Introduction to Microbiology

Transcription

1 Introduction to Microbiology Norazli Ghadin norazlicucst.weebly.com (online note) DNEH 1292: Environmental Microbiology 1 Lecture 1

2 Environmental Microbiology Assesment: Formative: 40% Midterm 20 Assinment 10 Lab report 10 Summative 60 Final Exam Theory 40 OSPE/LAB 20

3 Learning Outcomes I At the end of this section, students will have an appreciation of &/or be able to: The important developments in Microbiology Describe basic and specialised microscopy techniques and their applications The extent of the microbial world Describe the important differences between prokaryotes (Bacteria and Archaea) and eukaryotes

4 Learning Outcomes II At the end of this section, students should be able to: Describe basic and specialized techniques for quantifying microbial growth Summarize the process of bacterial and viral reproduction and describe the dynamics of a bacterial growth curve and the plaque assay Indicate how bacteria are divided into groups according to their phylogeny &/or metabolism

5 Lecture Plan Scope of Microbiology Extent of the microbial world History of Microbiology Techniques Microscopy and Staining Pure culture methods Quantitative methods Microbial growth curve Plaque assay Microbial diversity Phylogeny Substrate utilization

6 References Jensen, M.M. and Wright, DN. (1993) Introduction to Microbiology for the Health Sciences, 3 rd. ed. Edward, A.L. (1997) 5 th. Fundamentals of microbiology, Benjamin Cummings. Nestar, E.W. (1995), Microbiology : A Human Perspective, new York: Mc Graw Hill. Wesley A.V. (1992), Basic Microbiology, 7 th. Ed. New York : Harper Collins. Brock T.D et al (1994), Biology of Microorganisms, 7 th. Ed. Pretice Hall. Wikipedia

7 Introduction microbiology - the study of microorganisms organisms to small to be seen with the naked eye except in large groups effects of large numbers often visible e.g., chemical reactions in soil horizons e.g., toxin and gas production in incompletely sterilised food cans e.g., disease in animals and plants

8 Environmental Microbiology Study of the composition and physiology of microbial communities in the environment. Such as Soil Water Air Sediments

9 Microbial World Viruses Bacteria (Eubacteria) and Archaeabacteria Fungi (Yeasts and Molds) Protozoa Microscopic Algae

10 Benefits Maintain balance of environment (microbial ecology) Basis of food chain Nitrogen fixation Photosynthesis Digestion, synthesis of vitamins Manufacture of food and drink

11 Benefits Genetic engineering Synthesis of chemical products Recycling sewage Bioremediation: use microbes to remove toxins (oil spills) Use of microbes to control crop pests Normal microbiota

12 Harmful Effects Cause disease (basis for bioterrorism) Food spoilage

13 Pioneers of Microbiology Robert Hooke, UK (1665) Proposed the Cell Theory Observed cork with crude microscope All living things are composed of cells Spontaneous generation Some forms of life could arise spontaneously from non-living matter Francesco Redi, IT (1668) Redi s experiments first to dispprove S.G.

14 Pioneers of Microbiology Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, DE (1673) First observed live microorganisms (animalcules) Schleiden and Schwann, DE Formulated Cell Theory: cells are the fundamental units of life and carry out all the basic functions of living things Pasteur, FR and Tyndall, UK (1861) Finally disproved S.G.

15 Pioneers of Microbiology Louis Pasteur ( ), Chemist Fermentation (1857) Pasteurization: heat liquid enough to kill spoilage bacteria (1864) Vaccine development rabies Proposed the germ theory of disease Proposed aseptic techniques (prevent contamination by unwanted microbes) Director of Pasteur Institute, Paris (1894)

16 Pioneers of Microbiology Joseph Lister, UK (1867) Used phenol (carbolic acid) to disinfect wounds First aseptic technique in surgery Robert Koch, DE (1876) Postulates Germ theory (1876) Identified microbes that caused anthrax (1876), tuberculosis (1882) and cholera (1883) Developed microbiological media & streak plates for pure culture (1881)

17 Branches of Microbiology Bacteriology: study of bacteria Mycology: study of fungi Immunology: study of immunity Edward Jenner, UK: developed vaccination (1798) Metchnikoff, RU: discovered phagocytes (1884) Paul Ehrlich, DE: theory of immunity (1890) Virology: study of viruses Beijerinck, NE: discovered intracellular reproduction of TMV; coined the term virus (1899)

18 Branches of Microbiology Parasitology: study of protozoa and parasitic worms Chemotherapy Treatment of disease by using chemical means Antibiotics produced naturally Synthetic drugs Paul Ehrlich (1878) used arsenic compounds to fight disease magic bullet

19 Branches of Microbiology Chemotherapy Alexander Fleming, Scotland (1928) discovered penicillin Selman Waksman, Ukraine (1944) discovered streptomycin Problems Toxicity of drugs => Selective toxicity Resistance of bacteria to drugs

20 Branches of Microbiology Recombinant DNA Technology Recombinant DNA Genetic engineering/biotechnology Microbial genetics mechanism by which microbes inherit genes Molecular biology structure and function (expression) of genes Molecular epidemiology/diagnostics

21 Branches of Microbiology Biotechnology GMOs/GEMs for industrial, pharmaceutical and agricultural applications Improvements of agriculture (plants and animals) Gene therapy: inserting a missing gene or replacing a defective one in human cells

22 Classification of Microorganisms A. Principles of Classification and Nomenclature B. Eukaryotic Organisms C. Prokaryotic Organisms

23 Principles of Classification and Nomenclature Taxonomy Kingdom Phylum (pl: Phyla) Class Order Family Genus (pl: Genera) Species (pl: Species)

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25 Principles of Classification Nomenclature and Nomenclature Scientific name (Systematic Name) Binomial System of Nomenclature Genus name + species name italicized or underlined genus name is capitalized and may be abbreviated species name is never abbreviated. eg: Bacillus subtilis B. subtilis

26 Eukaryotic Organisms Eukaryotic Kingdoms Kingdom Protista (Protozoa and Algae) Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia

27 Prokaryotic Organisms Prokaryotic Kingdoms Kingdom Eubacteria Kingdom Archaeobacteria

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29 SYMBIOSIS is the interaction between 2 different organisms living together HOST- usually the LARGER of the 2 organisms SYMBIONT- usually the SMALLER member

30 THE THREE SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS ARE... PARASITISM MUTUALISM COMMENSALI SM

31 PARASITISM Is a relationship where the Symbiont lives in/on the Host The Symbiont (or Parasite) BENEFITS The Host is HARMED For example, the tick in the picture above is a parasite. It benefits by extracting blood from its human host. The human is harmed because

32 Mutualism Is a relationship between the host and a symbiont, where both organisms benefit and neither is harmed. The relationship can be long or short term. For example, in the photo above, the host flower benefits by being pollinated by the traveling butterfly. The symbiont butterfly benefits from the nectar that it extracts from the flower.

33 COMMENSALISM Is a relationship between the host and symbiont, where the symbiont benefits and the host is neither helped nor harmed. The symbiont benefits by receiving transportation, housing, and/or nutrition. For example, in the photo above the symbiont barnacles receive transportation from the host whale. The host whale is neither helped nor harmed by the barnacles.