Master Vocabulary - Eight Grade Scope Number Scope Name Term Definition

Transcription

1 Master Vocabulary - Eight Grade Scope Number Scope Name Term Definition 8.5A Atoms Atom Atomic Mass the smallest particle of an element, made of electrons, protons, and neutrons the mass of an atom, approximately equal to the number of protons and neutrons in the atom Balanced Equation A symbolic representation of a chemical reaction in which both sides of the equation contain equivalent numbers of atoms of each element. The mass and charge must be balanced on both sides of the reaction. Chemical Formula Electrical Charge Electron A shorthand notation that uses chemical symbols and numbers as subscripts to represent the type and number of atoms that are present in the smallest unit of the substance. a property of matter; electrons are negatively charged; protons are positively charged; the numbers of protons and electrons in a material determine the charge of the material a negatively charge subatomic particle that orbits the atomic nucleus

2 Electron Cloud Neutron, n0 Nuclear Model of the Atom Nucleus Proton, p+ the area surrounding the nuclues of an atom where the electrons are found A subatomic particle of the nucleus of an atom that is without charge that contributes to the mass of an atom. A conceptual model of the atom in which a small positvely-charged nucleus is surrounded by planetary electrons. The tiny, very dense, positively charged region in the center of an atom; made up of protons and neutrons A positively charged subatomic particle of the nucleus of an atom that contributes to the mass of the atom 8.5B Protons and Electrons Scientific Notation Subatomic Particles Atomic Number Electron Electron Cloud Numbers written in terms of a decimal number between one (1.0) and ten (10.0) multiplied by a power of ten. For example, the scientific notation for ten thousand four hundred ninety-two is x 10^4 Particles that are smaller than the atom. the number of protons in the nucleus of a single atom a negatively charge subatomic particle that orbits the atomic nucleus the area surrounding the nuclues of an atom where the electrons are found

3 Energy Level Metal Non Metal Proton, p+ Reactivity Valence Electrons Ions Net Charge 8.5C Periodic Table Atomic Mass a state in which matter can exist with a quantifiable amount of energy and distinct from other states with different amounts of energy Most elements are metals. They are typically solid, shiny, malleable, and good conductors of heat and electricity. Elements typically not shiny, usually a gas or brittle solid, not malleable, and poor conductors of heat and electricity A positively charged subatomic particle of the nucleus of an atom that contributes to the mass of the atom Rate at which a chemical substance tends to undergo a chemical reaction; significantly influenced by valence electrons of the reacting substances. The electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom that influence how an element will react with other substances. an atom with a net electrical charge resluting from the loss or gain of electrons The sum of negative and postive charges. the mass of an atom, approximately equal to the number of protons and neutrons in the atom

4 Atomic Number Chemical Symbol Electron Shell Element Groups Metal Metalloids Noble Gases Non Metal Periodic Table of Elements the number of protons in the nucleus of a single atom A one or two letter notation used to represent an atom of a particular element A specific area where electrons of the same energy level are found. A pure substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by physical or chemical means. The columns on a Periodic Table that arrange the elements by the number of electrons that are in the outermost shell. Most elements are metals. They are typically solid, shiny, malleable, and good conductors of heat and electricity. Elements that have properties of both metals and non-metals; sometimes referred to as semiconductors Unreactive non-metals in Group 18 of the Periodic Table. Elements typically not shiny, usually a gas or brittle solid, not malleable, and poor conductors of heat and electricity A table showing the chemical elements arranged according to their atomic numbers

5 Periods Valence Electrons The rows in a Periodic Table that classify the elements by the number of electron shells The electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom that influence how an element will react with other substances. 8.5DF Chemical Formula and Equations Balanced Chemical Equation Chemical Equation A symbolic representation of a chemical reaction in which both sides of the equation contain equivalent numbers of atoms of each element. The mass and the charge must be balanced on both sides of the reaction. Chemical formulas and symbols written to represent a reaction Chemical Formula A shorthand notation that uses chemical symbols and numbers as subscripts to represent the type and number of atoms that are present in the smallest unit of the substance. Chemical Reaction Coefficient The process by which one or more substances change to produce one or more different substances. A number placed in front of a chemical symbol or formula in order to balance the equation.

6 Law of Conservation of Matter The mass of all reactants must equal the mass of all products. Matter is neither created nor destroyed. 8.5E Chemical Reactions Products Reactant Subscript Chemical Equation A substance produced during a chemical reaction A substance that takes part in and undergoes change during a reaction A number written below and to the right of a chemical symbol that shows the number of a specific type of atom present. Chemical formulas and symbols written to represent a reaction Chemical Reaction Evidence Endothermic Exothermic Precipitate Reactant Substance The process by which one or more substances change to produce one or more different substances. indication that an event has occured a process that absorbs heat a process that releases heat a solid that is deposited from a solution A substance that takes part in and undergoes change during a reaction Elements or compounds that can only be separated or combined to make substances with new properties by means of a chemical reaction.

7 Products 8.6A Unbalanced Forces At Rest Balanced Forces Direction Force Friction A substance produced during a chemical reaction The state of an object when it is not in motion. separate forces on an object that combined do not change the movement of the object a straight path that an object can move along A push or pull that can change the motion of an object. force that opposes the motion of one surface across another 8.6B Speed, Velocity, and Acceleration Motion Net Force Speed Unbalanced Forces Acceleration Frame of Reference The change in an object's positon with respect to time and in comparison to the postion of other objects used as reference points. The sum of all the forces acting on an object. The measurement of the rate of change of position with respect to time. Forces on an object that cause change in the motion of the object. the rate of change in an object's speed a system that uses axes or background objects to measure the position or movement of an object Motion The change in an object's positon with respect to time and in comparison to the postion of other objects used as reference points.

8 Speed The measurement of the rate of change of position with respect to time. 8.6C Laws of Force and Motion Velocity Acceleration Action At Rest Force Inertia Magnitude Newton's Law of Action-Reaction Newton's Law of Force and Acceleration Newton's Law of Inertia Measurement of speed and direction of an object. the rate of change in an object's speed the way that something causes a change The state of an object when it is not in motion. A push or pull that can change the motion of an object. The tendency of a physical object to remain still or continue moving, unless force is applied. the size or quantity of something Newton's law that states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction is often referred to as Newton's Third Law of Motion Acceleration of an object depends on the object's mass and magnitute of the force acting upon it (F=ma) is often referred to as Newtons's Second Law of Motion. An object at rest stays at rest or an object in motion stays in motion until unbalanced forces act upon it. This is often referred to as Newton's First Law of Motion.

9 8.7A Rotation and Revolution Reaction Unbalanced Forces Axis Direct Hemisphere Indirect Orbital Path Revolve, Revolution Rotate, Rotation Seasons Resistance or force of equal magnitude acting in the opposite direction to an action force. Forces on an object that cause change in the motion of the object. the imaginary line through the Earth that extends from the north pole to the south pole and is the center of the Earth's rotation the shortest possible way without intermediates half of a sphere; the Earth and the celestial sphere can be divided into northern and southern or eastern and western hemispheres any way other than the shortest way, possibly involving intermediates The gravitationally-curved path of an object around a point in space move in an elliptical path around a center To spin on an axis; the spinning of Earth on its axis that causes day and night to occur The four natural divisions of the year based on changes in temperature due to the varied amounts of sunlight (both intensity and number of daylight hours received); caused by the tilt of Earth during revolution

10 Tilt 8.7B Lunar Cycle Crescent Moon First Quarter Moon Full Moon Gibbous Moon Last or Third Quarter Moon Lunar Cycle New Moon Third Quarter Moon Waning Waxing 8.7C Ocean Tides Gravitational Pull The slant of Earth's axis, which is 23.5 degrees from vertical compared to Earth's orbital plane around the Sun, resulting in the North Pole always pointing toward the North Star. Shape of the Moon that is less than a quarter moon. Half of the disk is illuminated, and the cycle is in the waxing phase. Entire disk illuminated. Shape of the Moon that is greater than a quarter moon, but not full. Half of the disk is illuminated, and the cycle is in the waning phase. The Moon s repeated pattern of movement and changes in appearance due to its position relative to the Earth and Sun The phase when the Moon is between the Sun and Earth and none of the illuminated portion is seen from Earth. Half of the disk is illuminated, and the cycle is in the waning phase. weakening or getting smaller growing or getting larger The attraction between two objects due to the invisible force of gravity; the gravitational pull from the Moon is primarily responsible for the tides that form on Earth

11 Last or Third Quarter Moon Last Quarter Moon Neap Tide Ocean Tide Spring Tide Tidal Effect Lunar Cycle First Quarter Moon Full Moon High Tide Low Tide Half of the disk is illuminated, and the cycle is in the waning phase. When the tide is at its greatest elevation. Tides with the smallest daily tidal range which occur when the Sun, Earth, and Moon form a 90 degree angle. Daily changes in the level of ocean water Tides with the largest daily tidal range which occur when the Sun, Earth, and Moon line up with each other. the force of gravity is not uniform across an object; it is stronger on the side closer to the attracting object and weaker on the side farther from the attracting object; causes the tides The Moon s repeated pattern of movement and changes in appearance due to its position relative to the Earth and Sun Half of the disk is illuminated, and the cycle is in the waxing phase. Entire disk illuminated. When the tide is at its greatest elevation. When the tide level is at its lowest elevation.

12 8.8A Components of the Universe Black Hole Eliptical Shaped Galaxy Galaxy Hertzsprung- Russell Diagram Irregular Shaped Galaxy Lenticular Shaped Galaxy Luminosity/Brightn ess Main Sequence Nebula the remains of a star or other large object that collapsed under its own gravity to form a superdense object with gravity so strong that light cannot escape its pull A galaxy with a long oval shape, a bright center, no apparent internal structure or spiral arms, and very little dust or gas. A large grouping of stars in space. A plot of the surface temperature (color) of stars vs. their luminosity (brightness). A galaxy with very little symmetry that does not fit into any category Galaxy with a central bulge or bar with short arms, if any are present. the intensity of light from a celestial body that can be used to identify the body's characteristics Stable stars in the middle developmental phases that plot along a continuous diagonal belt on the H-R Diagram. Large cloud of gas and dust in interstellar space; the location of star formation. Spiral Shaped Galaxy A galaxy with a bulge in the center and very distinct long arms winding around the center.

13 Star Supernova Universe 8.8B The Sun Dust Lanes Galactic Center Milky Way Galaxy Scale Model Solar Mass Speed of Light Spiral Arms Sun A self-luminous celestial body consisting of a mass of gas held together by its own gravity in which the energy is generated by nuclear reactions in its interior. The death of a large star by explosion. All space and the matter space contains. Bands of dust that appear as dark ribbons against the bright stars in a galaxy. rotation center of a galaxy the galaxy in which the Earth and Sun are located A representation of an object that is accurate in its proportions to the actual object. Used in astronomy as a standard unit to compare the size of other stars with our Sun. How fast light travels (i.e., 300,000 km/s). streaming arcs of millions of stars swirling around the center of a spiral armed galaxy such as the Milky Way The luminous star around which the Earth and other planets revolve; composed mainly of hydrogen and helium.

14 8.8C Electromagnetic Spectrum Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) Electromagnetic radiation left over from early development of the universe that fills the universe; detected with a radio telescope and is key proof of the Big Bang theory of the origin of the universe. Electromagnetic Radiation Electromagnetic Spectrum Gamma Rays Infared Waves Light Waves The type of energy released by stars consisting of electric and magnetic waves that travel at the speed of light. A grouping of all possible energy levels of electromagnetic radiation from radio waves to gamma rays, including visible light. Electromagnetic waves with the highest energy; produced by supernovas, the destruction of atoms, or the decay of radioactive material. Electromagnetic waves with longer wavelengths than visible light but shorter than radio waves. Electromagnetic waves with a shorter wavelength than visible light but longer than X-rays. Micro Waves Electromagnetic waves that are between radio waves and infrared waves in the electromagnetic spectrum.

15 Radiation Radio Astronomy Radio Waves Red Shift Ultraviolet Waves Wavelength X-Rays 8.8D Light Years Light Year 8.8E Origins of the Universe Speed of Light Big Band Theory the transfer of energy by the movement of electromagnetic waves or subatomic particles The study of celestial objects that emit radio waves. Electromagnetic waves with long wavelengths and low frequencies. The change in wavelength that allows us to determine if an object is moving toward us or away from us. Electromagnetic waves with a shorter wavelength than visible light but longer than X-rays. The distance between any two corresponding points on successive oscillations of a wave, such as from peak to peak. Electromagnetic waves that are the second highest in energy and are used in medical and astronomical applications. A unit of length equal to the distance that light travels through space in one year. How fast light travels (i.e., 300,000 km/s). A theory that says the universe began as a small point that expanded rapidly about 13.7 billion years ago.

16 8.9AB Plate Tectonic Theory Origin Scientific Theory Universe Asthenosphere Continental Drift the place or form from which something comes or is derived Unifying scientific explanations for a broad range of hypotheses and observations that have been supported by scientific experiments. All space and the matter space contains. The solid layer with plasticity in the upper mantle that is located just below the lithosphere; lithospheric plates "float" and move on this layer The theory that continents were once connected but have drifted apart. Convection Currents Convergent Boundary with Mountain Building A cyclical motion occurs because of density differences in the mantle. Heated, less dense lower regions of the fluid mantle rise, and denser, cooler regions sink due to gravity. The combined motions serve as the engine for crustal plate movement. A major geological event; occurs when continental plates of equal density converge. Convergent Boundary with Subduction The boundary between two tectonic plates moving toward each other resulting in volcanic activity when a denser ocean plate subducts, or moves below a continental plate or another oceanic plate.

17 Divergent Boundary Fossils Lithosphere Oceanic Trench Plate Tectonic Theory Occurs when two tectonic plates move away from each other the mineralized remains of organisms, showing how long-dead organisms lived and how their bodies were structured Cool, rigid, outermost layer of Earth that is divided into enormous pieces called tectonic plates; consists of the crust and the rigid uppermost part of the mantle Deep and narrow depressions in the seafloor where the subducted plate moves into the asthenosphere. Theory that the lithosphere is divided into tectonic plates that slowly move on top of the asthenosphere. Sea Floor Spreading Evidence Subduction A parallel pattern of rock material found at identical locations on each side of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge reveals rock of the same geologic age and polarity. The process in which a denser plate is pushed downward beneath a less dense plate when plates converge; occurs at continental to oceanic boundaries and oceanic to oceanic boundaries.

18 Transform Boundary 8.9C Erosional Features Contour Lines Elevation Erosion Erosional Features Index Contour Satellite Views Sediment Deposition Topographic Map Weathering The boundary between two plates that slide past one another -- sudden shifts that result in major geological events such as earthquakes and the release of stored energy. A line on a map that connects points with the same elevation. the distance above sea level The process by which water, ice, wind, and gravity remove and transport sediments from one place to another Earth s surface that shows evidence of the natural processes of weathering and the removal and relocation of weathered materials. A thicker line marking every 5th contour line of a map. Photos or images from taken of Earth from space Occurs when solid fragments of weathered rock are eroded (moved) and then dropped into a new place by wind, water, ice, and gravity. A map showing changes in elevation of Earth s surface. The mechanical or chemical processes that break rocks into smaller pieces and sometimes change the chemical composition.

19 8.10A The Sun's Energy Air Pressure Anemometer Atmosphere Convection Coriolis Effect Ocean Currents Solar Radiation Thermal Energy The force exerted by the atmosphere on Earth's surface by the weight of the air above the surface. A scientific tool used to measure wind speed. The whole mass of air surrounding Earth made up of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and other trace gases. heat transfer caused by the rising of hotter, less dense fluids and the falling of cooler, more dense fluids The apparent deflection of moving air, as seen by an observer on Earth, is a result of Earth's rotation. A directional movement of ocean water; surface currents result from steady winds over the ocean surface; deep currents result from density variations due to temperature and salinity differences. The electromagnetic energy emitted from the Sun. A form of energy internal to matter as the total kinetic energy (motion) of atoms and molecules in matter. The faster the atoms move, the warmer the matter.

20 Wind 8.10B Weather Maps Air Mass Air Pressure Atmospheric Movement Barometer Cold Front Warm Front Weather A natural movement of air sometimes with considerable force from an area of high density and pressure to an area of low density and pressure. Bodies of air extending over large areas (1,000 miles or more) that develop and retain specific characteristics of pressure, temperature, and humidity. The force exerted by the atmosphere on Earth's surface by the weight of the air above the surface. Global air circulation patterns within the atmosphere held to Earth by gravity and warmed as heat radiates from Earth; influenced by convection of warm less dense air (rises and spreads out) and cold dense air (sinks). An instrument that measures the amount of atmospheric pressure. the border between an advancing mass of cold air and a receding mass of warmer air the boundary between an advancing warm air mass and a receding cooler air mass The day-to-day state of the atmosphere.

21 8.10C Oceans and Weather Weather Map Low Pressure Air Mass High Pressure Air Mass Humidity Condensation Evaporation Humidity Hurricane A map or chart that shows the weather conditions at a specific point in time over a specific region. An air mass with less atmospheric pressure than the surrounding air masses; air moves toward the low pressure, traveling in a counter-clockwise direction in the northern hemisphere and a clockwise direction in the southern hemisphere an air mass with greater atmospheric pressure that the surrounding air masses; air moves away from the center of the high pressure, traveling in a clockwise direction in the northern hemisphere and a counter-clockwise direction in the southern hemisphere Amount of water vapor or moisture content in air. The change from gas state to liquid state. change of a liquid to a vapor or gas Amount of water vapor or moisture content in air. A large, tropical weather system consisting of an extremely low pressure air mass with heavy rains and wind speeds of at least 119km/h.

22 Ocean Currents Weather System A directional movement of ocean water; surface currents result from steady winds over the ocean surface; deep currents result from density variations due to temperature and salinity differences. A specific set of weather conditions occurring in the lowest levels of the atmosphere, reflecting the configuration of air movement. Wind Low Pressure Air Mass A natural movement of air sometimes with considerable force from an area of high density and pressure to an area of low density and pressure. An air mass with less atmospheric pressure than the surrounding air masses; air moves toward the low pressure, traveling in a counter-clockwise direction in the northern hemisphere and a clockwise direction in the southern hemisphere 8.11A Relations in a Food Web Aquatic Ecosystem Autotroph Carnivore Consumer An ecosystem that is located in bodies of water. an organism that obtains its nutrition from simple, inorganic compounds an animal that eats other animals An organism that feeds on other organisms in a food chain

23 Decomposer Energy Pyramid Food Chain Food Web Freshwater Ecosystem Herbivore Heterotroph Host Organisms such as bacteria and fungi that break down the remains of dead plants and animals without need for internal digestion. A diagram that shows the trophic levels of organisms in a food web. a single, linear path showing the flow of energy from the sun to producer and through different levels of consumers overlapping food chains with different pathways for the flow of food energy in an ecosystem An ecosystem found in streams, lakes, and rivers where the water has less than 1% salt content. An organism that consumes only plants. An organism that must use other organisms for food, such as animals. an organism upon or within which another organism lives Marine Ecosystem Omnivore An ecosystem found in oceans, seas, and gulfs where the water has a salt content of at least 3.5% An organism that consumes both animals and plants. Parasite An organism that survives on a host organism and causes harm to the host.

24 Predator Prey Producer Terrestrial Ecosystem Trophic Level 8.11B Interdependence Abiotic Factors Biotic Factors Competition Ecosystem an animal that lives by killing and eating other animals an animal that is eaten by another animal an organism that makes complex, energy containing biomolecules from simple inorganic molecules using energy captured from light or inorganic chemical compounds An ecosystem that is found on land. The position an organism occupies on the food web. Non-living factors that affect the ecosystem: light, space, temperature, shelter, water, soil composition. factors that are living or produced by living things More than one individual or population in an ecosystem relies upon the same limited resources. a system comprising all the biotic and abiotic factors in an area and all the interactions among them 8.11C Environmental Changes Adaptation a process by which a population becomes better suited to its environment by increasing the frequencies of alleles that provide benefits to survival and reproduction

25 Climate Extinct Average weather conditions for a region year after year. the permanent disappearance of a species from the Earth Long-Term Environmental Change Short-Term Environmental Change Pollution Environmental change that occurs slowly over time and affects organisms over generations. an environmental change that happens quickly but does not last a long time Harmful substance that contaminate a natural environment. 8.11D Human Effect On Resources Artificial Reef Climate Change Invasive Species Over-Fishing a man-made, underwater structure that promotes the growth of reef-dwelling aquatic organisms a long-term change in the prevailing environmental conditions in a part of the Earth a species that enters an area from somewhere else and disrupts the native ecosystem taking more fish out of an ecosystem than can be replaced by the reproductive rates of the remaining populations Runoff Rainfall and surface water that drains or flows from the land into streams, rivers, lakes, or the ocean.