Lab Activity: Climate Variables
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1 Name: Date: Period: Water and Climate The Physical Setting: Earth Science Lab Activity: Climate Variables INTRODUCTION:! The state of the atmosphere continually changes over time in response to the uneven distribution of energy in the atmosphere. The short-term changes in temperature and precipitation are fundamental controls of weather, and their long-term averages are called climate. Since climate is averaged weather, we must take a look at the average temperature and average precipitation in a particular region to determine the climate. We know that there are many different climates on Earth. From tropical regions near the equator to the frozen deserts at the poles, each climate varies tremendously and is characterized by its long term weather conditions. OBJECTIVE:! You will determine particular climate variables that control a region s average temperature and precipitation and be able to recognize trends in data that help establish a regions climate. VOCABULARY:! Climate!!!! Greenhouse Effect!!!! Angle of Insolation Radiative Balance Temperature Range Intensity Leigh-Manuell - "1
2 PROCEDURE A: ANGLE OF INSOLATION! There are variations in the angle at which the sun s rays strike Earth s surface. You have observed the changing altitude of the Sun during the day and annual variation of the altitude of the noon Sun, but there is also a change as you increase or decrease your latitude. This change produces differences in intensity of insolation at Earth s surface. Data was obtained from an experiment that is used to show how angle of insolation can effect the temperature over a period of time. Use the data table below to construct a graph on the following page for the different angles of insolation and the temperatures they received over a 15 minute period. 30º 60º 90º Time (min) Temp. (ºC) Time (min) Temp. (ºC) Time (min) Temp. (ºC) Leigh-Manuell - "2
3 GRAPH A: ANGLE OF INSOLATION! Temperature (ºC) Time (minutes) Leigh-Manuell - "3
4 PROCEDURE B: ABSORPTION AND RADIATION BY LAND AND WATER! Approximately 70 percent of Earth s surface is covered by water. The unequal rates of heating of land and water cause temperature conditions that impact local and world-wide weather patterns. Data was obtained from an experiment that compares the rates at which water and land heat up over a period of time. During the first 10 minutes the materials were allowed to heat up, then the heat source was then removed and allowed to cool for the next the ten minutes. Use the data table below to construct a graph on the following page for the absorption and radiation by land and water over a 20 minute period. Time (min) Soil Temp. (ºC) Time (min) Water Temp. (ºC) Leigh-Manuell - "4
5 GRAPH B: ABSORPTION AND RADIATION BY LAND AND WATER! Temperature (ºC) Time (minutes) Leigh-Manuell - "5
6 PROCEDURE C: COASTAL AND CONTINENTAL TEMPERATURE RANGES! There are large variations in average monthly temperatures among cities located at the same latitude. This suggests that factors other then latitude are responsible for a regions climate. A major influence other then the angle of insolation is the location of a city relative to a large body of water. The average monthly temperature was obtained from two different cities in the United States for the span of one year. Use the data table below to construct a line graph of the following four cities average monthly temperature. Be sure to label each line with the appropriate city. Temperature (ºF) Month Eureka, California Omaha, Nebraska January February March April May June July August September October November December Leigh-Manuell - "6
7 GRAPH C: COASTAL AND CONTINENTAL TEMPERATURE RANGES! Temperature (ºF) December November October September August July June May April March February January Month Leigh-Manuell - "7
8 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:! 1. From procedure A, which angle of insolation received the most direct rays and heated to the highest temperature? 2. From procedure A, what is the relationship between the angle of insolation and the rate at which the temperature changes? 3. From procedure B, which was a better absorber and radiator of heat energy? 4. From procedure C, even though all the cities were in the United State, how could you tell from the temperature data that all were in the Northern Hemisphere? 5. From procedure C, describe the differences in annual temperature ranges between a coastal region and an inland region and explain why they differ? CONCLUSION: Other then the variable studied in this lab, what other variable might influence climate? Leigh-Manuell - "8
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