ŠŪNAS NERVU SISTĒMĀ: GLIJAS ŠŪNAS; NEIRONI. NEIROGLIJA PERIFĒRAJĀ NS CNS NEIROLEMOCĪTI SATELĪTŠŪNAS ASTROCĪTI EPENDĪMA OLIGODENDROCĪTI
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1 ŠŪNAS NERVU SISTĒMĀ: GLIJAS ŠŪNAS; NEIRONI. NEIROGLIJA CNS PERIFĒRAJĀ NS MAKROGLIJA ASTROCĪTI MIKROGLIJA EPENDĪMA NEIROLEMOCĪTI SATELĪTŠŪNAS OLIGODENDROCĪTI
2 GLIJAS ŠŪNAS
3 Neironi- plastiskas, sekretoras un uzbudināmas šūnas Plastiskums spēja nepārtraukti mainīties (pārbūvēt, radīt jaunas sinapses). Plastiskās struktūras: dendrītu zarojumi, dendrītu dzelknīši, sinapses: presinaptiskie nervgaļi, postsinaptiskās struktūras. Sekretorā funkcija piedalās ķīmisko savienojumu sekēcijā, ar informatīvo nozīmi. Uzbudināmas šūnas uztver un atbild uz kairinājumu. Atbildes stiprums ir atkarīgs no kairinātāja stipruma.
4 Viens neirons var veidot līdz pat 2000 sinaptisko kontaktus ar citām šūnām. Uz viena neirona var veidoties līdz pat sinapšu.
5 Neirons Neironam ir raksturīga uzbudināmība spēja veidot un pārvadīt pa šūnas membrānu darbības potenciālu jeb impulsu atbildē uz pietiekami spēcīgu informatīvo signālu.
6 Tipiska neirona uzbūve s.ca/staff/selig/activities/n ervous/na1.htm 1. Šūnas ķermenis jeb soma - viens kodols ar kodoliņiem; -Nislaķermenīši jeb bazofilā viela - graudainais endoplazmatiskais tīkls & brīvās ribosomas proteīnu sintēzei; jaunsistenzētos proteīnus šūna izmanto intracelulārai reģenerācijai; - neirofilamenti piedod neironam formu un balsta tos; - mikrcaurulītes nodrošina intrecelulāro transportu; - ieslēgumi, piemēram, pigmenti: lipofuscīns oksidēti lipoproteīni (novecošanās pigments); neiromelanīns tumši brūna pigmentviela
7 Uzbudināmo šūnu fizioloģiskie iskie pamatstāvok vokļi Informatīvais signāls Fizioloģiskais iskais miera stāvoklis Pāreja Fizioloģisk iskās s aktivitātes tes stāvoklis Kavēšana ana (-) Uzbudinājums (+)
8 ŠŪNAS IEKŠĒJAIS DARBS - PROCESI ŠŪNĀ PAŠAS ŠŪNAS IZDZĪVOŠANAI, SAVU STRUKTŪRU UN ENERĢĒTISKĀ POTENCIĀLA SAGLABĀŠANAI UN PAŠATJAUNOŠANAI. VISI ŠIE PROCESI IR SAMĒRĀ UNIVERSĀLI, LĪDZĪGI DAŽĀDU AUDU ŠŪNĀS. ŠŪNAS ĀRĒJAIS DARBS (jeb SPECIFISKĀ FUNKCIJA) - FIZIOLOĢISKĀS NORISES, KURAS VEIC ŠŪNA, BET TĀS IR NOZĪMĪGAS GALVENOKĀRT ĀRPUS ŠŪNAS - ŠŪNU SAVSTARPĒJAI SADARBĪBAI, AUDU, ORGĀNA VAI VISA ORGANISMA VEIKSMĪGAI FUNKCIONĒŠANAI.
9 LUIDŽI GALVANI (Luigi Galvani) eksperimenti, kuros viņš pierādīja, ka gan muskulis, gan nervs ir spējīgi aktīvi vadīt elektrisko strāvu. L.Galvani eksperiments, kurā viņš pierādīja nervu spēju vadīt elekstisku impulsu; attēls no viņa grāmatas De Viribus electricitatis in Motu Musculari (1792). Luidži Galvani ( ), itāļu fiziķis, kurš strādāja Boloņas Universitātē
10 Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz ( ) Vācu fiziķis un fiziologs Hermans von Helmholcs, pirmais izmērīja nervu impulsu pārvietošanāsātrumu; tāātrums lielajos vardes nervos: ~ 40m/sek.
11 Nervu impulsu vadīšanasātrums (m/s) dažādu dzīvnieku nervos: Mugurkaulnieki: kaķis čūska varde zivs Bezmugurkaulnieki: tarakāns kalmārs slieka krabis gliemezis aktīnija Parastie kustību nervi: ,6 4 0,8 0,1 Milzu aksoni
12 NERVU ŠĶIEDRU KLASIFIKĀCIJA TIPS DIAMETRS (µm) MIELĪNA APVALKS VADĪŠANAS ĀTRUMS (M/S) FUNKCIJA Aα 8-20 (rupjās) Mielinētās Motorās Aß 5-12 (rupjās) Mielinētās Sesnorās Aγ 2-8 (smalkās) Mazmielinētās Proporioreceptīvās Aδ 1-5 (smalkās) Mazmielinētās 3-30 Sesnorās B 1-3 (smalkās) Mazmielinētās 3-15 Autonomās (veģetatīvās) C <1 (smalkās) Nemielinētās < 2 Sesnorās
13 Uzbudinājuma procesi augu šūnās gadā britu fiziologs John Burdon-Sanderson žurnālā Nature apraksta elektriskā uzbudinājuma procesus puķei mušēdājai Dionaea muscipula.
14 Membrānas funkcionālā uzbūve bioloģiskajai membrānai piemīt selektīva vielu caurlaidība.
15 Kanālu nozīme potenciāla veidošan anā proteīnu konstrukcijas šūnas membrānā jonu kanāli ir selektīvi un vadāmi Kanālu vadāmība: potenciāl-atkarīgi kanāli (voltage-gated channels) mehanosensitīvi kanāli (mechanically gated channels) ķīmijsensitīvi kanāli (ligand-gated channels) jonu kanālu var atvērt arī kanāl- OBV intracelulāra fosforilācija (metabotropo receptoru gadījumā)
16 Intracelulārās un ekstracelulārās jonu koncentrācijas siltasiņu dzīvnieka nervu šūnā (motoneironā): Joni Na + K + Ca 2+ Cl - HCO - 3 Pārējie anjoni MMP Intracel. konc.(mm/l) mv Ekstracel. konc.mm/l) Pārejie katjoni 5
17 Membrānas miera potenciāls Nevienmērīgs lādil diņu u un jonu sadalījums abpus membrānai Elektriskais gradients Koncentrācijas cijas gradients
18 Elektriskā potenciāla mērīšana nervaudos
19 JONU (nātrija un kālija) PLŪSMAS IZMAIŅAS DP LAIKĀ
20 DARBĪBAS POTENCIĀLA VEIDOŠANĀS UN IZPLATĪŠANĀS PA NERVU ŠĶIEDRU
21 LABILITĀTE jeb FUNKCIONĀLAIS KUSTĪGUMS raksturo uzbudinājuma procesuātrumu, ar kādu audi spēj veikt pilnu uzbudinājuma periodu (FMS - UZBUD - FMS). Mielinizētās nervu šķiedrās DP pamatsvārtība un absolūtās refraktārās fāzes ilgums ir tikai 1/2500 sek., līdz ar to šo šķiedru labilitāte ir aptuveni 2500 DP sekundē.
22 UZBUDINĀJUMA PĀRVADE NERVU ŠĶIEDRĀ
23 Membrānas potenciāla izmaiņas as
24
25 Neirona sekretorā funkcija
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