ffii Species Sensitivity Distributions Ecotoxicology LEWIS PUBLISHERS Edited by Leo Posthuma Glenn W. Suter II Theo P. Traas

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1 Species Sensitivity Distributions in Ecotoxicology Edited by Leo Posthuma Glenn W. Suter II Theo P. Traas ffii LEWIS PUBLISHERS A CRC Press Company Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C.

2 Contents SECTION I General Introduction and History of SSDs Chapter 1 General Introduction to Species Sensitivity Distributions 3 Leo Posthuma, Theo P. Traas, and Glenn W. Suter II Chapter 2 North American History of Species Sensitivity Distributions 11 Glenn W. Suter II Chapter 3 European History of Species Sensitivity Distributions 19 Nico M. van Straalen and Cornells J. van Leeuwen SECTION II Scientific Principles and Characteristics of SSDs Chapter 4 Theory of Ecological Risk Assessment Based on Species Sensitivity Distributions 37 Nico M. van Straalen Chapter 5 Normal Species Sensitivity Distributions and Probabilistic Ecological Risk Assessment 49 Tom Aldenberg, Joanna S. Jaworska, and Theo P. Traas Chapter 6 Extrapolation Factors for Tiny Toxicity Data Sets from Species Sensitivity Distributions with Known Standard Deviation 103 Tom Aldenberg and Robert Luttik

3 Chapter 7 Species Sensitivity Distributions in Ecological Risk Assessment: Distributional Assumptions, Alternate Bootstrap Techniques, and Estimation of Adequate Number of Species 119 Michael C. Newman, David R. Ownby, Laurent C. A. Mezin, David C. Powell, Tyler R. L. Christensen, Scott B. Lerberg, Britt-Anne Anderson, and Tiruponithura V. Padma Chapter 8 Observed Regularities in Species Sensitivity Distributions for Aquatic Species 133 Dick de Zwart Chapter 9 The Value of the Species Sensitivity Distribution Concept for Predicting Field Effects: (Non-)confirmation of the Concept Using Semifield Experiments 155 Paul J. van den Brink, Theo C. M. Brock, and Leo Posthuma SECTION III Applications of SSDs A. Derivation of Environmental Quality Criteria Chapter 10 Effects Assessment of Fabric Softeners: The DHTDMAC Case 199 Cornelis J. van Leeuwen and Joanna S. Jaworska Chapter 11 Use of Species Sensitivity Distributions in the Derivation of Water Quality Criteria for Aquatic Life by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 211 Charles E. Stephan Chapter 12 Environmental Risk Limits in the Netherlands 221 Dick T. H. M. Sijm, Annemarie P. van Wezel, and Trudie Crommentuijn Chapter 13 A Rank-Based Approach to Deriving Canadian Soil and Sediment Quality Guidelines 255 Connie L. Gaudet, Doug Bright, Kathie Adare, and Kelly Potter Chapter 14 Ecotoxicological Soil Quality Criteria in Denmark 275 Janeck J. Scott-Fordsmand and John Jensen

4 B. Ecological Risk Assessment Chapter 15 Probabilistic Risk Assessment Using Species Sensitivity Distributions 285 Keith R. Solomon and Peter Takacs Chapter 16 The Potentially Affected Fraction as a Measure of Ecological Risk...: 315 Theo P. Traas, Dik van de Meent, Leo Posthuma, Timo Hamers, Belinda J. Kater, Dick de Zwart, and Tom Aldenberg Chapter 17 Methodology for Aquatic Ecological Risk Assessment 345 William J. Warren-Hicks, Benjamin R. Parkhurst, and Jonathan B. Butcher Chapter 18 Toxicity-Based Assessment of Water Quality 383 Dick de Zwart and Aart Sterkenburg Chapter 19 Mapping Risks of Heavy Metals to Birds and Mammals Using Species Sensitivity Distributions 403 Theo P. Traas, Robert Luttik, and Hans Mensink Chapter 20 Ecotoxicological Impacts in Life Cycle Assessment 421 Mark A. J. Huijbregts, Dik van de Meent, Mark Goedkoop, and Renilde Spriensma SECTION IV Evaluation and Outlook Chapter 21 Issues and Practices in the Derivation and Use of Species Sensitivity Distributions 437 Glenn W. Suter II, Theo P. Traas, and Leo Posthuma Chapter 22 Conceptual and Technical Outlook on Species Sensitivity Distributions 475 Leo Posthuma, Theo P. Traas, Dick de Zwart, and Glenn W. Suter II

5 Appendices Appendix A The Interactive Poster Session "Use of Species Sensitivity Distributions in Ecotoxicology" 511 Timo Hamers, Theo P. Traas, and Leo Posthuma Appendix B List of Computer Software Programs 525 References 527 Glossary 565 Acronyms 573 Subject Index 579

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