1. What is the definition of Evolution? a. Descent with modification b. Changes in the heritable traits present in a population over time c.

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1 1. What is the definition of Evolution? a. Descent with modification b. Changes in the heritable traits present in a population over time c. Changes in allele frequencies in a population across generations d. All of the above 2. What is the definition of Natural selection? a. Differential reproductive success of individuals with different phenotypes b. Differential reproductive success of individuals with different genotypes c. Differential reproductive success of individuals in different environments d. All of the above 3. What was suggested by the fossils found in the geologic column? a. The earth was approximately 10,000 years old. b. Rock strata were deposited in different sequences in different locations c. New species appeared continuously through geological time e. A and C 4. Adult male gloo-birds are red if they live in shaded habitat as juveniles, but they are yellow if they live in sunny habitats. Female gloo-birds prefer to mate with red males, and hardly ever mate with yellow males. Which of the following statements is true about this population a. Natural selection favours red colouration in males b. Selection will eliminate yellow colouration from the population c. Yellow males will evolve to be red through natural selection d. Natural selection will result in a high rate of mutation from yellow to red colouration 5. What is the original source of genetic variation in populations? a. Natural selection b. Non-random mating c. Genetic drift d. Migration e. Mutation 6. Adaptations are traits that: a. Maximizes an organism s lifetime reproductive success b. Can increase in frequency due to natural selection c. Increases the ability of an organism to survive and reproduce relative to others without the trait e. B and C

2 7. How do transitional forms provide evidence for evolution? a. They show that traits of more than one taxon can coexist in a living organism b. They are one step in the evolution of one taxon from a different, pre-existing taxon c. They illustrate the law of succession d. They identify the location of transitions between strata in the geologic column 8. Why does this figure (right) provide evidence for Darwinian evolution? (Don t worry about the diagram; the answer will click) a. It shows analogous developmental b. It shows that evolutionarily advanced species change more during development than do more primitive species c. It shows taxa that are very different as adults have similar traits in early development 9. Which of the following modern techniques, unknown to Darwin, has contradicted Darwin s theory of evolution by natural selection a. Radiometric Dating b. Population Genetics c. Mendelian Genetics d. Molecular Biology 10. At the conclusion of an experiment, you test for an effect of treatment X on variable Y and find. What can you conclude? a. 7/100 times, your result suggests a significant effect b. You need a large sample size to test for an effect c. 7/100 times you could get the result you found by chance d. You must reject the null hypothesis e. X has an effect on Y 11. What are Darwin s four postulates? a. Variability, sexual reproduction, struggle for existence, random survivorship b. Introduction of alleles by mutation, gene flow, selection, fixation of novel alleles c. Variability, heritability, struggles for existence, nonrandom lifetime reproduction d. Mutation, migration, selection, nonrandom mating 12. You are studying a lizard with alleles R and M at one locus. 95% of RR and RM individuals survive to adulthood and 0% of MM individuals survive to adulthood. You start with a population of 100 and allow random mating for 10 generations. Which of the following graphs is most likely to represent the frequency of allele R over the course of the experiment? a. Graph A b. Graph B c. Graph C d. Graph D

3 The graph below shows the beak lengths in a soapberry bug population. Answer questions based on your understanding of this natural experiment. 13. What event in 1930 affected the evolution of beaks in soap berry bugs in Florida? a. Extreme summer temperatures killed 90% of the population of soapberry bugs b. The introduction of a long-beaked insect species that competed directly with soapberry bugs. c. A drought affected food availability for soapberry bugs d. The introduction of a new plant species that could be consumed by soapberry bugs e. Migration of a group of soapberry bugs from Texas to Florida 14. Which of the following figures would best represent the relationship between fitness and beak lengths of soapberry bugs in this population between 1930 and 1980? a. Graph A b. Graph B c. Graph C d. Graph D e. Graph E Questions are related to the phylogenetic trees presented. 15. Which of the following is the best phylogenetic hypothesis for the evolution of these moths? a. Tree A b. Tree B c. Tree C d. Tree D 16. What logic is used to determine the most likely phylogenetic tree? a. The tree that maximizes the number of independent contrasts is the most likely b. The tree that requires fewest evolutionary changes is the most likely c. The tree with the largest number of synapomorphies is the most likely e. B and C 17. In the best phylogeny identified above, which of the following are sister species? a. Taxon B, Taxon C b. Taxon E, Taxon F c. Taxon F, Taxon K d. Taxon H, Taxon J

4 18. For the best phylogeny identified in question 15 which of the following taxa is NOT phylogenetically independent contrast that could be used to test your hypothesis about the origin of ears? a. Taxon B, Taxon C b. Taxon D, Taxon E c. Taxon F, Taxon G d. Taxon H, Taxon I 19. You use the fossil record to determine that the ancestor of all moths, at the root of the tree, had ears. Given this new information, which of the phylogenies above is the best hypothesis for the evolution of these moths? a. Phylogeny A b. Phylogeny B c. Phylogeny C d. Phylogeny D 20. What factors affect testes size in bats and primates? a. Sperm competition b. Body size c. Likelihood of female mating with more than one male (e.g. a hoe) sharing a fertile period d. A and C Questions refer to the graph below and the experiment on the function of wing markings and wing waving in Tephritid fruit flies. The graph (right) shows the results of this study. 21. What was the purpose of Treatment B in this experiment? a. To control for effects of wing surgery on risk of predation b. To investigate the effect of marking without waving c. To control the individual variation in activity levels d. To investigate the effects of wing marking on detection by the predator e. To control for variation in wing length 22. What conclusion can be drawn from the data in THIS graph? a. Wing waving and markings decrease predation by a variety of predators b. Wing waving and markings decrease predation by jumping spiders c. Wing markings are more effective than waving in deterring predators 23. Would this experiment have been more valid if phylogenetically independent contrasts were used to test the hypotheses about the function of wing waving and wing markings? a. Yes b. No

5 24. What are Architect Genes? a. Genes that direct activation of genes appropriate to a given body segment b. Genes that directly code for legs and eyes Drosophila c. Genes that resulted in the evolution of fish with fingers e. A and C 25. Why did the discovery of architect genes suggest the evolution of diverse body plans might be more (???) than previously thought? a. Natural insertion of architect genes from bacterial vectors might explain similar body plans in related species b. Architect genes arose several times during the Cambrian explosion rather than only once c. Architect genes might code for the similar traits seen in different areas d. Relatively few mutations in architect genes lead to major differences in body plans 26. If Darwin s postulates hold, what must be true? a. Organisms will evolve by natural selection b. Genotype frequencies will be predictable based on allele frequencies c. Fitness of populations will increase e. A and C 27. Why does mutation alone rarely cause significant allele frequency change? a. The same mutation is unlikely to arise in many individuals in any generation b. Selection leads to the rapid loss of mutant alleles c. Point mutations usually create recessive alleles rather than dominant alleles e. B and C 28. Cystic fibrosis may be maintained in populations because individuals that carry one cystic allele are also: a. Resistant to malaria b. Resistant to dwarfism c. Resistant to anemia d. Resistant to typhoid fever e. Resistant to thalassaemia 29. Mutation rates may vary across species because in each species there is a trade-off between: a. Effects of mutagenic agents and effects of point mutations b. Mutation and selection c. µ and S d. DNA polymerase size and efficiency e. Speed and accuracy of DNA replication

6 30. A severe drought provided a natural, microevolutionary experiment on Darwin s finches. The experiment suggested a reasonable explanation for what macroevolutionary change? a. Evolution of larger, harder seeds in plants on the island b. Evolution of larger beaks among group finches c. Evolution of diverse beak types among different finch species d. Evolution of new plants species that produce fewer seeds e. Evolution of larger body size among ground finches 31. Why do the muscles at the base of hair follicles in humans and chimpanzees provide evidence for Darwin s theory of evolution? a. They suggest a missing link between other primates and humans b. They are similar in structure but arise from different tissues during development c. They demonstrate that traits that reduce fitness can be maintained in populations d. They function in aggressive signals in other primates, but have no function in humans e. They result in goose bumps which are adaptive response to low temperatures in humans Answer questions based on the following descriptions. You are studying a population with two alleles at one locus. N (dominant allele that results in a normal phenotypes) and T ( a recessive allele that results in the development of 6 toes on each foot). There are 4100 people in the population and 3190 of these people have normal feet. 32. What is the frequency of N in this population (assume it is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium)? a b c d e How many individuals will be heterozygous at this locus if the population is in Hardy Weignberg equilibrium? a. 853 b c d e You use molecular techniques to show that the actual number of heterozygotes in the population is Assume any differences greater than 10 are significant. Which of the following is most likely to explain this result? a. Heterozygote inferiority b. Selection against a recessive allele c. Heterozygote superiority d. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium e. Mutation-Selection balance

7 35. You are studying a small, highly inbred population with very little genetic variation. Which of the following statements is likely to be true about this population: a. The population will show low heterozygosity b. The population will allow a high frequency of genetic diseases c. The population will be unlikely to evolve Answer questions 36 and 37 based on your understanding of HIV and the figure below, which shows the dose of AZT required inhibiting HIV replication as a function of the number of months for which an HIV positive person has been taking AZT 36. What did this study show about the evolution of HIV in an infected person? a. Over time, strains of AZT resistant HIV are introduced by sexual contact with other hosts b. AZT is an agent of selection favoring HIV variants that can replicate in the presence of AZT c. HIV evolves increased resistance to all drugs if the host survives long enough d. AZT-resistant HIV replication at a high rate is every environment e. B and C 37. You have a friend who is HIV positive and has been taking AZT for 25 months. What would be their basic strategy for decreasing the number of circulating HIV virions in their body? a. Reduce the rate of partner change b. Increase their dose of AZT c. Stop taking AZT d.???? 38. Under the trade-off hypothesis, a low-virulence strain of a sexually transmitted disease would have a higher fitness than a virulence strain in which of the following populations a. A rural community with high levels of inbreeding b. An economically depressed city with no sanitation c. A city with a large number of prostitutes d.??? e.??? Answer questions based on this information: An island population of 50 snakes is fixed for allele r. A population on a nearby continent has alleles R and r in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium. 25 snakes migrate from the continent to the island. 9 of the migrants are rr, 12 are Rr and 4 are RR. 39. What is likely to be true about the allele frequency of the migrant relative to the allele frequency on the continent? a. The frequency of R in the migrants will equal the frequency of R on the continent

8 b. The frequency of R will be lower among the migrants than the frequency of R on the continent c. The frequency of R in the migrants will be different from the frequency of R on the continent d. The frequency of R will be higher among the migrants that the frequency of R on the continent e. The frequency of R in the migrants will fluctuate around an equilibrium point equal to the frequency of R on the continent 40. Assume no founder effect. What is the new frequency of the r allele on the island after migration? a b c d e Assume no founder effect, but also assume there is a second group of 100 migrants arriving on the island from a different continent where the frequency of the r allele is 0.1. What is the new frequency of the r allele on the island after migration of both groups? a b c d. 0.54

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