Physicochemical and Optical Properties of Aerosols in South Korea
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1 Physicochemical and Optical Properties of Aerosols in South Korea Seungbum Kim, Sang-Sam Lee, Jeong-Eun Kim, Ju-Wan Cha, Beom-Cheol Shin, Eun-Ha Lim, Jae-Cheol Nam Asian Dust Research Division NIMR/KMA
2 Number of days each month with Asian Dust, Haze and Fog in Seoul over the period of 1981~213 2 Asian Dust 45. Monthly variation of PM1 concentration in Seoul for the period of 211~213 Monthly Average Number of Days Fog Haze Rain Monthly Mean Precipitation Amount (mm) SEOUL) Haze can be observed all year around, but typically low during summer due to the heavy rainfall (summer = the rainy season in Korea) Most of Asian Dust occur during spring but rarely it also happens during the winter. It contributes significantly the increases in PM1 concentrations Spring(MAM) > Winter(DJF) > Autumn(SON) > Summer(JJA) 2
3 Seoul Hwangsa* Monitoring Center * Hwangsa (in Korean) = yellow sand = Asian Dust Mass Physical Chemical Optical -gauge APS MOUDI Skyradiometer Goal of this study To see the difference between columnar and surface aerosol properties!!! 3
4 Volume size distribution according to aerosol-related events Fine Coarse During the Asian dust, the peak appears in both fine and coarse mode but in all other events, only a single peak in fine mode is observed. Mean Asian dust appears to be the most important contributing factor in coarse particles in Seoul 4
5 Micro-Orifice Uniform Deposit Impactor, MOUDI (US MSP Corp.) Size segregated chemical analysis according to aerosol phenomena in Seoul Mass Concentration [ g/m 3 ] Ion concentration [ g/m 3 ] (Clean) 1/11 (clean) Cl - NO 3 - SO 4 2- Na + NH 4 + K + Mg 2+ Ca dm[ g/m 3 ]/dlogdp dm[ g/m 3 ]/dlogdp (Haze) Haze (2. 22.) dm[ g/m 3 ]/dlogdp dm[ g/m 3 ]/dlogdp (Asian Dust) Haze (5.26b.) Cl - NO 3 - SO 4 2- Na + NH 4 + K + Mg 2+ Ca 2+ Dust (5.26b.) Asian dust is again most important contributor to the increases in coarse particle, while anthropogenic aerosols are the main contributors to the increases in fine particles. 5
6 Monthly variation of mass and Volume in the year of 213 at Seoul PM1 Concentration ( g/m 3 ) PM1 & APS volume concentrations Seoul PM1 Total Volume Accumulation mode(d P <= 1 m) Coarse mode(d p > 1 m) Volume Concentration ( m 3 cm -3 surface JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC With 213 data, PM1 concentration was the highest in Spring but the lowest in fall. In addition, during the spring time, there were much higher concentrations of coarse particles than fine particles. It again shows that Asian dust from the continent is contributing the increase in coarse particles during spring. However, during summer, fine particle concentrations were higher. 6
7 Angstrom Exponent by skyradiometer (Columnar aerosol properties) AE(Angstrom Exponent) Small Coarse particles dominant Large Fine particles dominant (in total air column) Size Spring Coarse; Summer Fine similar with surface observation 7
8 Aerosol Optical Depth (columnar aerosol properties) S.W. Kim et al (AE, 27) This AOD June maximum is caused by (1) an increase of fine aerosol production (2) stagnant synoptic meteorological system overlay in the Asian continent that causes a build-up of pollutants in this region. (3) the enhanced value of AOD in June was potentially related to the secondary aerosol formation by gas-to-particle conversion, (4) hygroscopic growth of hydrophilic aerosols due to the enhanced moisture in the lower troposphere, (5) the frequent occurrence of biomass burning emissions in eastern coastal regions of China. (in air column) amount Summer > Spring > Winter > Autumn While the aerosol concentrations were lower on the surface during the summer, the aerosol optical depth appeared to be the highest during summer. 8
9 Back Trajectory Analysis 2-day back trajectories from Seoul calculated by UM+ HYSPLIT4 at 4 times a day (, 6, 12, 18 UTC). Westerly is strong from late autumn to spring. Advections are weak in summer, in particular, the weakest in June. Therefore, horizontal ventilation is not active and large amounts of aerosol are loaded in June. 9
10 LRT of Sulfate from China? In collaboration with KMA, GIST group led by Prof. C-H Song have calculated seasonal AOD in East Asia using CMAQ, which is a regional chemistry model. We have analyzed the contribution of each aerosol type to AOD and it showed that sulfate is most predominant contributor to summer AOD. Strong Photochemistry in summer the conversion rates of SO to sulfate were most active in summer, due to the high2 temperature and intense solar radiation, which yields high levels of OH (hydroxyl radicals). Therefore, one would expect active SO + OH 2 reactions during summer. R.S. Park et al. (ACP, 211) 1
11 Single Scattering Albedo in air & 5nm Summer~winter > spring > autumn The SSA in 4 and 5 nm wavelength are shown in blue and red, respectively and they showed the SSA is high during summer and winter, followed by spring and then Fall. The smaller SSA is in the spring is due to the absorbing property of Asian dust and largest in summer for anthropogenic aerosols. 11
12 SSA at surface Anmyeon GAW station nm With ESRL/NOAA 14 2 abs(1-6 m -1 ) year 213 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC sca(1- -6 m -1 ) During the summer, there is an increase in scattering aerosols while there is a reduction in light-absorbing aerosols. This is partly due to the low usage of furnaces during the summer that leads to the reduction in BC or OC, while the levels of scattering aerosols such as sulfate rises due to active photochemical reactions. 12
13 Low aerosol loading & weather (Autumn of 213) abs (1-6 m -1 ) Anmyeon GAW station nm year 213 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC sca(1- -6 m -1 ) Difference(%) AUTUMN Precipitation Insolation Cloud amount Temperature October, 213 Clean air During fall, the presence of strong easterly winds help the influx of fresh air into Korea and it lowers the amount of aerosols from both in the air as well as on the surface. In turn, it also aid in lowering SSA. In 213, when the aerosol levels were generally lower, the precipitation and total cloud amount were both lower than 3-year average and the daylight time was longer. It suggests a possible interaction between aerosol and weather/climate 13
14 Summary and suggestions In the year of 213 at Seoul, South Korea, - Surface PM1 Spring > Winter > Summer > Autumn - AOD Summer > Spring > Winter > Autumn - SSA(@4,5nm) Summer ~ Winter > Spring > Autumn - AE Summer > Winter ~ Autumn > Spring -Size at sfc Fine particles in summer; Coarse particles in Spring Columnar and surface aerosols showed similar physicochemical and optical properties In the year of 213 at Seoul, South Korea. However, during summer, columnar aerosol loading and surface aerosol concentration were significantly different by the wet scavenging at surface and existence of high loaded scattering aerosols in troposphere. This indicates that aerosol properties in Korea are highly influenced by regional weather conditions. Winter to Spring : NW wind enhancement of coarse particles (Asian Dust) Summer : SW wind & Heavy rain enhancement of Fine particles Autumn : NE~E Wind blowing from relatively pristine area(pacific) low aerosols The linkage between aerosol-cloud system should be further studied by the joint study among chemistry, weather and climate groups. Summer Heavy precipitation vs High columnar aerosol loading Autumn Increase of clear sky days vs Low aerosol loading Especially, AOD June Maximum should be investigated further, since it s important for the aerosol radiative forcing and monsoon circulation in East Asia. 14
15 Thank you very much for your attention! 15
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Climate Division: CA 7 NWS Call Sign: Month (1) Min (2) Month(1) Extremes Lowest (2) Temperature ( F) Lowest Month(1) Degree s (1) Base Temp 65 Heating Cooling 1 Number of s (3) 64.8 45.4 55.1 85 1971
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Climate Division: CA 7 NWS Call Sign: Month (1) Min (2) Month(1) Extremes Lowest (2) Temperature ( F) Lowest Month(1) Degree s (1) Base Temp 65 Heating Cooling 1 Number of s (3) 65.5 38.7 52.1 87 1962
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Climate Division: CA 7 NWS Call Sign: Month (1) Min (2) Month(1) Extremes Lowest (2) Temperature ( F) Lowest Month(1) Degree s (1) Base Temp 65 Heating Cooling 100 Number of s (3) 58.8 34.3 46.6 81+ 1948
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Climate Division: CA 1 NWS Call Sign: Month (1) Min (2) Month(1) Extremes Lowest (2) Temperature ( F) Lowest Month(1) Degree s (1) Base Temp 65 Heating Cooling 100 Number of s (3) Jan 52.4 35.4 43.9 69
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Climate Division: CA 4 NWS Call Sign: Month (1) Min (2) Month(1) Extremes Lowest (2) Temperature ( F) Lowest Month(1) Degree s (1) Base Temp 65 Heating Cooling 100 Number of s (3) Jan 61.9 42.0 52.0 89
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Climate Division: CA 6 NWS Call Sign: Month (1) Min (2) Month(1) Extremes Lowest (2) Temperature ( F) Lowest Month(1) Degree s (1) Base Temp 65 Heating Cooling 100 Number of s (3) Jan 66.1 38.3 52.2 91
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Climate Division: CA 1 NWS Call Sign: Month (1) Min (2) Month(1) Extremes Lowest (2) Temperature ( F) Lowest Month(1) Degree s (1) Base Temp 65 Heating Cooling 1 Number of s (3) Jan 56.2 4.7 48.5 79 1962
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Climate Division: CA 1 NWS Call Sign: Month (1) Min (2) Month(1) Extremes Lowest (2) Temperature ( F) Lowest Month(1) Degree s (1) Base Temp 65 Heating Cooling 100 Number of s (3) Jan 50.2 31.2 40.7 65+
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No. 2 1971-2 Asheville, North Carolina 2881 COOP ID: 4795 Climate Division: CA 6 NWS Call Sign: SBA Month (1) Min (2) Month(1) Extremes Lowest (2) Temperature ( F) Lowest Month(1) Degree s (1) Base Temp
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Climate Division: CA 4 NWS Call Sign: Month (1) Min (2) Month(1) Extremes Lowest (2) Temperature ( F) Lowest Month(1) Degree s (1) Base Temp 65 Heating Cooling 100 Number of s (3) Jan 61.4 33.1 47.3 82+
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