Thinking about IOP #1 (and leaving aside differences between wet season and dry

Transcription

1 Thinking about IOP #1 (and leaving aside differences between wet season and dry season ). What could we have done that we didn t with two airplanes? Let s have a group answer. What did we learn from IOP #1 (as well as earlier study of Kuhn et al.) that can guide us for better science and flight plans in IOP #2?

2 500 km Site Location

3 500 km Site Location

4 Manaus is a Large Source of Pollution

5 NO 2 Outflow from Manaus in Aug 2010 observed by OMI Acknowledgments: Jun Wang, Univ. Nebraska

6 Downwind of Manaus 111 by 60.8 km represented by this box. Wind speeds at 1 km altitude are typically 10 to 30 kph. T2 T3 transit time of 2 to 6 hr.

7 Plume Simulation by CCATT-BRAMS Ozone, 13 March km Credit: Karla Longo

8 Downwind of Manaus: A Natural Laboratory The deployment site is situated in the steady trade winds such that it experiences the extremes of: (i) a pristine atmosphere when the Manaus pollution plume meanders; and (ii) heavy pollution and the interactions of that pollution with the natural environment when the plume regularly intersects the site. Reminder: GoAmazon2014/5 Theme: What is the effect of pollution on these cycles and the coupling among them?

9 The chemistry can be completely shifted under anthropogenic influences NO x concentration, SO 2 /H 2 SO 4 particles HO 2 ROOH NO 2 ROONO 2 OH O 2 RH R ROO NO RO RONO 2 RO 2

10 Dates of GoAmazon2014/5 AMF Operations (T3 ground site) (AMFA) 1 January 2014 until 31 December 2015 AAF Operations (aircraft) (IARA) 15 February until 26 March 2014 (wet season) (75 hrs) 1 September until 10 October 2014 (dry season) (75 hrs) Ecosystem Experiment (ZF2/TT34 ground site) (GECO) Intensive Operating Periods (IOPs) Aircraft operations correspond to the two intensive operating periods planned for the experiment.

11 Intensive Airborne Research in Amazonia 2014 (IARA-2014) (IOP 1)

12 S W S W S W S W S W 30 nm/60kn ~10 minute leg 004/184 magnetic S W Restricted Area Surface-1500 Restricted Area Surface S W S W S W S W Flight Plan #1 Transverse Plume with Ground Site Validation 1:05 per pattern Altitude 1500 feet S W

13 S W 30 nm/10 minute leg 071/251 magnetic S W 50 nm/100km ~17 minute leg 280/100 magnetic S W Restricted Area SFC S W Air Force Base Restricted Area Surface-1500 Flight Plan #2 Manaus Loop :30 per leg, including course reversal Altitude 1500 feet

14 S W 30nm/60km 10 minute leg 010/190 magnetic S W Restricted Area Surface-1500 Restricted Area Surface S W Flight Plan #3 Altitudes: 1500 (below cloud base), 4000 (in cloud base), 10,000 (in clouds), 17,000 (in cloud) 10 minutes per leg + 3 minutes to turn around/climb 1:20 per pattern (includes :15 descent from 17, )

15 S W 30 nm/10 minute leg 071/251 magnetic S W S W 50 nm/100km ~17 minute leg 280/100 magnetic Flight Plan #5 Cloud Field Experiment Altitudes: 1500 (below cloud base), 4000 (in cloud bases), 10,000 (in cloud), 18,000 (in cloud) 30 minutes per leg 2:22 per pattern (ending at 18,000 )

16 All Flight Paths of IOP 1

17 Particle Counts, afternoon, 21 March 2014 Legs at 2000 ft Cross back up to 4000 ft

18 Particle Counts, +/- local noon, 13 March ft except final inbound let at 3000 ft

19 Particle Counts along Flight Path 1 2 Long. Plume 3 4(T3) (T3) 5

20 Carbon Monoxide along Flight Path Long. Plume

21 NO y along Flight Path Long. Plume

22 Ozone along Flight Path 1 Long. Plume

23 T3 Aerial View: IOP 1

24 4(T3)

25 4(T3)

26 Statistical comparison of time series of mass concentrations: AMAZE-08 and GoAmazon2014/5 IOP 1 Analysis prepared by Suzane de Sá and partners

27 Statistical comparison of time series of mass concentrations: AMAZE-08 and GoAmazon2014/5 IOP 1 Analysis prepared by Suzane de Sá and partners Data set Mean SD 10% 90% GoAmazon2014/5 IOP AMAZE

28 Statistical comparison of time series of mass concentrations: AMAZE-08 and GoAmazon2014/5 IOP 1 Analysis prepared by Suzane de Sá and partners While taking care about overinterpretation of the data set, the shaded box suggests to first approximation an anthropogenic contribution to organic particle mass concentrations. Data set Mean SD 10% 90% GoAmazon2014/5 IOP AMAZE

29 Statistical comparison of time series of mass concentrations: AMAZE-08 and GoAmazon2014/5 IOP 1 Analysis prepared by Suzane de Sá and partners Data set Mean SD 10% 90% GoAmazon2014/5 IOP AMAZE

30 Statistical comparison of time series of mass concentrations: AMAZE-08 and GoAmazon2014/5 IOP 1 Analysis prepared by Suzane de Sá and partners Data set Mean SD 10% 90% GoAmazon2014/5 IOP AMAZE

31 Statistical comparison of time series of mass concentrations: AMAZE-08 and GoAmazon2014/5 IOP 1 Analysis prepared by Suzane de Sá and partners Data set Mean SD 10% 90% GoAmazon2014/5 IOP AMAZE

32 The comparative statistics approach is going to prove to be very important for GoAmazon2014/5 given the contrast between T0 and T3, e.g., ACSM and other instruments deployed simultaneously at T0, T2, and T3. In this way, we can statistically compensate for weather and other complicating local events and thereby discriminate pollution influence from background conditions.

33 Particle Counts, late morning, 1 March 2014 Of twelve flown flights at low altitude, the plume did not pass over T3 in two flights. Conversely, it did pass over in ten flights. Bias - aircraft flew only under fair weather conditions.

34 Looking forward to IOP 2 (Aug 15 Oct 15): Dry Season + Influence of Biomass Burning Time series of aerosol optical depth at the Central and Southern Amazonia with MODIS (550 nm) and AERONET (500 nm) retrievals from 1999 to 2012 (Artaxo et al.)

35 Leg 4 Near tops/freezing Level (17,000-18,000 ) Leg 3- In Clouds(10,000 ) Descend and Repeat Leg 2- In Cloud Base (4,000 ) Leg 1 - Below Cloud Base (1500 ) Flight Plan #5 Cloud Field GA13 50nm GA09 T-2

36 When GoAmazon2014/5 began, we did not know how strongly affected the site would be by pollution. The aircraft data and the ground data (not presented today) suggest that the site is under background conditions less than 20 to 25% of the time. Going forward, multiple crosscuts into the complex observations can be expected, including case studies, comparative statistics, and questiondriven approaches, toward understanding and quantifying how urban pollution affects atmospheric chemistry and particle microphysics over the tropical rain forest. The comparative statistics approach is going to prove to be very important for GoAmazon2014/5 given the contrast between T0 and T3, e.g., ACSM and other instruments deployed simultaneously at T0, T2, and T3. In this way, we can discriminate pollution influence from background conditions. The upcoming dry season IOP 2 will provide yet another crosscut through the coupled chemistry and physics systems of Amazonia, both because of the contrast of dry vs. wet season and because of occasional regional background pollution in the dry season from biomass burning on the southern edge of Amazonia.

37 Thinking about IOP #1 (and leaving aside differences between wet season and dry season ). What could we have done that we didn t with two airplanes? Let s have a group answer. What did we learn from IOP #1 (as well as earlier study of Kuhn et al.) that can guide us for better science and flight plans in IOP #2?