Characterization of Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg from Turkey-Associated Sources
|
|
- Eleanor Hunt
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 APPLIED A ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Aug. 2008, p Vol. 74, No /08/$ doi: /aem Copyright 2008, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Characterization of Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg from Turkey-Associated Sources Pravin Kaldhone, 1,2 Rajesh Nayak, Aaron M. Lynne, 1 Donna E. David, 1 Patrick F. McDermott, 4 Catherine M. Logue, 5 and Steven L. Foley 1,2 * National Farm Medicine Center, Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, Marshfield, Wisconsin 1 ; Department of Biology, University of Central Arkansas, Conway, Arkansas 2 ; Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas ; Division of Animal and Food Microbiology, Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland 4 ; and Department of Veterinary and Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 5 Received 18 February 2008/Accepted 19 June 2008 Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg strains are frequently associated with food-borne illness, with recent isolates showing higher rates of resistance to multiple antimicrobial agents. One hundred eighty S. enterica serovar Heidelberg isolates, collected from turkey-associated production and processing sources, were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility and compared by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and plasmid profile analysis. The potential for the transfer of resistance between strains was studied by conjugation experiments. PFGE analysis using XbaI digestion identified eight clusters (based on 90% similarity), with the largest containing 71% of the isolates. Forty-two percent of the isolates were resistant to at least 1 of the 15 antimicrobial agents tested, and 4% of the isolates were resistant to 8 or more antimicrobial agents. Resistances to streptomycin (2%), tetracycline (0%), and kanamycin (24%) were most commonly detected. Interestingly, the XbaI PFGE profiles of selective multidrug-resistant strains (n 22) of S. enterica serovar Heidelberg from turkey-associated sources were indistinguishable from the predominant profile (JF6X ) detected in isolates associated with human infections. These isolates were further differentiated into seven distinct profiles following digestion with the BlnI enzyme, with the largest cluster comprising 15 isolates from veterinary diagnostic and turkey processing environments. Conjugation experiments indicated that resistance to multiple antimicrobial agents was transferable among strains with diverse PFGE profiles. Salmonellosis is a significant health problem. In 1999, there were an estimated 1.4 million cases of Salmonella infections in the United States, which resulted in 17,000 hospitalizations and 585 deaths (18). Since then, the overall rate of salmonellosis in the United States has decreased by approximately 9%; however, the rate of Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg infections increased by 25% over the same period (5). S. enterica serovar Heidelberg ranks fourth among serotypes causing human salmonellosis (6) but is often the most commonly detected serotype among turkey and chicken Salmonella isolates submitted to the U.S. Department of Agriculture s National Veterinary Services Laboratory (NVSL) (10, 11). Annually, human infections with S. enterica serovar Heidelberg lead to approximately 84,000 cases of salmonellosis and contribute to approximately 7% of the Salmonella-related deaths in the United States, the second highest percentage after S. enterica serovar Typhimurium (1, 15). The most common source of S. enterica serovar Heidelberg infections is likely the consumption of undercooked or mishandled poultry products, such as turkey, chicken, and eggs (1). Salmonella surveillance data collected in poultry processing plants as part of U.S. Department of Agriculture s Pathogen Reduction-Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point Program showed that 11.4% of broiler chickens * Corresponding author. Mailing address: Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, 1000 North Oak Avenue, Marshfield, WI Phone: (715) Fax: (715) Published ahead of print on 27 June and 7.1% of turkeys carried Salmonella infections in 2006 (2). These findings, coupled with the fact that there has been a nearly fourfold increase in the per capita consumption of poultry products in the United States over the past half century (), indicate that the contamination of poultry products with S. enterica serovar Heidelberg is a major public health concern. Surveillance data show that antimicrobial resistance among S. enterica serovar Heidelberg isolates has been rising. Data from the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) indicates that the percentage of S. enterica serovar Heidelberg isolates from humans and poultry (chicken and turkey) that were resistant to cephalosporins increased overall from to 200. For example, in, none of the isolates from humans and 1.6% of poultry isolates were resistant to ceftiofur (Tio); by 200, the numbers increased to 5.2% and 7.4%, respectively (9). This increase in cephalosporin resistance is likely associated with the spread of the AmpC -lactamase, which is encoded by bla CMY (1, 26, 29). The bla CMY gene has been associated with transmissible plasmids, which is important for the spread of cephalosporin resistance (26). In addition to cephalosporin resistance, Zhao et al. (28) found a number of S. enterica serovar Heidelberg isolates from retail meat that were resistant to additional agents, including ampicillin (Amp), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (Amc), gentamicin (Gen), kanamycin (Kan), streptomycin (), sulfisoxazole (Sul), and tetracycline (Tet). Aarestrup et al. (1) were able to transfer bla CMY -mediated cephalosporin resistance along with resistance to Amp, Amc, chloramphenicol (Chl), Kan,, Sul, and Tet among S. enterica serovar Downloaded from on January 0, 2019 by guest 508
2 VOL. 74, 2008 SEROVAR HEIDELBERG FROM TURKEY-ASSOCIATED SOURCES 509 Heidelberg strains (1). Welch et al. (25) recently described the sequence of a large transmissible Inc A/C plasmid from S. enterica serovar Newport carrying 11 resistance determinants, and there is evidence that similar plasmids are widely distributed in food isolates of various Salmonella serovars, including S. enterica serovar Heidelberg. The spread of multidrug resistance among S. enterica serovar Heidelberg isolates is a risk to the management of salmonellosis in both veterinary and human clinical practice. Therefore, an increased understanding of pathogen distribution and mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance transmission is important for development of strategies to limit salmonellosis due to multidrug-resistant strains. The main objective of this study was to characterize the distribution of antimicrobial resistance among S. enterica serovar Heidelberg isolated from turkey-associated sources. Isolates collected from multiple sources were compared using pulsedfield gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) and subjected to plasmid analysis to compare plasmid profiles among isolates with different levels of resistance. A diverse selection of multidrug-resistant isolates was analyzed by conjugation to determine the potential for horizontal gene spread among S. enterica serovar Heidelberg isolates. MATERIALS A METHODS Bacterial strains. One hundred eighty Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg isolates were collected from a diverse set of turkey-associated sources from 1992 to 200 (Fig. 1). A series of isolates originated from multiple locations on a single turkey farm, including waterers, litter, barn surfaces (walls, ventilation areas, fans, feed carts, floors, and door handles), and the ceca of turkeys raised on the farm, using methods described previously (19). Isolates from veterinary diagnostic specimens were obtained from the NVSL and the North Dakota State Veterinary Laboratory. Additionally, isolates were recovered from processing plant carcass swabs and from retail ground turkey samples as described by Logue et al. (16) and Zhao et al. (28), respectively. The isolates were stored in brain heart infusion broth and 20% glycerol at 80 C. Isolates were streaked on tryptic soy agar supplemented with 5% sheep s blood (blood agar; Remel, Lenexa, KS) and incubated (5 C for 18 to 24 h) for analysis. PFGE. PFGE was performed using XbaI (Promega, Madison, WI) according to the protocol described by Ribot et al. (22). Gel electrophoresis was carried out for 18 h at 200 V and 14 C, with an initial switch time of 2.16 s and a final switch time of 6.8 s. Restriction digestion patterns were analyzed using BioNumerics software (version 4.50; Applied Maths, Kortrijk, Belgium). The images were normalized to S. enterica serovar Braenderup H9812 in-run standards, and the relatedness of the gel band patterns was calculated using Dice-based coefficients with a 1% band tolerance and 1.56% optimization. A dendrogram was generated using the unweighted-pair group method with averages to determine relatedness between bacterial isolates. Additionally, a subset of isolates with identical genotypes following XbaI analysis (subcluster A1 in Fig. 1) was subjected to PFGE analysis following restriction with BlnI (Takara, Madison, WI), using the methods described above (22). AST. Agar disk diffusion AST was carried out as described by the CLSI (formerly NCCLS) (16) for the following antimicrobial agents: amikacin (Ami), Amc, Amp, cefoxitin (Fox), ceftriaxone (Axo), Chl, ciprofloxacin (Cip), Gen, Kan, nalidixic acid (Nal), Tio,, Sul, Tet, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Sxt). The plates were incubated (5 C for 18 to 20 h), and the diameters of the zones of inhibition were measured and interpreted according to the CLSI guidelines (21). Escherichia coli ATCC and ATCC 5218 were used as quality control strains. Plasmid analysis. Plasmid DNA was isolated using the Wizard Plus SV Minipreps DNA purification system (Promega Corp., Madison, WI), following the manufacturer s protocols. Plasmids from isolates representing at least one member of each different susceptibility and PFGE profiles were also isolated by the method of Wang and Rossman (24) to detect the presence of large plasmids that may be associated with antimicrobial resistance (26). Plasmid DNA was separated in 0.7% agarose gels prepared with Tris-borate-EDTA buffer (Fisher Biochemicals, Baltimore, MD) at 70 V for h at room temperature and stained with ethidium bromide. A supercoiled DNA ladder (2- to 10-kb size; Promega Corp.) and isolated plasmids from E. coli NCTC 50192, which contains plasmids of well-characterized sizes, ranging from 7 to 154 kb (27), were separated on gels to size the plasmids. The stained gels were visualized under UV light and analyzed to determine the plasmid sizes based on the relative degrees of migration to the corresponding size standards. Conjugation experiments. S. enterica serovar Heidelberg 16,, and 710 were used as donor strains in filter mating experiments, using the method described by Clewell et al. (8) with minor modifications. The multidrug-resistant donor strains were susceptible to Nal and resistant to Amp and displayed distinct PFGE profiles. The recipient strain, S. enterica serovar Heidelberg 819, was resistant to Nal and susceptible to Amp. Overnight cultures of donor and recipient cells were prepared, and 0.5 ml of the recipient and 0.05 ml of the donor were added to 4.5 ml of fresh tryptic soy broth (Becton Dickinson, Sparks, MD). The mixtures were collected on 0.45-mm membrane filters (Millipore Corp., Burlington, MA). The filters were placed on blood agar plates and allowed to incubate (7 C for 18 to 20 h). Cells were removed from around each of the filters, suspended in tryptic soy broth, and spread on culture plates containing Nal (2 g/ml) and Amp (2 g/ml). The culture plates were incubated (7 C for 24 h) and observed for growth. Plasmid analysis (24), AST (21), and resistance gene detection were performed on isolates that grew on plates containing both antibiotics to characterize the transconjugants. Resistance gene detection was carried out using 19 sets of primers and methods as described previously (17). The resistance genes screened are indicated in Fig. 4A. Sequence-confirmed positive-control strains and no-template controls were included with each PCR run (17). Class 1 integrons were also detected, and the resistance gene insert was identified by DNA sequencing as described previously (29). S. enterica serovar Newport and were used as positive controls for the integron PCR (29). RESULTS A DISCUSSION In the current study of 180 isolates, 41% were resistant to at least one of the antimicrobial agents tested (Table 1). These numbers are higher than those observed among S. enterica serovar Heidelberg isolates collected from humans as part of the NARMS over the period that the majority of isolates in the present study were collected ( to 200) (9). Conversely, our resistance rates were lower than those observed for NARMS isolates from turkey and ground turkey, where typically more than 50% of isolates in a given year were resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent. In the present study, resistance was most often observed alone or in combination with (1%), Tet (29%), Gen (25%), Sul (21%), and Kan (21%). Additionally, five (%) isolates were resistant to the extendedspectrum cephalosporin Tio. Thirty-one isolates (17%) were resistant to at least five antimicrobial agents. There were 26 different susceptibility profiles detected among the isolates from the turkey-associated strains of S. enterica serovar Heidelberg examined, with the most common multidrug resistance profile observed displaying resistance to Tet, Gen, Sul, Kan, Amp, and (7.2%). Interestingly, many of these isolates with the common multidrug resistance profile are closely related by PFGE to a large group of pansusceptible isolates, differing from one another by a single band. Overall, 48 different XbaI PFGE patterns were observed among the 180 isolates (Fig. 1). The patterns were assigned to eight clusters (A to H) based on 90% similarity. For analysis, a cluster was defined as containing at least three isolates. The largest was cluster A, which contained 127 isolates (71%) obtained on the farm and from processing plants (Fig. 1). The remaining isolates were grouped into clusters B (n ; 2%), C (n 9; 5%), D (n ; 2%), E (n 9; 5%), F (n 4; 2%), G (n ; 2%), and H (n 4; 2%). There were 18 unique profiles that did not fall into any of the eight clusters. Downloaded from on January 0, 2019 by guest
3 Dice (Opt:1.56%) (Tol 1.0%-1.0%) (H>0.0% S>0.0%) [0.0%-100.0%] 5040 KALDHONE ET AL. APPL. ENVIRON. MICROBIOL. PFGE-XbaI PFGE-XbaI Antibiogram (sir) Chl Tet Axo Tio Fox Amp Amc Ami Gen Kan Sul Sxt Cip Nal Isolate Source Year State Plasmids (kb) , , 6, 4,, , A1 A Processing plant A (post-chill) Processing plant A (post-chill) Processing plant A (post-chill) Processing plant A (post-chill) 4, 5 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 6, 4, 7,, 2 4 Downloaded from A , 4, , 6, on January 0, 2019 by guest , 7, ,
4 VOL. 74, 2008 SEROVAR HEIDELBERG FROM TURKEY-ASSOCIATED SOURCES 5041 A2 B C D E F G H Isolate Source Year State Plasmids (kb) MD, 2 4, 4, 4, 4, 4 4, 7, 4, 6 4, 4, 70 Processing plant A (post-chill) 5, AR MO NC AR IL MO NC 4 8, 6, 5 6, 4 8, Processing plant A (pre-scaldl) MD NC NC OH MD MD 10, 7, 4 6 6, 4, 2 4, 8,, 2 4, 8,, 2, 2 6, 6, 6, 4, 4 6, Downloaded from on January 0, 2019 by guest
5 5042 KALDHONE ET AL. APPL. ENVIRON. MICROBIOL. TABLE 1. Antimicrobial resistance profiles of isolates from turkey-associated sources Resistance profile No. of isolates a Barn b Diagn. Process. Ground Total No resistance Amc, Amp, Chl, Fox, Gen, Kan,, Sul, Tet 1 1 Amc, Amp, Chl, Fox, Kan, Nal,, Sul, Tet, Tio 1 1 Amc, Amp, Chl, Fox, Kan,, Sul, Tet, Tio 1 1 Amc, Amp, Fox, Gen, Kan,, Sul, Tet, Tio 1 1 Amc, Amp, Fox, Kan,, Tet, Tio 1 1 Amc, Amp, Gen, Kan,, Sul, Tet 2 1 Amc, Amp, Gen, Kan,, Sul, Tet, Tio 1 1 Amp, Gen, Kan,, Sul, Tet Amp, Kan,, Sul, Tet 5 5 Amp,, Tet 1 1 Gen Gen,, Sul, Tet Gen, Kan,, Sul, Tet Gen, Gen,, Sul Gen,, Tet 1 1 Gen, Tet 2 2 Kan,, Tet 7 7 Nal, Tet , Sul, Sxt, Tet 1 1, Sul, Tet 1 1 Sul 1 1 Tet Total a Diagn., veterinary diagnostic isolates from the National Veterinary Services Laboratory and North Dakota State Veterinary Laboratory; Process., turkey processing plants; Ground, ground turkey meat. b Barn swabs were collected from various locations in the turkey barn, such as walls, ventilation areas, fans, feed carts, floors, and door handles. Downloaded from When the results of the AST were compared to PFGE clusters, there were some interesting dichotomies found. For instance, within cluster A, there were two larger subclusters (A1 and A2) that differed by a single band. The subclusters were defined as isolates with more than 99% similarity to one another based on XbaI PFGE fingerprint patterns. Subcluster A1 contained 22 isolates with identical PFGE profiles, all of which originated from the upper Midwestern United States, from either a veterinary diagnostic laboratory or one of two turkey processing plants. Seventeen of these isolates were resistant to at least five antimicrobial agents, while only three were pansusceptible. Isolates in subcluster A1 shared their PFGE profiles with the most commonly detected XbaI pattern (JF6X ) reported to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention s PulseNet program (personal communication with PulseNet staff). Because of the similarity of PFGE profiles of a number of the multidrug-resistant isolates to the PulseNet JF6X pattern, further discrimination was sought to determine whether the isolates in subcluster A1 were clonal. In an attempt to further distinguish among isolates in subcluster A1, the isolates were digested with BlnI and subjected to PFGE analysis. Subcluster A was separated into seven different profiles by BlnI PFGE analysis (Fig. 2); however, the majority of isolates (15/22) remained indistinguishable. The results demonstrated the utility of using an additional enzyme to distinguish among apparently clonal S. enterica serovar Heidelberg isolates in clusters of interest, as observed in reports for other enteric pathogens (12). However, because of the additional costs associated with the multiple-enzyme PFGE approach, this study utilized the two-enzyme approach for the isolates in subcluster A1, which were of special interest due to their similarity to isolates from human infections and increased levels of antimicrobial resistance. Interestingly, the isolates in subclus- on January 0, 2019 by guest FIG. 1. XbaI PFGE, antimicrobial susceptibility, and plasmid profiles of S. enterica serovar Heidelberg isolates from turkey-related sources, including ceca, waterers, litter, barn surfaces, veterinary diagnostic areas, processing plants, and retail ground turkey. PFGE clusters A to H are defined by members sharing 90% similarity. Cluster A has two large subclusters (A1 and A2) in which the isolates share more than 99% similarity. Resistant isolates are indicated by black boxes, intermediate-susceptible isolates by dark gray boxes, and susceptible isolates by light gray boxes. The years of isolation and states of origin are indicated in the Year and State columns, with the states listed by standard postal abbreviations, except for, which represents isolates originating from processing plants in the upper Midwestern portion of the United States. The plasmid profile results presented are the sizes of plasmids (kb) detected following isolation with the Wizard Plus SV Minipreps DNA purification system. In a number of isolates, no plasmids were detected following isolation; these plasmids are designated. Representative isolates were selected for additional analysis to identify larger plasmids (Fig. ).
6 VOL. 74, 2008 SEROVAR HEIDELBERG FROM TURKEY-ASSOCIATED SOURCES 504 Dice (Opt:1.56%) (Tol 1.0%-1.0%) (H>0.0% S>0.0%) [0.0%-100.0%] PFGE_Bln1 PFGE_Bln1 Antibiogram (sir) ter A1 originated over a 9-year period, and even following the BlnI restriction analysis, two veterinary diagnostic isolates (712 and 720) remained clustered with 1 isolates from two different processing plants (Fig. 2). The results suggest that S. enterica serovar Heidelberg clones may have persisted in the turkey population in the Midwestern portion of the United States for multiple years. In subcluster A2, there were 81 isolates that originated from turkeys and sites on a West Virginia farm. The majority of the isolates (64/81) in cluster A2 did not demonstrate resistance to any of the antimicrobial agents tested (Fig. 1). This genotypic and phenotypic similarity likely indicates that there is dissemination of a particular genotype of S. enterica serovar Heidelberg throughout the production environment and among the birds present on the farm (20). The low level of resistance observed in these isolates was likely due to the fact that no antimicrobials were administered to the birds either by feed or by water during their production (19). There were, however, some isolates collected from the facility and birds that were resistant to multiple antimicrobials, with the isolate displaying the greatest level of resistance being resistant to four antimicrobial agents (, Sul, Sxt, and Tet). The large number of highly susceptible isolates from the single farm reduced the overall level of resistance detected among the turkey-associated isolates, which likely provides insight into why the overall level of resistance detected among the isolates in this study is lower than that detected in the NARMS program for turkeyassociated samples (9). The presence of subclusters A1 and A2, with very similar PFGE profiles yet significantly different susceptibility patterns, suggests differences in the carriage of resistance plasmids by isolates in these two subclusters. The initial plasmid isolation results obtained using a commercial kit did not identify any large plasmids ( 100 kb), which are often associated with Chl Tet Axo Tio Fox Amp Amc Ami Gen Kan Sul Sxt Cip Nal Isolate Source Year State Processing plant A (post-chill) Processing plant A (post-chill) Processing plant A (post-chill) Processing plant A (post-chill) FIG. 2. BlnI PFGE analysis of S. enterica serovar Heidelberg isolates from subcluster A1. The results of AST and isolate demographic information are presented to assist in isolate comparison. Resistant isolates are indicated by black boxes, intermediate-susceptible isolates by dark gray boxes, and susceptible isolates by light gray boxes. The states are listed by standard postal abbreviations, with the exception of, which represents isolates originating from processing plants in the upper Midwestern portion of the United States. multidrug resistance (Fig. 1). Hence, a more intensive plasmid isolation protocol (24) was used to screen isolates representing each susceptibility and PFGE profile to determine the prevalence of larger plasmid profiles. A number of Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg isolates harbored high-molecularweight plasmids ( 100 kb) (Fig. ). Seventeen isolates screened were resistant to five or more antimicrobial agents, and of these, nine (5%) contained plasmids greater than 100 kb. Among the isolates resistant to fewer than five antimicrobials, 8% (19/50) contained plasmids of at least 100 kb. These observations suggest that in some isolates either multidrug resistance is not carried on large plasmids or even with the more robust isolation methods some larger plasmids could not be isolated. Conversely, the presence of large plasmids in large, antimicrobial-susceptible strains may indicate the potential for the presence of large accessory plasmids, such as those associated with virulence, that have been reported to occur in other enteric bacteria (14). The current study did not characterize these large plasmids to confirm their identity. The next two largest clusters detected in the study were clusters C and E, with each containing nine isolates. Both clusters contain isolates from different sampled sources and geographical locations. Cluster C contained cecal isolates from the West Virginia farm, with diagnostic isolates from the NVSL originating from Arkansas and Missouri, slaughter plant isolates from the upper Midwest, and ground turkey meat isolates from Minnesota and Tennessee. Cluster E contained NVSL diagnostic isolates originating from Arkansas, Illinois, North Carolina, Missouri, and Ohio, a slaughter plant isolate from the upper Midwest, and ground turkey meat isolates from Maryland. The isolates in each cluster demonstrated variable antimicrobial susceptibility profiles, with six different AST profiles in each of the clusters. All of the isolates in cluster E were resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent, whereas five iso- Downloaded from on January 0, 2019 by guest
7 5044 KALDHONE ET AL. APPL. ENVIRON. MICROBIOL. Antibiogram (sir) Chl Tet Axo Tio Fox Amp Amc Ami Gen Kan Sul Sxt Cip Nal Isolate Plasmids (kb) *120, 4, 6, 4 *120, 4, 6, *120, 4, 6, 4 *120, 4, 10 *120, 6, 4 * *4, *12, 8,, 2 * 4, 4, *4, 4, *120, 4, 8,, 2 *>150, 4, 4, *4, 6, 4,, 2 *120, 4, 6, 4 * * 4, 4, *>150 *>150, 5 *66, 52, *6, *>150, 4, 4, *>150, 4, 4, *10, 4 *5 *>150, 5 *>150, 52, *6, *>150, 52, *6, *6, *>150, *>150, 44, 8, 5 *52, *10, *>150, 52, * * *74, *120, 8, 6, * * *52, * *6, *90, 40 *100 * * * * *100, 44, 5 * *6 * * * *110, lates in cluster C were susceptible or intermediately susceptible to each of the antimicrobial agents. Conjugation studies were done to determine the extent of resistance carried on transmissible plasmids. Plasmids carrying -lactam resistance genes were readily transferred under the selective pressure of Amp, along with genes encoding resistance to aminoglycosides ( and Kan) and Sul (Fig. 4A). Isolate, from subcluster A1, was shown to be able to conjugally transfer resistance to a recipient strain, which initially demonstrated limited resistance (Tet and Nal). Therefore, it appears likely that resistance, for at least some of the isolates in subcluster A1, is carried on a large, mobile resistance plasmid (approximately 120 kb) (Fig. 4B). Additionally, isolate 16 in cluster E was also able to transfer multipleantimicrobial resistance genes to recipient isolate 819, which is in the same PFGE cluster. One isolate (710) that did not fall into specific PFGE clusters was also able to transfer multipleantimicrobial resistance genes to a recipient via conjugation, indicating that multidrug resistance plasmids were able to be transferred among closely related as well as more-distantly related strains of S. enterica serovar Heidelberg. Similar findings indicating that conjugative plasmids can play a role in resistance transfer among S. enterica serovar Heidelberg strains have been reported (1). Zhao et al. (29) found that the bla CMY and aada genes, encoding resistance to -lactams and, respectively, were located on conjugative plasmids in S. enterica serovar Newport. Our results correspond with these findings, with all of the donors and transconjugants containing bla CMY and aada. In addition, each the strains contained bla TEM, apha1, stra, strb, sul1, sul2, teta, and tetb, which are associated with resistance to certain -lactam agents, aminoglycosides, sulfonamides, and tetracyclines (Fig. 4A). In our study, there were some small differences in the resistance phenotypes that were transferred among strains; however, we did not detect differences in the resistance genes that were transferred from each of the donor strains to the recipients. This finding likely indicates that either additional genes were not detected or differences in gene expression occurred in the different genetic backgrounds. Plasmid-sequencing studies will need to be carried out to determine the exact differences among the plasmids and detect whether the isolates share a common genetic backbone with additional resistance genes incorporated through horizontal gene transfer. All of the isolates resistant to Tio contained plasmids greater than 100 kb (Fig. ), consistent with the reported sizes of bla CMY -positive plasmids from various sources (4, 7, 25, 0). These larger plasmids likely carried the bla CMY gene, which was observed in the conjugation experiments and through sequence analysis of plasmids from other Salmonella serovars (25). The resistance genes present on the plasmids were similar Downloaded from on January 0, 2019 by guest 61 * *>150, 4, 8, *4, 4, *100, * * *140 *74, 4, 4, *100, *4 FIG.. Comparison of antimicrobial susceptibility and high-molecular-weight plasmid profiles of S. enterica serovar Heidelberg. Plasmid profile results from isolates representing at least one member of each different susceptibility and PFGE profile group are illustrated using procedures described by Wang and Rossman (24). Isolates in which no plasmids were detected are designated. Resistant isolates are indicated by black boxes, intermediate-susceptible isolates by dark gray boxes, and susceptible isolates by light gray boxes.
8 VOL. 74, 2008 SEROVAR HEIDELBERG FROM TURKEY-ASSOCIATED SOURCES 5045 A Susceptibility Profiles Antimicrobial Resistance Genes Isolate x 819 x x 819 Amc Amp Fox Tio Axo Chl Gen Kan Nal Sul Tet Sxt aada1 aada2 stra strb accc aadb aphai-iab blacmy blatem cat1 cat2 flor sul1 sul2 sul dhfr1 teta tetb tetc Integron B kb MWS x819 x x819 Downloaded from FIG. 4. Results of the conjugation experiments, including AST (A), resistance gene detection, and plasmid analysis results (B) for the donors (16,, and 710), recipient (819), and transconjugants (16 819, 819, and ) from the conjugation experiments. In panel A, resistant isolates are indicated by dark gray boxes, intermediate-susceptible isolates by light gray boxes, and susceptible isolates by white boxes. For antimicrobial resistance gene detection, a dark gray box indicates the presence of the corresponding resistance gene. The following genes were screened (the drugs for which they encode resistance are indicated in parentheses): aada1, aada2, stra, and strb (); accc and aadb (Gen); aphai-iab (Kan); bla CMY (Amp, Amc, Tio, and Axo); bla TEM (Amp); cat1, cat2, and flor (Chl); sul1, sul2, and sul (Sul); dhfr1 (Sxt); and teta, tetb, and tetc (Tet). The Integron column indicates the presence or absence of a class 1 integron in the strains. Panel B illustrates the plasmid profiles of donor, recipient, and transconjugant strains. Lane MWS contains a BAC-Tracker supercoiled DNA ladder (Epicentre, Madison, WI) size standard used to size plasmids in the conjugation experiments (kb). to those detected in sequenced resistance plasmids from other Salmonella serovars (25). It should be noted that, at the time of submission of this article, a compete sequence for S. enterica serovar Heidelberg resistance plasmid has yet to be reported. Overall, the study indicates that antimicrobial resistance is a problem among S. enterica serovar Heidelberg isolates from turkey-associated sources due to the presence of transferable multidrug resistance plasmids. The PFGE similarity between human and turkey-associated multidrug-resistant strains of S. enterica serovar Heidelberg is cause for concern. The presence of multiple-antimicrobial resistance genes on a single transmissible plasmid raises concerns, in part because an agent that is used routinely on the farm for growth promotion, disease prophylaxis, or disinfection may select for resistance to a critically important antimicrobial agent used in human medicine, which in turn would lead to increased difficulty in treating severe salmonellosis. Thus, multidrug-resistant S. enterica serovar Heidelberg is a potential emerging health concern that should be closely monitored to minimize future health impacts. In summary, our findings show that antimicrobial resistance and PFGE banding patterns in S. enterica serovar Heidelberg from turkey-associated sources can vary significantly by source and region; however, certain groups of isolates show commonality with isolates causing human infections. In addition, our data indicated that large, transferable, bla CMY -positive plasmids ( 100 kb) mediate the Tio and multidrug resistance in S. enterica serovar Heidelberg strains, which concurs with previous findings from other enteric bacterial species from the United States and other countries. In order to understand the molecular events leading to plasmid-mediated multidrug resistance in S. enterica serovar Heidelberg, further studies for determination of whole-plasmid DNA sequences are necessary. This will reveal the range of plasmid backbones extant in salmonellae and the diversity of advantageous traits underlying on January 0, 2019 by guest
9 5046 KALDHONE ET AL. APPL. ENVIRON. MICROBIOL. multidrug resistance. This genetic information will aid in the development of public health interventions designed to limit the spread of antimicrobial resistance in food animal production and processing environments. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We appreciate the financial support for this project that was provided by the Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation (MCRF) and the National Institutes for Health-funded Arkansas Biomedical Research Infrastructure Network. We also thank Mary Stemper of the MCRF and David G. White of the FDA Center for Veterinary Medicine for their assistance with the project and Nehal Patel of the CDC PulseNet Program for providing us with information on the predominant PFGE profiles associated with human salmonellosis. The use of trade names is for identification purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The views presented in this article do not necessarily reflect those of the FDA. REFERENCES 1. Aarestrup, F. M., H. Hasman, I. Olsen, and G. Sorensen International spread of bla CMY-2 -mediated cephalosporin resistance in a multiresistant Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg isolate stemming from the importation of a boar by Denmark from Canada. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48: Reference deleted.. Buzby, J. C., and H. A. Farah Chicken consumption continues longrun rise. Amber Waves 4:5. 4. Carattoli, A., F. Tosini, W. P. Giles, M. E. Rupp, S. H. Hinrichs, F. J. Angulo, T. J. Barrett, and P. D. Fey.. Characterization of plasmids carrying CMY-2 from expanded-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Salmonella strains isolated in the United States between 1996 and Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46: CDC Preliminary FoodNet data on the incidence of infection with pathogens transmitted commonly through food 10 states, United States, MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 55: CDC Salmonella surveillance: annual summary, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta,. 7. Chiu, C. H., P. Tang, C. Chu, S. Hu, Q. Bao, J. Yu, Y. Y. Chou, H. S. Wang, and Y. S. Lee The genome sequence of Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis, a highly invasive and resistant zoonotic pathogen. Nucleic Acids Res. : Clewell, D. B., F. Y. An, B. A. White, and C. Gawron-Burke eptococcus faecalis sex pheromone (cam7) also produced by Staphylococcus aureus and identification of a conjugative transposon (Tn918). J. Bacteriol. 162: FDA National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System Enteric Bacteria (NARMS): 200 executive report. Department of Health and Human Services, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Washington, DC. 10. Ferris, K. E., J. M. Timm, A. M. Aalsburg, and M. Munoz.. Salmonella serotypes from animals and related sources reported during July 2001 June. Proc. Annu. Meet. U.S. Anim. Health Assoc. 106: Foley, S. L., A. M. Lynne, and R. Nayak Salmonella challenges: prevalence in swine and poultry and potential pathogenicity of such isolates. J. Anim. Sci. 86:E149 E Gupta, A., S. B. Hunter, S. A. Bidol, S. Dietrich, J. Kincaid, E. Salehi, L. Nicholson, C. A. Genese, S. Todd-Weinstein, L. Marengo, A. C. Kimura, and J. T. Brooks Escherichia coli O157 cluster evaluation. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 10: Hennessy, T. W., L. H. Cheng, H. Kassenborg, S. D. Ahuja, J. Mohle- Boetani, R. Marcus, B. Shiferaw, and F. J. Angulo Egg consumption is the principal risk factor for sporadic Salmonella serotype Heidelberg infections: a case-control study in FoodNet sites. Clin. Infect. Dis. 8(Suppl. ):S27 S Johnson, T. J., S. J. Johnson, and L. K. Nolan Complete DNA sequence of a ColBM plasmid from avian pathogenic Escherichia coli suggests that it evolved from closely related ColV virulence plasmids. J. Bacteriol. 188: Kennedy, M., R. Villar, D. J. Vugia, T. Rabatsky-Ehr, M. M. Farley, M. Pass, K. Smith, P. Smith, P. R. Cieslak, B. Imhoff, and P. M. Griffin Hospitalizations and deaths due to Salmonella infections, FoodNet, Clin. Infect. Dis. 8(Suppl. ):S142 S Logue, C. M., J. S. Sherwood, P. A. Olah, L. M. Elijah, and M. R. Dockter The incidence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella spp on freshly processed poultry from US Midwestern processing plants. J. Appl. Microbiol. 94: Lynne, A. M., B. S. Rhodes-Clark, K. Bliven, S. Zhao, and S. L. Foley Antimicrobial resistance genes associated with Salmonella enterica serovar Newport isolates from food animals. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 52: Mead, P. S., L. Slutsker, V. Dietz, L. F. McCaig, J. S. Bresee, C. Shapiro, P. M. Griffin, and R. V. Tauxe Food-related illness and death in the United States. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 5: Nayak, R., P. B. Kenney, J. Keswani, and C. Ritz Isolation and characterisation of Salmonella in a turkey production facility. Br. Poult. Sci. 44: Nayak, R., and T. Stewart-King Molecular epidemiological analysis and microbial source tracking of Salmonella enterica serovars in a preharvest turkey production environment. Foodborne Pathog. Dis. 5: NCCLS.. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing, 12th informational supplement. M100-S12, M100-S12. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, Wayne, PA. 22. Ribot, E. M., M. A. Fair, R. Gautom, D. N. Cameron, S. B. Hunter, B. Swaminathan, and T. J. Barrett Standardization of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis protocols for the subtyping of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella, and Shigella for PulseNet. Foodborne Pathog. Dis. : U.S. Department of Agriculture Progress report on Salmonella testing of raw meat and poultry products, Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC. 24. Wang, Z., and T. G. Rossman Large-scale supercoiled plasmid preparation by acidic phenol extraction. BioTechniques 16: Welch, T. J., W. F. Fricke, P. F. McDermott, D. G. White, M. L. Rosso, D. A. Rasko, M. K. Mammel, M. Eppinger, M. J. Rosovitz, D. Wagner, L. Rahalison, J. E. Leclerc, J. M. Hinshaw, L. E. Lindler, T. A. Cebula, E. Carniel, and J. Ravel Multiple antimicrobial resistance in plague: an emerging public health risk. PLoS ONE 2:e Winokur, P. L., A. Brueggemann, D. L. DeSalvo, L. Hoffmann, M. D. Apley, E. K. Uhlenhopp, M. A. Pfaller, and G. V. Doern.. Animal and human multidrug-resistant, cephalosporin-resistant Salmonella isolates expressing a plasmid-mediated CMY-2 AmpC -lactamase. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44: Yuan, M., H. Aucken, L. M. Hall, T. L. Pitt, and D. M. Livermore Epidemiological typing of klebsiellae with extended-spectrum beta-lactamases from European intensive care units. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 41: Zhao, S., P. F. McDermott, S. Friedman, J. Abbott, S. Ayers, A. Glenn, E. Hall-Robinson, S. K. Hubert, H. Harbottle, R. D. Walker, T. M. Chiller, and D. G. White Antimicrobial resistance and genetic relatedness among Salmonella from retail foods of animal origin: NARMS retail meat surveillance. Foodborne Pathog. Dis. : Zhao, S., S. Qaiyumi, S. Friedman, R. Singh, S. L. Foley, D. G. White, P. F. McDermott, T. Donkar, C. Bolin, S. Munro, E. J. Baron, and R. D. Walker Characterization of Salmonella enterica serotype Newport isolated from humans and food animals. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41: Zhao, S., D. G. White, P. F. McDermott, S. Friedman, L. English, S. Ayers, J. Meng, J. J. Maurer, R. Holland, and R. D. Walker Identification and expression of cephamycinase bla CMY genes in Escherichia coli and Salmonella isolates from food animals and ground meat. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45: Downloaded from on January 0, 2019 by guest
Expansion of Salmonella Typhimurium ST34 clone carrying multiple. resistance determinants in China
AAC Accepts, published online ahead of print on 24 June 2013 Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. doi:10.1128/aac.01174-13 Copyright 2013, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. 1 2 Expansion
More informationReceived 9 June 2003/Accepted 29 September 2003
APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Jan. 2004, p. 318 323 Vol. 70, No. 1 0099-2240/04/$08.00 0 DOI: 10.1128/AEM.70.1.318 323.2004 Copyright 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.
More informationPr oject Summar y. Funded by The Beef Checkoff
Pr oject Summar y Seasonal effects on E. coli O157:H7, multi drug-resistant Salmonella, and Listeria monocytogenes prevalence and E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella load on hides and carcasses at cow/bull
More information3 S. Heidelberg ESBL Extended spectrum lactamase
Vol. 25 No. 123 almonella Heidelberg 1 almonella enterica serovar Heidelberg 1 3. Heidelberg EBL Extended spectrum lactamase CTX M 2 EBL. Heidelberg almonella enterica serovar Heidelberg 1 3. Heidelberg
More informationAn Enhanced Discriminatory Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis Scheme for Subtyping Salmonella Serotypes Heidelberg, Kentucky, SaintPaul, and Hadar
2067 Journal of Food Protection, Vol. 71, No. 10, 2008, Pages 2067 2072 Copyright, International Association for Food Protection Research Note An Enhanced Discriminatory Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis
More informationMultiple Antimicrobial Resistance in Plague: An Emerging Public Health Risk
Multiple Antimicrobial Resistance in Plague: An Emerging Public Health Risk Timothy J. Welch 1, W. Florian Fricke 2, Patrick F. McDermott 3, David G. White 3, Marie-Laure Rosso 4, David A. Rasko 2,5, Mark
More informationBy Eliza Bielak Bacterial Genomics and Epidemiology, DTU-Food Supervised by Henrik Hasman, PhD
By Eliza Bielak Bacterial Genomics and Epidemiology, DTU-Food elibi@food.dtu.dk Supervised by Henrik Hasman, PhD 1. Introduction to plasmid biology 2. Plasmid encoded resistance to β- lactams (basic theories)
More informationThe New England Journal of Medicine
The New England Journal of Medicine Copyright by the Massachusetts Medical Society VOLUME 5 O CTOBER 8, NUMBER 6 THE ISOLATION OF ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANT SALMONELLA FROM RETAIL GROUND MEATS DAVID G. WHITE,
More informationReceived 11 February 2010/Accepted 6 July 2010
APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Sept. 2010, p. 5947 5959 Vol. 76, No. 17 0099-2240/10/$12.00 doi:10.1128/aem.00377-10 Copyright 2010, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. The
More informationMultidrug-Resistant Salmonella enterica Serovar Muenchen from Pigs and Humans and Potential Interserovar Transfer of Antimicrobial Resistance
ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY, Feb. 2005, p. 503 511 Vol. 49, No. 2 0066-4804/05/$08.00 0 doi:10.1128/aac.49.2.503 511.2005 Copyright 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.
More informationReport: antimicrobial resistance in commensal E. coli from poultry, pigs, cows and veal calves. 2014
CODA-CERVA Report: antimicrobial resistance in commensal E. coli from poultry, pigs, cows and veal calves. 2014 Vicky Jasson and Pierre Wattiau Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre 1 Introduction
More informationThe Genetic Epidemiology of Antibiotic Resistance
The Genetic Epidemiology of Antibiotic Resistance Professor Neil Woodford Antimicrobial Resistance & Healthcare Associated Infections (AMRHAI) Reference Unit Crown copyright The forensics of AMR Resistance
More informationThe New England Journal of Medicine
The New England Journal of Medicine Copyright, 1998, by the Massachusetts Medical Society VOLUME 338 M AY 7, 1998 NUMBER 19 EMERGENCE OF MULTIDRUG-RESISTANT SALMONELLA ENTERICA SEROTYPE TYPHIMURIUM DT104
More informationWhole genome sequencing (WGS) as a tool for monitoring purposes. Henrik Hasman DTU - Food
Whole genome sequencing (WGS) as a tool for monitoring purposes Henrik Hasman DTU - Food The Challenge Is to: Continue to increase the power of surveillance and diagnostic using molecular tools Develop
More informationInc A/C Plasmids Are Prevalent in Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella enterica Isolates
APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Apr. 2009, p. 1908 1915 Vol. 75, No. 7 0099-2240/09/$08.00 0 doi:10.1128/aem.02228-08 Inc A/C Plasmids Are Prevalent in Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella enterica Isolates
More informationDNA Sequence Analysis of Regions Surrounding bla CMY-2 from Multiple Salmonella Plasmid Backbones
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Faculty Publications in Food Science and Technology Food Science and Technology Department August 2004 DNA Sequence Analysis
More informationMolecular Characterization of Antibiotic-Resistant Salmonella Isolates from Retail Meat from Markets in Northern Vietnam
1709 Journal of Food Protection, Vol. 75, No. 9, 2012, Pages 1709 1714 doi:10.4315/0362-028x.12-101 Copyright G, International Association for Food Protection Research Note Molecular Characterization of
More informationCharacterization of Multiple-Antimicrobial-Resistant Salmonella Serovars Isolated from Retail Meats
APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Jan. 2004, p. 1 7 Vol. 70, No. 1 0099-2240/04/$08.00 0 DOI: 10.1128/AEM.70.1.1 7.2004 Copyright 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Characterization
More informationINRA, UR1282, Infectiologie Animale et Santé Publique, IASP, Nouzilly, F-37380, France 1 ;
AAC Accepts, published online ahead of print on 1 July 0 Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. doi:./aac.000- Copyright 0, American Society for Microbiology and/or the Listed Authors/Institutions. All Rights Reserved.
More informationCRISPR-SeroSeq: A Developing Technique for Salmonella Subtyping
Department of Biological Sciences Seminar Blog Seminar Date: 3/23/18 Speaker: Dr. Nikki Shariat, Gettysburg College Title: Probing Salmonella population diversity using CRISPRs CRISPR-SeroSeq: A Developing
More informationFernando Leite, Connie Gebhart, Randall Singer, Richard Isaacson. University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
VACCINATION AGAINST LAWSONIA INTRACELLULARIS DECREASES SHEDDING OF SALMONELLA ENTERICA SEROVAR TYPHIMURIUM IN CO-INFECTED PIGS AND CHANGES THE HOST GUT MICROBIOME Fernando Leite, Connie Gebhart, Randall
More informationCharacterization of Class 1 Integrons and Antimicrobial Resistance in CTX-M-3-Producing Serratia marcescens Isolates from Southern Taiwan
Jpn. J. Infect. Dis., 60, 250-256, 2007 Original Article Characterization of Class 1 Integrons and Antimicrobial Resistance in CTX-M-3-Producing Serratia marcescens Isolates from Southern Taiwan Chien-Fang
More informationSurvey of plasmid profiles of Shigella species isolated in Malaysia during
World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology (2005) 21: 271 278 Ó Springer 2005 DOI 10.1007/s11274-004-3631-0 Survey of plasmid profiles of Shigella species isolated in Malaysia during 1994 2000 C.H.
More informationResistance to third-generation cephalosporins in human non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica isolates from England and Wales,
Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland e-publications@rcsi Clinical Microbiology Articles Department of Clinical Microbiology 1-4-2014 Resistance to third-generation cephalosporins in human non-typhoidal
More informationCollaborators. Page 1 of 7
Anti-Salmonella and Anti-Campylobacter Properties of Sodium Metasilicate on Commercially Available Ready-to-Cook Broiler Breast Meat Stored at 4 ± 1 C for 7 Days Collaborators Sally K. Williams, Ph.D.
More informationSalmonella enterica Burden in Harvest-Ready Cattle Populations from the Southern High Plains of the United States
APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Jan. 2008, p. 345 351 Vol. 74, No. 2 0099-2240/08/$08.00 0 doi:10.1128/aem.02076-07 Copyright 2008, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Salmonella
More informationReceived 11 August 2010/Accepted 2 January 2011
APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Mar. 2011, p. 1739 1750 Vol. 77, No. 5 0099-2240/11/$12.00 doi:10.1128/aem.01910-10 Copyright 2011, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Molecular
More informationCOMMISSION REGULATION (EU)
26.5.2011 Official Journal of the European Union L 138/45 COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) No 517/2011 of 25 May 2011 implementing Regulation (EC) No 2160/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council as
More informationWhole genome sequencing (WGS) - there s a new tool in town. Henrik Hasman DTU - Food
Whole genome sequencing (WGS) - there s a new tool in town Henrik Hasman DTU - Food Welcome to the NGS world TODAY Welcome Introduction to Next Generation Sequencing DNA purification (Hands-on) Lunch (Sandwishes
More informationANTIMICROBIAL TESTING. E-Coli K-12 - E-Coli 0157:H7. Salmonella Enterica Servoar Typhimurium LT2 Enterococcus Faecalis
ANTIMICROBIAL TESTING E-Coli K-12 - E-Coli 0157:H7 Salmonella Enterica Servoar Typhimurium LT2 Enterococcus Faecalis Staphylococcus Aureus (Staph Infection MRSA) Streptococcus Pyrogenes Anti Bacteria effect
More informationParallel evolution of multidrug-resistance in Salmonella enterica isolated from swine
RESEARCH LETTER Parallel evolution of multidrug-resistance in Salmonella enterica isolated from swine Gabriel G. Perron 1, Graham Bell 1 & Sylvain Quessy 2 1 Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal,
More informationSalmonella enteritidis Identification and Isolation
Department of Microbiology, Qom Branch, Islamic Azad University. Qom, Iran Start Here Advisor Dr.Mohsen Zargar Consulting Advisor Dr.Taghi Salehi Zahraei Presented by Zeinab Yazdanpanah 1 Outcome Enterobacteriaceae
More informationCattle in Hokkaido, Japan: Evidence of Clonal Replacement and Characterization of. the Disseminated Clone. Yuuji Nakaoka, 4 and Masato Akiba 8
AEM Accepts, published online ahead of print on 14 January 2011 Appl. Environ. Microbiol. doi:10.1128/aem.01910-10 Copyright 2011, American Society for Microbiology and/or the Listed Authors/Institutions.
More informationDepartment of Food Science 1 and Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, 2 Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY, Oct. 2005, p. 4061 4067 Vol. 49, No. 10 0066-4804/05/$08.00 0 doi:10.1128/aac.49.10.4061 4067.2005 Copyright 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.
More informationTwo novel Salmonella genomic island 1 variants in Proteus mirabilis
AAC Accepted Manuscript Posted Online 27 April 2015 Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. doi:10.1128/aac.00120-15 Copyright 2015, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. 1 2 Two novel Salmonella
More informationThe emergence of a new phage type of Salmonella Typhimurium in humans and animals in New Zealand
Introduction The emergence of a new phage type of Salmonella Typhimurium in humans and animals in New Zealand M Dufour AIMS NZIMLS South Pacific Congress Gold Coast, August 2011 New Zealand is a geographically
More informationSurvival and Heat Resistance of Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Peanut Butter
APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Dec. 2011, p. 8434 8438 Vol. 77, No. 23 0099-2240/11/$12.00 doi:10.1128/aem.06270-11 Copyright 2011, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Survival
More informationUse of the 3M Molecular Detection System for Salmonella and Listeria spp.
Use of the 3M Molecular Detection System for Salmonella and Listeria spp. March 11, 213 Prof Steve Forsythe Pathogen Research Centre, School of Science and Technology Nottingham Trent University Clifton
More informationACCEPTED. from Poultry and Humans in Belgium and France,
AAC Accepts, published online ahead of print on February 00 Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. doi:./aac.0-0 Copyright 00, American Society for Microbiology and/or the Listed Authors/Institutions. All Rights
More informationMolecular Characterization of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Isolated from Human, Food, and Animal Sources in Malaysia
Jpn. J. Infect. Dis., 66, 180-188, 2013 Original Article Molecular Characterization of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Isolated from Human, Food, and Animal Sources in Malaysia Soo Tein Ngoi 1,2,
More informationWhole-Genome Sequencing of Drug-Resistant Salmonella enterica Isolated from Dairy
AEM Accepted Manuscript Posted Online 7 April 2017 Appl. Environ. Microbiol. doi:10.1128/aem.00140-17 Copyright 2017 American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
More informationMultilocus Variable-Number Tandem-Repeat Method for Typing Salmonella enterica Serovar Newport
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, June 2009, p. 1934 1938 Vol. 47, No. 6 0095-1137/09/$08.00 0 doi:10.1128/jcm.00252-09 Copyright 2009, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Multilocus
More informationPCR-based Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism for Subtyping of Salmonella from Chicken Isolates
Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 44 : 79-83 (2010) PCR-based Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism for Subtyping of Salmonella from Chicken Isolates Han Yu Jong 1, Pak Thae Su 1, Pannatee Sanpong 2, Worawidh
More informationMolecular characterization of antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella isolated from animals in Japan
Journal of Applied Microbiology ISSN 1364-5072 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Molecular characterization of antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella isolated from animals in Japan A.M. Ahmed 1,2, Y. Ishida 1 and T. Shimamoto
More informationMolecular Characterization and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Salmonella Isolates from Infections in Humans in Henan Province, China
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, Feb. 2009, p. 401 409 Vol. 47, No. 2 0095-1137/09/$08.00 0 doi:10.1128/jcm.01099-08 Copyright 2009, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Molecular Characterization
More informationDynamics of Salmonella Typhimurium shedding from early to peak lay in laying hens
Dynamics of Salmonella Typhimurium shedding from early to peak lay in laying hens P. SHARMA*, V. PANDE, R. DEVON, A. MCWHORTER and K. K. CHOUSALKAR School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University
More informationRESISTANCE TO ANTIMICROBIALS is one of the best-known examples
Acknowledgement This is a copy of an article published in the Microbial drug resistance 2004 copyright Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.; Microbial drug resistance is available online at: http://online.liebertpub.com.
More informationPROCESSING, PRODUCTS, AND FOOD SAFETY
PROCESSING, PRODUCTS, AND FOOD SAFETY Salmonella Populations and Prevalence in Layer Feces from Commercial High-Rise Houses and Characterization of the Salmonella Isolates by Serotyping, Antibiotic Resistance
More informationPCR- TTGE PCR (PCR-TTGE) PCR.
- m.besharaty89@yahoo.com 2500 (-) (tryptic soy broth) TSB - Typhi (-) m.besharaty89@yahoo.com 2500 enterica enterica Typhimurium (tryptic soy broth) TSB enterica 2500 bongori enterica Typhimurium Typhi
More informationProject Title: Estimation of the area affected by animal feces in vegetable field under overhead sprinkle irrigation system
I. Abstract. Project Title: Estimation of the area affected by animal feces in vegetable field under overhead sprinkle irrigation system Project Investigator(s): Jorge M. Fonseca 1, Sadhana Ravishankar
More informationIn vivo transfer of an incfib plasmid harbouring a class 1 integron with gene cassettes
In vivo transfer of an incfib plasmid harbouring a class 1 integron with gene cassettes Alieda Van Essen-Zandbergen, Hilde Smith, Kees Veldman, Dik Mevius To cite this version: Alieda Van Essen-Zandbergen,
More informationSurvival of Salmonella enterica Serovar Newport in Manure and Manure-Amended Soils
APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Sept. 2006, p. 5777 5783 Vol. 72, No. 9 0099-2240/06/$08.00 0 doi:10.1128/aem.00791-06 Copyright 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Survival
More informationCharacteristics of extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from horses
Veterinary Microbiology 124 (2007) 248 255 www.elsevier.com/locate/vetmic Characteristics of extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from horses An
More informationAntimicrobial resistance and class I integrons in Salmonella enterica isolates from wild boars and Bísaro pigs
RESEARCH ARTICLE INTERNATIONAL MICROBIOLOGY (2011) 14:19-24 DOI: 10.2436/20.1501.01.131 ISSN: 1139-6709 www.im.microbios.org Antimicrobial resistance and class I integrons in enterica isolates from wild
More informationCurriculum Vitae. Farzaneh Firoozeh Assistant Professor of Microbiology
Curriculum Vitae Farzaneh Firoozeh Assistant Professor of Microbiology PERSONAL First name: Farzaneh Family name: Firoozeh Nationality: Iranian Marital status: Married OFFICE ADDRESS Department of Microbiology
More informationNRL-Salmonella, Hungary. National Food Chain Safety Office Food and Feed Safety Directorate Erzsébet Adrián 29 May 2018
NRL-Salmonella, Hungary National Food Chain Safety Office Food and Feed Safety Directorate Erzsébet Adrián 29 May 2018 Structure National Food Chain Safety Office Food and Feed Safety Directorate Official
More informationMolecular Characterization of Multiresistant d-tartrate-positive Salmonella enterica Serovar Paratyphi B Isolates
JOUR OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, Sept. 2002, p. 3184 3191 Vol. 40, No. 9 0095-1137/02/$04.00 0 DOI: 10.1128/JCM.40.9.3184 3191.2002 Copyright 2002, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.
More informationOutbreak of a new serotype Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica, with antigenic formula 11:z 41 : e,n,z 15 in Greece :
Outbreak of a new serotype Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica, with antigenic formula 11:z 41 : e,n,z 15 in Greece : 2016-2017 An investigation of the Hellenic Centre of Disease Control and Prevention
More informationCharacterization of Chloramphenicol and Florfenicol Resistance in Escherichia coli Associated with Bovine Diarrhea
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, Dec. 2000, p. 4593 4598 Vol. 38, No. 12 0095-1137/00/$04.00 0 Copyright 2000, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Characterization of Chloramphenicol
More informationTitle: Emergence of azithromycin resistance mediated by mph(a) gene in Salmonella Typhimurium clinical isolates in Latin America
Accepted Manuscript Title: Emergence of azithromycin resistance mediated by mph(a) gene in Salmonella Typhimurium clinical isolates in Latin America Author: Diego Faccone S13-71(18)30078-X https://doi.org/101/j.jgar.018.04.011
More informationDetection of multidrug-resistant Salmonella typhimurium DT104 by multiplex polymerase chain reaction
FEMS Microbiology Letters 182 (2000) 355^360 www.fems-microbiology.org Detection of multidrug-resistant Salmonella typhimurium DT104 by multiplex polymerase chain reaction Ashraf A. Khan *, Mohammed S.
More informationMolecular epidemiology of Salmonella and Campylobacter contamination of poultry during transport and slaughter
Molecular epidemiology of Salmonella and Campylobacter contamination of poultry during transport and slaughter Geertrui Rasschaert Vakgroep Veterinaire Volksgezondheid & Voedselveiligheid Promotor: Prof.
More informationTimothy J. Johnson Iowa State University. Catherine M. Logue North Dakota State University,
Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine Publications Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine 1-4-2012 Associations Between Multidrug Resistance, Plasmid Content, and Virulence Potential
More informationSwine Enteric Coronavirus Disease (SECD) Situation Report Sept 17, 2015
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Veterinary Services Swine Enteric Coronavirus Disease (SECD) Situation Report Sept 17, 2015 Information current as of 12:00 pm MDT, 09/16/2015 This report provides
More informationCharacterization of integron mediated antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella isolated from diseased swine
Iowa State University From the SelectedWorks of Lisa K. Nolan January, 2003 Characterization of integron mediated antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella isolated from diseased swine David G. White Shaohua
More informationABSTRACT IN FOODBORNE PATHOGENS. The emergence of antimicrobial resistance bacteria in both the medical and
ABSTRACT Title of Dissertation: CHARACTERIZATION AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE IN FOODBORNE PATHOGENS Sheng Chen, Doctor of Philosophy, 2004 Dissertation directed by: Associate Professor
More informationTracking of Salmonella through the Pork Slaughter Process
Tracking of Salmonella through the Pork Slaughter Process Ashtown Food Research Centre RESEARCH & TRAINING FOR THE FOOD INDUSTRY Tracking of Salmonella through the Pork Slaughter Process Editor-in-Chief:
More informationSwine Enteric Coronavirus Disease (SECD) Situation Report June 30, 2016
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Veterinary Services Swine Enteric Coronavirus Disease (SECD) Situation Report June 30, 2016 Information current as of 12:00 pm MDT, 06/29/2016 This report provides
More information2 Salmonella Typhimurium
96 2006 Salmonella Typhimurium 2 1) 1) 2) 1) 2) 18 1 10 18 4 27 2 Salmonella Typhimurium 1 7 2 7 (ciprofloxacin (CPFX) MIC 16 mg/ml) S. Typhimurium 2 fosfomycin (FOM) 1 PCR gyra parc RAPD-PCR DNA S. Typhimurium
More informationbla CMY-2 -Positive IncA/C Plasmids from Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica Are a Distinct Component of a Larger Lineage of Plasmids
ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY, Feb. 2010, p. 590 596 Vol. 54, No. 2 0066-4804/10/$12.00 doi:10.1128/aac.00055-09 Copyright 2010, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. bla CMY-2
More informationComplete DNA Sequence, Comparative Genomics, and Prevalence of an ACCEPTED
AAC Accepts, published online ahead of print on 28 August 2006 Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. doi:10.1128/aac.00569-06 Copyright 2006, American Society for Microbiology and/or the Listed Authors/Institutions.
More informationSwine Enteric Coronavirus Disease (SECD) Situation Report Mar 5, 2015
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Veterinary Services Swine Enteric Coronavirus Disease (SECD) Situation Report Mar 5, 2015 Information current as of 12:00 pm MDT, 03/04/2015 This report provides
More informationAntimicrobial Resistance in Nontyphoidal Salmonella
780 Journal of Food Protection, Vol. 70, No. 3, 2007, Pages 780 790 Copyright, International Association for Food Protection Review Antimicrobial Resistance in Nontyphoidal Salmonella SAMUEL D. ALCAINE,
More informationPseudomonas putida 5
Pseudomonas putida 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 14 1 8 14 12 16 1997 1 21 12 5 Pseudomonas putida 8 27 imipenemipm IPM piperacillinceftazidimeamikacin norfloxacin 27 IPM IMP blaimp P. putida blaimp 27 8 9 4 1 MIC P.
More informationCharacterization of Cefoxitin-Resistant Escherichia coli Isolates from Recreational Beaches and Private Drinking Water in Canada between 2004 and 2006
ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY, July 2009, p. 3126 3130 Vol. 53, No. 7 0066-4804/09/$08.00 0 doi:10.1128/aac.01353-08 Copyright 2009, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Characterization
More informationLongitudinal Characterization of Resistant Escherichia coli in Fecal Deposits from Cattle Fed Subtherapeutic Levels of Antimicrobials
APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Nov. 2009, p. 7125 7134 Vol. 75, No. 22 0099-2240/09/$12.00 doi:10.1128/aem.00944-09 Longitudinal Characterization of Resistant Escherichia coli in Fecal Deposits
More informationPaul Ebner*, Kimberly Garner and Alan Mathew. Food Safety Center of Excellence, University of Tennessee, 2505 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (2004) 53, 1004 1009 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkh192 Advance Access publication 29 April 2004 Class 1 integrons in various Salmonella enterica serovars isolated from animals
More informationStories from the Frontline: Investigating causes of salmonellosis in Australia. Name of program
Stories from the Frontline: Investigating causes of salmonellosis in Australia Salmonellosis in Australia Disease rates among highest in developed world Responsible for majority of foodborne outbreaks
More informationGenetic Basis of Variation in Bacteria
Mechanisms of Infectious Disease Fall 2009 Genetics I Jonathan Dworkin, PhD Department of Microbiology jonathan.dworkin@columbia.edu Genetic Basis of Variation in Bacteria I. Organization of genetic material
More informationMolecular Epidemiology of Two International Sprout-Borne Salmonella Outbreaks
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, Oct. 1997, p. 2487 2491 Vol. 35, No. 10 0095-1137/97/$04.00 0 Copyright 1997, American Society for Microbiology Molecular Epidemiology of Two International Sprout-Borne
More informationProgress on the biocontrol of foodborne pathogens on leafy greens with non-pathogenic microbes
Progress on the biocontrol of foodborne pathogens on leafy greens with non-pathogenic microbes M.O. Olanya and D.O. Ukuku USDA Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, Wyndmoor,
More informationINTRODUCTION MATERIALS & METHODS
Evaluation of Three Bacterial Transport Systems, The New Copan M40 Transystem, Remel Bactiswab And Medical Wire & Equipment Transwab, for Maintenance of Aerobic Fastidious and Non-Fastidious Organisms
More informationValidation of EUCAST zone diameter breakpoints against reference broth microdilution
ORIGINAL ARTICLE BACTERIOLOGY Validation of EUCAST zone diameter breakpoints against reference broth microdilution S. Bengtsson 1, C. Bjelkenbrant 1 and G. Kahlmeter 1,2 1) Department of Clinical Microbiology,
More informationResearch Article Diffusion and Persistence of Multidrug Resistant Salmonella Typhimurium Strains Phage Type DT120 in Southern Italy
BioMed Research International Volume 2015, Article ID 265042, 8 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/265042 Research Article Diffusion and Persistence of Multidrug Resistant Salmonella Typhimurium Strains
More informationSalmonella Serotyping
Salmonella Serotyping Patricia Fields National Salmonella Reference Lab CDC 10 th Annual PulseNet Update Meeting April 5, 2006 What is Salmonella serotyping? The first-generation subtyping method Established
More informationIntroduction to the SNP/ND concept - Phylogeny on WGS data
Introduction to the SNP/ND concept - Phylogeny on WGS data Johanne Ahrenfeldt PhD student Overview What is Phylogeny and what can it be used for Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) methods CSI Phylogeny
More informationComparison of five culture methods for Salmonella isolation from swine fecal samples of known infection status
620 Brief Research Reports J Vet Diagn Invest 20:620 624 (2008) Comparison of five culture methods for Salmonella isolation from swine fecal samples of known infection status Brenda C. Love, 1 Marcos H.
More informationC.M. Harris*, S.K. Williams* 1. PhD Candidate Department of Animal Sciences Meat and Poultry Processing and Food Safety
The Antimicrobial Properties of a Vinegar-based Ingredient on Salmonella Typhimurium and Psychrotrophs inoculated in Ground Chicken Breast Meat and stored at 3±1 C for 7 days C.M. Harris*, S.K. Williams*
More informationThe New England Journal of Medicine CEFTRIAXONE-RESISTANT SALMONELLA INFECTION ACQUIRED BY A CHILD FROM CATTLE
CEFTRIAXONE-RESISTANT SALMONELLA INFECTION ACQUIRED BY A CHILD FROM CATTLE PAUL D. FEY, PH.D., THOMAS J. SAFRANEK, M.D., MARK E. RUPP, M.D., EILEEN F. DUNNE, M.D., M.P.H., EFRAIN RIBOT, PH.D., PETER C.
More informationb-lactam resistance and b-lactamase expression in clinical Stenotrophomonas maltophilia isolates having defined phylogenetic relationships
Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy Advance Access published December 13, 2005 Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy doi:10.1093/jac/dki453 b-lactam resistance and b-lactamase expression in clinical
More informationGenotypic Characterization of Salmonella enteritidis Phage Types by Plasmid Analysis, Ribotyping, and Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, Aug. 1998, p. 2314 2321 Vol. 36, No. 8 0095-1137/98/$04.00 0 Copyright 1998, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Genotypic Characterization of Salmonella
More informationSeveral Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serotype 4,5,12:i: Phage Types Isolated from Swine Samples Originate from Serotype Typhimurium DT U302
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, June 2003, p. 2395 2400 Vol. 41, No. 6 0095-1137/03/$08.00 0 DOI: 10.1128/JCM.41.6.2395 2400.2003 Copyright 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.
More informationResistance of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium to Carbenicillin
J. gen. Microbiol. (1969, 58, 301-305 Printed in Great Britain 301 Resistance of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium to Carbenicillin By H. C. NEU AND H. S,WARZ Department of Medicine, College
More informationBactericidal Effect of Several Chemicals on Hatching Eggs Inoculated with Salmonella serovar Typhimurium
2007 Poultry Science Association, Inc. Bactericidal Effect of Several Chemicals on Hatching Eggs Inoculated with Salmonella serovar Typhimurium N. A. Cox,* 1 L. J. Richardson,* R. J. Buhr,* M. T. Musgrove,
More informationSeveral molecular methods have increasingly
on refereed Swine Health and Production Medicine, orth Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of arm Animal Health and Resources Management, Raleigh, orth Carolina; Tel:
More informationMLVA Update. Eija Trees, Ph.D., D.V.M. PulseNet Methods Development and Reference Unit Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch CDC, Atlanta, GA
MLVA Update Eija Trees, Ph.D., D.V.M. PulseNet Methods Development and Reference Unit Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch CDC, Atlanta, GA Presentation outline Status of the S. Enteritidis MLVA protocol
More informationHorizontal dissemination of antimicrobial resistance determinants in multiple Salmonella
AEM Accepted Manuscript Posted Online 11 August 2017 Appl. Environ. Microbiol. doi:10.1128/aem.01503-17 Copyright 2017 American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
More informationSTUDY OF FREQUENCY OF SALMONELLA STRAINS ISOLATED FROM MEAT, MEAT PRODUCTS AND ORGANS
STUDY OF FREQUENCY OF SALMONELLA STRAINS ISOLATED FROM MEAT, MEAT PRODUCTS AND ORGANS CARMEN DAVID 2, R. TRIF 1, E. TÎRZIU 1, ROXANA IRIMESCU 1, R. V. GROS 1 1 - Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Timisoara,
More informationPhenotypic and Molecular Characteristics of Carbapenem-Non-Susceptible Enterobacteriaceae from a Teaching Hospital in Wenzhou, Southern China
Jpn. J. Infect. Dis., 66, 96-102, 2013 Original Article Phenotypic and Molecular Characteristics of Carbapenem-Non-Susceptible Enterobacteriaceae from a Teaching Hospital in Wenzhou, Southern China Tieli
More informationAdaptive Resistance to Biocides in Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli O157 and Cross-Resistance to Antimicrobial Agents
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, Jan. 2004, p. 73 78 Vol. 42, No. 1 0095-1137/04/$08.00 0 DOI: 10.1128/JCM.42.1.73 78.2004 Copyright 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Adaptive
More information