf nodules Symbiotic nodule forming Legumerhizobia ActinorhizalFrankia
72 Nodulation in Legumes Frankia alder trees Rhizobia legumes Rhizobia N2 fixing, infection of roots leads to root nodule formation in lugumes
73 Complex, mutually beneficial relationships bacteria fungi
74 Soil Food Web (See also Fig 10.2 in text) Read pages
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76 Soil!
Soil! What it is and how it works. James Cassidy Oregon State University, Soil Science President Oregon Society of Soil Scientists Soilforward.
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