Anthropology Midterm Exam

Transcription

1 1. A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring is called A. Hominid B. A species C. A family D. A hominid E. A populace 2. Biological anthropologists are concerned with the external interaction of biology and culture in evolution. This is called A. Cultural Relativism B. the Biocultural Approach C. Biocultural Anthropology D. the Empirical Method E. the Scientific Method 3. What is the belief that species do not change but are the same as when first created known as? A. fruity of species B. the Great Chain of Being C. truth D. uniformitarianism E. natural selection 4. first recognized that species were groups of organisms that were distinguished from other such groups by their ability to mate with one another and produce fertile offspring. A. John Ray B. Charles Darwin C. Carolus Linnaeus D. Alfred Russel Wallace E. Jean-Baptise Lamarck 5. Who was the first to actually attempt to explain the mechanism by which species change? A. Carolus Linnaeus B. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck C. Charles Lyell D. Charles Darwin E. Erastus Darwin 6. Which of the following concepts did NOT influence Darwin in developing his theory of evolution? A. Population size increases more rapidly than food supplies B. There is competition among individuals for resources C. Species are unchanging types, and individual variation within a species is not important D. There is biological variation in all members of a species E. Favourable variations are passed on and accumulate in populations over time

2 7. Fitness in an evolutionary sense, refers to an individuals A. strength B. reproductive success C. aggressiveness D. size E. age of death 8. When Mendel crossed tree breeding tall and short parental plants, what was produced? A. all the offspring were tall B. Half the offspring were tall, the other half were short C. All the offspring were short D. The offspring were intermediate in height relative to the two parent plants E. About 90 percent were tall but the rest were short 9. Wheat is the term for the condition of two copies of the same allele being present in the genotype A. dominant B. condemned C. recessive D. homozygous E. segregated 10. Which of the following is not a polygenic trait? A. Stature B. skin color C. eye color D. ABO blood type E. hair color 11. In a hypothetical situation, B is the allele that causes brachydactyly. If a normal man who has normal fingers (bb) and a woman with brachydactyly (Bb) have children, what proportion of these children would you expect to have normal fingers? A. None B. AB C. ¼ D. ¾ E. ½ 12. Evolution can be described as a two-stage process that includes which of the following? A. genetic drift followed by migration B. natural selection followed by migration C. recombination followed by nutrition D. production of variation followed by natural selection acting on this variation E. production and distribution of variation

3 13. What is the only source of new genetic material in any population? A. mutation B. genetic drift C. founder effect D. migration E. natural selection 14. The Hb3 allele increased in frequency in West African populations due to which of the following? A. sickle-cell anemia B. genetic drift C. migration D. increased mutation rates E. natural selection 15. What is the false belief that there is a relationship between physical traits and certain behavioural traits such as intelligence and mortality? A. congenic B. nictogenism C. polygenism D. biological determinism E. homeostasis 16. A polytypic species A. is one that has no phenotypic variability B. has never been observed in nature C. is one composed of local population that differ from one another with regard to the expression of so more than three traits D. is one composed of local populations that differ from one another with regard to the expression of one or more traits E. is composed of widely dispersed populations 17. Structural similarities shared by species that are acquired by descent from a common ancestor are A. analogies B. homologies C. acquired D. uninformative of evolutionary relationships 18. What is the evolutionary process that produces analogies structure called? A. speciation B. homology C. hemoplasy D. founder effect E. evolutionary systematics

4 19. Structural similarities shared by a wide array of distantly related species that are inherited from a remote ancestor, such as the number of bone on the forelimb, are termed A. specialized B. ancestral (primitive) C. adaptive radtiations D. analogies E. derived (modified) 20. When assessing evolutionary relationships, one approach is to focus on derived (modified) characteristics. What is this approach called? A. taxonomy B. phylogeny C. classification D. cladistics E. Hemoplasy 21. Unlike a cladogram, a phylogenetic tree A. includes the dimension of time B. does not suggest ancestral-descendant relationships C. is one-dimensional D. are used by physical anthropologists to identify and assess the utility of traits E. are used by physical anthropologists to make testable hypotheses regarding realtionships between groups of organisms 22. Speciation can occur as a result of all of the following except A. geographic isolation B. natural selection acting on populations C. ecological separation D. lack of differences in habitats E. limited gene exchange 23. Sexual dimorphism A. refers to differences between adults and adolescents with regard to sexual primates B. is particularly pronounced in all primate species C. refers to differences between the sexes with regard to feature such as body D. is more common in arboreal species E. has not been observed in any monkey 24. What does the term endothermic refer to? A. mammalian tooth shapes B. the loss of beat in animals without fur C. using metabolic activity to maintain a constant internal body temperature D. staying warm by laying in the sun E. energy is generated externally

5 25. What is the term for rapid expansion and diversification of groups of organisms into newly available ecological niches? A. generalization B. homology C. parallel evolution D. adaptive radiation E. specialization 26. Which one of the traits listed below is not used to define the order Primates? A. a tendency towards erect posture B. an inflexible, specialized limb structure C. hands and feet with a high degree of prehensility D. retention of five digits on the hands and feet E. generalized dentition 27. Regarding aspects of primate maturation. Learning and behaviour, primates have all except A. a more efficient means of fetal nourishment B. longer periods of gestation C. reduced numbers of offspring D. delayed maturation E. decreased life span 28. Lactose intolerance can be characterized by all of the following except A. results from the lack of lactase B. has a genetic basis C. is a good example of biocultural evolution D. can be influenced by the environment E. does not involved a person s ability to digest milk 29. Vertical clinging and leaping is a locomotors pattern frequently practiced by which of the following A. apes B. lemurs and tarsiers C. terrestrial monkeys D. old world monkeys E. gorillas 30. The order Primates is traditionally divided into two suborder: A. Plestocine and Catarrline B. Strepsirbini and Haplorhind

6 31. The suborder Strepsirhini includes A. Lemurs and lorises B. Torsiers, lemurs and lorises C. Lorises, chimpanzees and gorillas D. Chimpanzees, gorillas, and humans E. Strepsirhini is not a suborder of primates 32. Traditionally, Old World monkeys are separated from apes and humans at the A. infraorder B. genus C. superfamily D. family E. suborder 33. Compared to Strepsirhini, anthropoids generally A. have smaller body sizes B. have decreased infant maturation periods C. have smaller brains D. depend less on olfaction and more on vision E. groom less often 34. Where are Old World monkeys found? A. Africa and northern Europe B. Mexico and South America C. Sub Saharan Africa, southern Asia and northern Japan D. India and southern Asia only E. North America and Mexico 35. Species producing relatively large numbers of offspring and invest little parental A. K-selected B. r-selected C. p-selected D. all parental E. sympatric 36. Potato washing behaviour had been observed in which of the following? A. Japanese macaques B. Albanian macaques C. Japanese gorillas D. Chimpanzees E. Vervets 37. Linguistic symbols are said to be because they do not resemble the object or concept they represent

7 A. Autonomic B. deliberate C. Arbitrary D. closed E. inmate 38. Pleisidapiforme had claws instead of nails and long snout, but what two feature did they have that made them more primate-like? A. post-orbital bar and generalized dentition B. forward facing eyes and generalized limb structure C. opposable thumbs and forward facing eyes D. generalized cranial morphology and tooth morphology E. a long tail and post-orbital bar 39. The Miocene hominoids A. were distributed over much of the new world B. were all member of the same species C. displayed little to no morphological variation D. were all a about the size of a house cat E. evidenced the golden age of hominoids 40. In the movie Life in the Trees, these primates have a poor sense of smell and must hold fruit right up to their nose to identify it. A. Baboons B. Howler Monkeys C. Japanese macaques D. Gibbons E. Gorillas True or False 41. The scientific method is procedure by which hypothesis and theories are verified, modified or discarded 42. Evolution is the change in allele frequency of a population that only results in macroevolution 43. If a mutation occurs in a Homeobox, gene, like a Hox gene, you may end up with a leg growing out of your forehead 44. Mitochondrial DNA (mtdna) is extremely useful for studying genetic change over time 45. Genetic Drift is a random factor in evolution 46. Developmental acclimatization occurs in high-altitude natives during growth and development 47. Infectious diseases have exerted enormous selective pressures on our species 48. The variation that exits among individuals within a species is termed interspecific variations

8 49. The Cenozoic era is considered the age of mammals due to the vast diversification that took place 50. The mammals achieved rapid evolutionary success because they possessed several characteristics related to learning and general behavioural flexibility 51. Large primate groups are advantageous because they increase the likelihood of early predator detection 52. Sexual selection does not seem to be an important factor in the evolution of sexual dimorphism 53. Kanzo the bonobo learned to use lexigrams to communicate with human observers 54. There are no well-documented examples of natural selection operating in natural populations 55. In the movie Life in the Trees, the aye-aye were shown as lemurs with a long middle finger that could be used to extract food, such as yolk, from its source. Matching 56. Adaptation (a) source of new genetic variation 57. Genetic drift (b) exchange of genes between populations 58. Mutation (c) result of small population size 59. Gene flow (d) can act only on traits that affect reproduction 60. Natural Selection (e) shift in allele frequencies due to natural selection Labelling

9 Fill in the Blanks 1. Three fundamentals of natural selection include,, and 2. Studies have shown that UV radiation rapidly depletes, which plays a crucial role in neural tube development of the embryo 3. rule states that bodies with increased mass or volume to surface area are optimal for cold climates 4. When disease is continuously present in a population it is said to be 5. Currently, there are approximately species of non-human primates 6. During translation bring each amino acid to the ribosome to join the amino acids in sequences 7. Biologists now study instead of race to determine difference among populations 8. have very large, highly sexually dimorphic body sizes and live largely solitary lives. 9. is the study of the evolution of behaviour, emphasizing the role of ecological factors as agents of natural selection 10. Amicable behaviours that promote group cohesion are called behaviours Short Answer 1. What are the three hypotheses to explain evolution of primates? Explain each in one sentence 2. If 25 out of 110 people are homozygous recessive fore sickle-cell anemia, calculate the expected frequencies of the three genotypes. Use the Hardy-Weinberg equation to solve this problem. Round to two decimal places. 3. What are three differences between Mendelian and polygenic traits? 4. What are two evolutionary significant factors that result from the process of meiosis? Explain each in one sentence and explain why they are important for evolution. 5. Briefly explain the adaptive significance of ONE of the following THREE: A. Solar Radiation, Vitamin D, and Skin Colour B. The Thermal Environment C. High Altitude