Islands in the Sky - Tepuis
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2 Islands in the Sky - Tepuis Guayana Shield centered in southern Venezuela 1.2 X 10 6 m 2 sandstone table mountains of Roraima Formation Autana, 1300 m
3 Islands in the Sky - Tepuis Roraima Formation - Precambrian, highly leached sandy marine sediments laid down billions years ago Roraima Formation uplifted during formation of Atlantic in Cretaceous tepuis formed with erosion of major river systems (Orinoco) vicariance? tepuis are resistant (quartzite) mesas
4 Roraima, 2723 m Autana, 1300 m Kukenán, 2650 m Neblina, 3014 m
5 Islands in the Sky - Tepuis tepuis basis for Sir Arthur Conan Doyle s The Lost World actually home to one of the world s largest set of plant carnivores Heliamphora - sun pitcher
6 Islands in the Sky - Tepuis tepuis basis for opening scene of Arachnophobia Canaima National Park
7 Islands in the Sky - Tepuis Pantepui - biogeographic province proposed by the Phelps for high elevation portion over 1500 m
8 Islands in the Sky - Tepuis Pantepui - biogeographic province proposed by the Phelps for high elevation portion over 1500 m Distinctive biota Tepui vireo Tepui manakin Rana Redbanded fruiteater Asteraceae
9 Islands in the Sky - Tepuis Pantepui - biogeographic province proposed by the Phelps for high elevation portion over 1500 m characterized by a combination of extreme conditions: cool weather, heavy rainfalls, dense clouds, strong winds, high solar radiation, and extremely infertile substrates Pantepui
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11 Tepui Flora Heliamphora (Sarraceniaceae) - sun pitcher
12 Tepui Flora Do the tepuis function as islands? Ricarda Riina M.S. thesis (2003)
13 Tepui Flora Pantepui - island like species/area relationship Riki Olivares - M.S. thesis P < Log Summit Area
14 Tepui Flora Pantepui - 40% of species restricted to pantepui 1200 Elevation ranges of Pantepui species (spp above 1500 m) % Number of species % 18% 17% Lower elevation ranges for Pantepui species (m) Lowlands Uplands Highlands
15 Tepui Flora Pantepui - island like endemism Overall plant richness and endemism Pantepui taxa Shield endemics Pantepui endemics Single tepui endemics Families Genera (4%) Species (42%) 13 (2%) 617 (25%) Riki Olivares - M.S. thesis
16 Tepui Flora Floristic relationships among tepuis Is there a biogeographical pattern? vicariance formed by river erosion? Vicki Funk - Smithsonian
17 Guayana Shield - pantepui area eastern tepuis western tepuis
18 Tepui Flora Cluster Analysis based on floristic composition
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20 west-north Guanay Cuao 2 s i x A east Karaurín Tereke-y Carrao Murisipán Aparamán Uei Sororopán Kamarkawarai Aprada Uaipán Kukenán Ilú Amaruay Marutaní Guaiquinima Corocoro Camani Autana Yaví Aratitiyope Maigualida Yapacana Yutaje Sipapo DCA Ordination based on floristic composition basically congruent with cluster analysis Ptari Sarisariñama Jaua Huachamacari Parú Roraima Venamo Auyán Aracá Aracamuni Chimantá Marahuaka Duida west-south Neblina Axis 1
21 Tepui Flora positive significant (P = 0.001) correlation between the floristic distance matrix and the among-tepuis geographic distance matrix (Mantel Test)
22 Tepui Flora Do the tepuis exhibit adapative radiations? Tom Givnish
23 Brocchinioideae
24 Adaptive Radiation in Brocchinia Nutrient capture evolution in Brocchinia Non-impounding, root nutrient uptake Tank epiphytism (saprophytism) N2 fixing blue green bacteria association Ant-fed myrmecophory Carnivory
25 Adaptive Radiation in Brocchinia Nutrient capture evolution in Brocchinia H 2 O impounding Ant fed Blue-green bacterial N 2 fixation Carnivory
26 Adaptive Radiation in Brocchinia lowlands to nutrient poor highlands of Guayana Shield H 2 O impounding tank are pre-adaptations to carnivory, blue-green bacteria symbiosis, ant-fed mutualism
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28 Islands in the Sky - Paramo, Afroalpine convergent biome types across high elevation areas of the tropics depending on elevation, often occur as islands
29 Islands in the Sky - Paramo, Afroalpine South American paramo and East African afroalpine ( Ethiopian ) best studied floristically as islands
30 Islands in the Sky - Paramo, Afroalpine ecology is harsh and unvarying: winter by night, summer by day
31 Islands in the Sky - Paramo, Afroalpine Convergent life forms occur in both areas as a response to these ecological conditions Hypericum (sclerophyll) Erica (sclerophyll) Viola (cushion) Acaena (rosette) tussock grass
32 Islands in the Sky - Paramo, Afroalpine Convergent life forms occur in both areas as a response to these ecological conditions Afroalpine Dendrosenecio (Asteraceae) Lobelia (Lobeliaceae)
33 Islands in the Sky - Paramo, Afroalpine Convergent life forms occur in both areas as a response to these ecological conditions Paramo Puya (Bromeliaceae) Espeletia (Asteraceae)
34 Radiation in Andean Puya (Bromeliaceae) Rachel Schmidt Jabaily Puya raimondii, Ancash, Peru
35 Radiation in Andean Puya (Bromeliaceae) Direction of latitudinal and elevation shifts?
36 Radiation in Andean Puya (Bromeliaceae) mapping on latitude & elevation on DNA tree latitude elevation Jabaily&Sytsma 2013
37 Radiation in Andean Puya (Bromeliaceae) Relative rates of movements in latitude and elevation! Jabaily&Sytsma 2013!
38 Islands in the Sky - Paramo, Afroalpine Biogeography of afroalpine flora adaptive radiation of Dendrosenecio (Asteraceae)
39 Islands in the Sky - Paramo, Afroalpine Biogeography of afroalpine flora adaptive radiation of Dendrosenecio (Asteraceae) Which pattern? 1. Inter-island dispersal followed by elevation shifts 2. Multiple dispersals from similar elevations Mt. Kenya 8 species adapted to 4 life zones (in color) Eric Knox
40 Islands in the Sky - Paramo, Afroalpine Biogeography of afroalpine flora adaptive radiation of Dendrosenecio (Asteraceae) Which pattern? Convergence of species adapted to similar elevations! 1. Inter-island dispersal followed by elevation shifts 2. Multiple dispersals from similar elevations Mt. Kenya root Phylogeny superimposed on biogeography
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Islands in the Sky - Tepuis Guayana Shield centered in southern Venezuela 1.2 X 10 6 m 2 sandstone table mountains of Roraima Formation Autana, 1300 m Islands in the Sky - Tepuis Roraima Formation - Precambrian,
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