Celestial mechanics in an interplanetary flight
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1 Department of Physics, Umeå University October 10, 2008
2 Contents 1 Introduction History Theory 2 Rockets Plots of orbits 3 Aerobrake 4 References Introduction History Theory
3 History Theory What is celestial mechanics? Branch of astrophysics that deals with the motions of celestial objects: stars, galaxies, planets, (artificial) satellites, etc.. The field applies principles of physics to produce ephemeris data.
4 History Theory History Started probably when human discovered movement on the celestial sphere, however, problem of planetary motion has been known to Babylonian astronomers (3000 yrs bp). Notable astronomers in the field Aristarchus of Samos creator of the heliocentric model, proved later by Seleucus of Seleucia; Claudius Ptolemy author of the Almages, explained epicycles; Nicolaus Copernicus ; Galileo Galilei; Johannes Kepler; Isaac Newton; Joseph-Louis Lagrange.
5 History Theory Newton s cannonball
6 History Theory Escape velocity E Earth = E p + E k = mgr + mv 2 2, (1) E = mv 2 2, (2) mgr + mv 2 = mv 2 2 2, (3) v = 2gr. (4) [ ] [ ] [ ] m 2 m km , 357, 000 s 2 = 11, s s
7 History Theory Types of orbits Centric classifications: galactocentric, heliocentric, geocentric, areocentric, lunar... Altitude classifications: LEO, MEO, GEO, HEO... Inclination classifications: polar, equatorial... Eccentricity classifications: circular, elliptic, parabolic, hiperbolic... Synchronous classifications: synchronous, geosynchronous, supersynchronous (disposal/graveyard), heliosynchronous...
8 History Theory Main types of orbits
9 History Theory Lagrange points
10 Introduction Rockets Plots of orbits Rocket... Remigiusz Pospieszyn ski
11 Rockets Plots of orbits...rocket...
12 Rockets Plots of orbits...rocket!
13 Rockets Plots of orbits Space Launch Facilities
14 Rockets Plots of orbits Hohmann transfer
15 Rockets Plots of orbits Bi-elliptic transfer
16 Rockets Plots of orbits Gravitational slingshot
17 Rockets Plots of orbits
18 Rockets Plots of orbits Cassini s tour
19 Rockets Plots of orbits Venus Express
20 Aerobrake Mars Reconnaissance orbiter
21 Aerobrake Apollo Command Module
22 References Conlusions 1 In order to send a spaceship to a celestial body one must know precise locations of all bodies involved. 2 Very precise timing is crucial for the good fortune of any mission. 3 Longer route can take less time than shorter. 4 When the target body has no atmosphere you need to take your fuel with you.
23 References Thank you for your attention! Presentation available at
24 References s cannonball Earth orbit points transfer orbit transfer slingshot
25 References Reconnaissance Orbiter travel
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