Calpain Inhibitors and Modulation of Ischaemia Reperfusion Induced Apoptosis and Necrotic Myocardial Cell Injury

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1 IOSR Journl of Phrmcy nd Biologicl Sciences (IOSR-JPBS) e-issn: , p-issn: Volume 1, Issue 6 Ver. II (Nov - Dec. 215), PP Clpin Inhiitors nd Modultion of Ischemi Reperfusion Induced Apoptosis nd Necrotic Myocrdil Cell Injury Rshmi Aror* 1, Sudh Vengurlekr 2 ( *1 Sri Auroindo Institute of Phrmcy, Indore, Mdhy Prdesh, , Indi) ( 2 Sri Auroindo Institute of Phrmcy, Indore, Mdhy Prdesh, , Indi) Astrct: Apoptosis is crucil event tht cn initite ischemi-reperfusion induced inflmmtion nd susequent tissue injury. Myocrdil ischemi reperfusion is ssocited with ctivtion of intrcellulr deth proteses known s clpins. Myocrdil ischemi ws induced in isolted rt hert which ws sujected to 3 min ischemi followed y reperfusion for 12min. The effect of clpin inhiitors SJA719 nd SJA 729(1µM nd 15µM) in induced myocrdil injury ssessed in terms of infrct size mesured mcroscopiclly, relese of LDH nd CK hve een investigted. Agrose gel electrophoresis ws used to ssess the DNA smering. TUNEL stining ws done to investigte the poptotic index. Clpin inhiitors such s SJA719 nd SJA729 hs ttenuted ischemi reperfusion induced increse in LDH,CK, myocrdil infrct size,dna smering nd poptotic index. In the present study it is concluded tht inhiition of intrcellulr deth proteses prevented ischemi reperfusion induced poptosis induced necrotic cell deth. Keyword: Apoptosis, Clpin, Ischemi-reperfusion induced myocrdil injury, Necrosis I. Introduction Apoptosis my led to necrotic cell deth [1, 2, 3]. The trnsition from reversile to irreversile injury is chrcterized y the development of severe memrne permeility defects tht llows the unregulted influx of divlent nd trivlent ctions including clcium [4, 5].Reperfusion is ssocited with risk drop in intrcellulr ph nd n ssocited rise in clcium which leds to ctivtion of clpin- clcium dependent memrne protese implicted in necrotic cell deth [6].Clpin expression is noted to increse during ischemi nd reperfusion[5, 7]nd is involved in signl trnsduction of poptosis[8, 9]. Tissue dmge in ischemic res involves oth poptosis nd necrosis nd clpin prticipte in oth the processes [1].The rise in C 2+ in crdiomyocytes during ischemi nd reperfusion is considered to e pivotl event in cell deth [11, 12].An increse in C 2+ influx my ctivte dormnt C 2+ dependent intrcellulr deth proteses clpins, cusing dmge to myocrdil structurl proteins leding to memrne rekdown nd eventully cell deth [5, 13].Reperfusion results in sodium ion influx followed y C 2+ ccumultion which my ctivte clpin nd consequently produce Bid [6, 14, 15]nd Bcl-xl clevge. The cleved ctivted frgments cts on mitochondri cusing its dysfunction [16] nd relese of pro-poptotic fctors resulting in DNA frgmenttion nd cell deth. On the other hnd relese of cytochrome c produces depletion of ATP stores [6] nd led to necrotic cell deth [17].The mode of cell deth shifts from poptotic to necrotic due to use of ATP stores y poptosis. Therefore, poptosis my led to necrotic cell deth [2, 12, 18, 19]. The clpin hs een implicted in ischemi-reperfusion induced neuronl [8, 2] retinl [16, 21, 22] nd myocrdil cell deth [7, 15, 23]. During ischemi nd reperfusion, clpin ctivity is incresed through n increse in the expression of clpins. The SJA 719 nd SJA 729 inhiit extr cellulr influx of C 2+ leding to down regultion of clpin ctivity [2, 24].The selective inhiition of clpin ctivity y compounds like SJA 719 nd SJA 729hs improved function of hert which ws declined s result of ischemi nd reperfusion. In the present study inhiition of intrcellulr deth proteses like clpin y SJA719 & SJA729 ttenuted dverse iochemicl chnges, poptotic nd necrotic indices in the ischemi reperfusion induced isolted rt hert. The proposed mechnism shows the site of ction of clpin inhiitors to ttenute ischemireperfusion induced myocrdil cell deth. II. Mterils nd Methods 2.1 Drugs SJA 719, SJA 729 (Senju Phrmceuticl Co., Koe, Jpn), Proteinse K(Sigm-Aldrich, St. Louis, USA) nd RNAse (Hi Medi, Mumi, Indi) were used to crry out the study. 2.2 Animls Wistr lino rts of either sex were used to crry out studies. Rts were heprinized nd scrificed y stunning; hert rpidly excised nd immeditely mounted on Lngendroff s pprtus [25].The preprtion ws perfused with Kres-Heinslet (K-H) solution ph 7.4, mintined t 37 o C nd uled with 95% O 2 nd 5% CO 2. DOI: 1.979/ Pge

2 Coronry flow rte ws mintined 6-9 ml/min nd perfusion pressure ws kept constnt t 7mm Hg. Glol ischemi ws produced for 3 min y closing the inflow of physiologicl solution nd it ws followed y reperfusion for 12 min. Two thin electrodes fixed t ventriculr pex nd origin of ort ws employed to record ECG (BPL, MK 81, Bnglore, Indi) for monitoring hert rte. 2.3 Infrct size Mesurement Infrct size ws mesured nd expressed s percentge of totl left ventriculr volume (%LVV) nd left ventriculr weight (%LVW) respectively y Volume nd Weight method [26, 27]. 2.4 DNA extrction nd Gel electrophoresis DNA extrction nd gel electrophoresis ws crried out for mesuring the extent of necrosis of myocrdium [28]. The concentrtion of DNA ws determined spectrophotometriclly t 26nm. Protein contmintion of DNA ws ccessed y determining the rtio of sornce t 26nm nd 28nm which should not e more thn To detect the internucleosoml clevge, 1-12 µg of extrcted DNA ws dded to equl volume of loding dye nd it ws loded in the well. Electrophoresis ws crried out using 1.8% grose gel in 1X TBE uffer for 1.5 hrs. t 4mA nd 3W in sumrine electrophoresis unit (Phrmci Biotech, Freiury, Germny). Ethidium romide ws dded to gel for DNA detection. 2.5 TUNEL Stining TUNEL positive crdiomyocytes were counted nd poptotic index ws clculted using the formul(1) [29]. Apoptotic Index = ( Numer of TUNEL positive cell nuclei / Numer of totl cell) x 1 (1) 2.6 Estimtion of LDH LDH ws estimted in coronry effluent [1] y 2, 4-DNPH method [3] spectrophotometriclly t 44nm.Opticl density of Test (O.D. T ) nd control (O.D. C ) ws mesured (2) ginst distilled wter. Net opticl density of test (O.D. Tn ) = O.D. T - O.D. C (2) Enzyme ctivity ws clculted from stndrd plot y mking O.D. Tn on Y-xis nd extrpolting it to corresponding enzyme ctivity on X-xis (Fig. 1). 2.7 Estimtion of CK CK ws estimted in coronry effluent nd opticl density of test (O.D. T ), stndrd (O.D. S ) nd lnk (O.D. B ) ws mesured spectrophotometriclly (3) ginst distilled wter t 52nm [31]. CK = ( O.D. T -O.D. B / O.D. S -O.D. B ) x (1 3 x Cretinine tken (µm))/incution time x volume of coronry effluent). (3) III. Results nd Discussion The relese of LDH is iochemicl index of myocrdil injury. Mximum increse in the relese of LDH is noted either immeditely or 3 min fter reperfusion. It my e tenttively suggested tht noted relese of LDH immeditely fter reperfusion my e due to sustined ischemi nd lte spurt in the relese of LDH noted fter 3 min of reperfusion my e s result of reperfusion. Relese of CK during reperfusion is used s mesure of lethl crdiomyocyte injury. Apoptosis generte high moleculr weight frgments. TUNEL stining uses the divlent ctions C 2+ nd enzyme terminl deoxynucleotidyl trnsferse (Tdt) to dd fluoresceinisothiocynte (FITC) leled deoxyuridinetriphosphte (dutp) to 3 OH ends of DNA which re detected y fluorescent microscope. TUNEL ssy lels poptosis in tissues sections on single cell level mking it much more sensitive thn grose gel electrophoresis. TUNEL technique hs een employed in the present study to determine the poptotic cell deth.fig.3indictes tht glol ischemi for 3 min followed y reperfusion for 12 min hs significntly incresed poptotic index estimted y TUNEL stining. Clpin is specificlly inhiited y SJA 719 nd SJA 729.The SJA 719 nd SJA 729 inhiit extrcellulr influx of C 2+ leding to down regultion of clpin ctivity nd responsile for the noted decrese in poptotic index (Fig.4). The mechnism underlying the reperfusion induced necrotic cell deth involves onset of mitochondril permeility trnsition (MPT). Opening of permeility trnsition pores in mitochondri cuses relese of cytochrome c long with depletion of ATP nd ultimtely leds to necrotic (energetic) cell deth. Thus the present study showed tht the glol ischemi for 3 min followed y reperfusion for 12 min hs significntly incresed necrotic cell deth mesured in terms of infrct size nd relese of LDH nd CK. The specific inhiition of clpin ctivity y SJA719 nd SJA 729 my e responsile for the noted decrese in relese of LDH (Fig.5), CK (Fig.6) nd infrct size (Fig.7). Myocrdium sujected to ischemi nd reperfusion hs often shown gel electrophoresis pttern tht do DOI: 1.979/ Pge

3 not demonstrte cler cut or pure DNA lddering nd pper to represent mixtures of DNA smering. Moreover the mode of cell deth shifts from poptotic to necrotic ecuse of use of ATP during poptosis nd consequent depletion of ATP stores. Hence glol ischemi nd reperfusion showed typicl pttern of DNA frgmenttion (Fig.8; L-2) which likely represent smer formtion. Therefore it is possile to suggest tht DNA smering noted in present study my reflect poptosis induced necrotic cell deth.the specific inhiition of clpin ctivity y SJA719 nd SJA 729 which ultimtely lock poptosis induced necrotic cell deth (Fig.8; L-3, L-5; L-4, L-6) my e responsile for the noted decrese in DNA smer formtion. The compound SJA 719 is more effective nd selective thn compound SJA 729 to inhiit clpins ecuse of the presence of methoxy group in phenyl ring of compound SJA 719. Therefore compound SJA 719 hs een demonstrted to e more effective thn compound SJA 729 to ttenute ischemi reperfusion induced increse in poptotic index, DNA smering nd myocrdil injury. IV. Conclusion On the sis of results otined in the present study, it my e concluded tht isolted rt hert sujected to ischemi of 3 min followed y reperfusion for 12 min produced significnt increse in myocrdil injury mesured in terms of infrct size nd relese of LDH nd CK. It produced mrked increse in poptotic index nd DNA smering. It suggests tht ischemi nd reperfusion hs produced poptotic nd poptosis induced necrotic cell deth in isolted rt hert.the nonpeptide (SJA-719 nd SJA-729) inhiitors of clpin significntly decresed ischemi-reperfusion-induced poptotic index. It indictes tht nonpeptide inhiitors of clpin hve ttenuted ischemi nd reperfusion induced poptotic cell deth. The nonpeptide (SJA-719 nd SJA-729) clpin inhiitors hve prevented ischemi-reperfusion-induced increse in ventriculr DNA smering, which hs occurred s result of poptotic-induced-necrotic cell deth nd significntly ttenuted ischemi-reperfusion-induced increse in myocrdil infrct size nd relese of LDH nd CK. These results suggests tht ischemi nd reperfusion induced necrotic injury hs een prevented y clpin inhiitors. The compound SJA-719 is more effective thn compound SJA-729 to ttenute ischemireperfusion-induced increse in poptotic index, DNA smering nd myocrdil injury. It my e due to presence of methoxy group in the phenyl ring of compound SJA-719. On the sis of ove findings the following mechnism hs een proposed for the ttenution of ischemi-reperfusion induced crdic cell deth with the use of clpin inhiitors (Fig. 9). Acknowledgement Authors re thnkful to Dr. Jun Inoue for supplying SJA compounds to crry out the study. References [1]. 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5 Figure 2: Digrmmtic representtion of experimentl protocol (S-stiliztion; K-H perfusion with K-H solution; GI- glol ischemi; REP- reperfusion with K-H solution) Figure 3: TUNEL +ve nuclei (control) ,c,d 2 1 Shm control Control SJA 729 1µM SJA µM SJA 719 1µM SJA µM p<.5 ± S.E.M Figure 4: Effect of Clpin on inhiitors poptotic index DOI: 1.979/ Pge

6 3 25,c 2 IU/ L 15,c 1 5 Bsl Imm. Rep. 3' Rep. 12' Rep. REPERFUSION Control SJA µm SJA µm SJA µm SJA µm p<.5 ± S.E.M Figure 5: Effect of Clpin inhiitors on LDH relese IU/ L ,c Bsl 5' Rep. 12' Rep. REPERFUSION Control SJA µm SJA µm SJA µm SJA µm p<.5 ± S.E.M Figure 6: Effect of Clpin inhiitors on CK relese % 25 infrc tion 2 15, c, c 1 5 By Volume By Weight Shm control Control SJA µm SJA µm SJA µm SJA µm p<.5 ± S.E.M Figure7: Effect of Clpin inhiitors on infrct size DOI: 1.979/ Pge

7 Figure 8: Electrophoretic pttern of DNA I/R C +2 SJA 719 SJA 729 Cspse-12 Clpin Activtion Bid t-bid Pro-cspses Mitochondri Cspse -3 cyt C Relese Apoptosis ptosis ATP depletion Energetic cell deth Figure 9: Proposed mechnism of clpin inhiitors to ttenute ischemi-reperfusion-induced myocrdil cell deth DOI: 1.979/ Pge