MODIS and VIIRS Reflective Solar Bands Calibration, Performance, and Inter-comparison
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1 EOS MODIS and VIIRS Reflective Solar Bands Calibration, Performance, and Inter-comparison Jack Xiong 1, Aisheng Wu 1, and Changyong Cao 2 1. NASA/GSFC; 2. NOAA/STAR Other Contributors: NASA MCST and VCST GSICS Users Workshop, College Park, April 8,
2 Outline Background MODIS and VIIRS On-orbit Calibration Solar and Lunar Calibration On-orbit Performance Sensor Performance Calibration Inter-comparison Summary 2
3 Background Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Key instrument for NASA EOS Terra and Aqua missions 20 reflective solar bands (RSB) and 16 thermal emissive bands (TEB) RSB spectral wavelengths: m; TEB: m Spatial resolution: 250 m (2 bands), 500 m (5 bands), and 1 km (29 bands) Visible/Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) Key instrument for S-NPP and future JPSS missions 14 reflective solar bands (RSB), 7 thermal emissive bands (TEB), and 1 day night band (DNB) RSB spectral wavelengths: m ; TEB: m Spatial resolution: 375 m for I bands and DNB; 750 m for M bands Aqua MODIS is currently used as the reflective solar calibration reference VIIRS, with strong MODIS heritage, should be considered as a future reference sensor 3
4 MODIS and VIIRS Spectral Bands Dual gain band Similar MODIS bands 4
5 MODIS and VIIRS On-orbit Calibration Same On-board Calibrators Solar Diffuser Solar Diffuser Stability Monitor (SDSM) Space View (SV) Solar Calibration MODIS: Regular SD/SDSM observations (SD door opens only during scheduled SD/SDSM calibration) VIIRS: Continuous SD calibration (no SD door) in each orbit with SDSM currently scheduled on a daily basis Lunar Calibration same strategy Regularly scheduled at nearly the same phase angle Observed through SV port SC roll maneuvers 5
6 MODIS Solar Calibration EV Reflectance Factor: SD dc dc SD Sun SD: SD degradation factor SD: SD screen vignetting function d: Earth-Sun distance dn*: Corrected digital number dc: Digital count of SDSM 6
7 MODIS Lunar Calibration Aqua MODIS B1 Lunar Images gain 1/m 1 m 1 f (view _ geometry) * dn Moon Geometric Factors MODIS SD and lunar observations are made at different scan angles f f phase angle f libration f over sampling 2 d Sun Moon 2 d Modis Moon 7
8 Similar to MODIS VIIRS On-orbit Calibration Linear algorithm for MODIS; Quadratic algorithm for VIIRS More stringent limit for lunar calibration roll angles m 1 => F-factor SD => H-factor 8
9 On-orbit Performance Sensor Performance Changes in RSB Response SD Degradation Calibration Inter-comparison (preliminary results) SNO Libya-4 Desert Aqua MODIS and S-NPP VIIRS 9
10 MODIS RSB On-orbit Performance SD MS Ratio (gains from SD) Moon Large Changes in VIS (including mirror side dependence and AOI dependency) 10
11 VIIRS RSB On-orbit Performance Lunar gains normalized to 4/2/ , 0.44, 0.49 Little change for HAM side and AOI dependence Large changes in NIR/SWIR response Noticeable SD and Lunar calibration difference in VIS (M1-M3) Future Calibration Improvements: Use of modulated RSR 11
12 Aqua MODIS (~11 yr) SD On-orbit Degradation SD On-orbit Degradation Tracked by On-board SDSM S-NPP VIIRS (~1.5 yr) VIIRS has no SD door: Large degradation in SD BRF Potential impact on SD calibration 12
13 Calibration Inter-comparison Approaches SNO Libya-4 desert Methodologies Common region of interest (ROI): 20 km by 10 km Cloud screening (spatial uniformity checking) Correction for sensor RSR difference (MODTRAN simulation) Correction for site-dependent BRDF effect (MODIS based BRDF) BRDF (θ,ψ,φ) = K 0 + K 1 f 1 (θ,ψ,φ) + K 2 f 2 (θ,ψ,φ) References: Roujean J.L. et al. 1992, JGR; Wu et al., 1995, JGR; Schaaf, C.B., 2002, RSE 13
14 Sensor RSR and Solar Irradiance Model MODIS Esun VIIRS Esun VIIRS to MODIS radiance ratios determined using sensor RSR and Esun models for their spectrally matched bands 0.9 M1/B8 M2/B9 M3/B10 M4/B4 M5/B1 M6/B15 M7/B2 I1/B1 I2/B2 14
15 MODTRAN5 Simulations VIIRS/MODIS Reflectance Ratio M5: 0. Input options include a standard atmospheric profile (U.S. 1976), a standard aerosol model, a fixed viewing angle, a wide range of solar angle & atmospheric water content, and surfacetype dependent spectral reflectances. Ocean Desert Snow Cloud 15
16 Reflectance Trending (Aqua MODIS; Libya 4) 0. Long-term reflectance trending (MODIS C6 ) shows that the site is stable to within 1% 0. Good reference site to track the sensor onorbit calibration performance 0. Linear Regression 16
17 Inter-comparison Results SNO Libya-4 update 16-day repeatable orbits Linear regression to data after 4/10/
18 Inter-comparison Results SNO Libya-4 18
19 Inter-comparison Results SNO Libya-4 19
20 Inter-comparison Results SNO Libya-4 Before RSR correction Before RSR correction After RSR correction After RSR correction Correction based on MODTRAN5 simulations with averaged atmospheric conditions (std. atmo. profile, 1.0 gcm-2 atmo. water content for SNO, 5.0 gcm-2 for desert) 20
21 Inter-comparison Results MODIS and VIIRS Reflectance Ratios Band M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 I1 I2 MU SNO * % Libya N/A N/A % MODT % Diff -0.5% -1.9% 0.1% 1.8% 2.2% 1.2% 1.3% -1.1% 3.3% ±2.0% Values are derived using observations after day 100 of 2012 MU Measurement or model uncertainty (%); MU for M6 ratios is noticeably higher than 2% due to early saturation for the MODIS matching band Diff RSR corrected calibration difference (from SNO) between VIIRS SDR and MODIS L1B (C6) 21
22 Future Effort and Improvements Long-term trending with consistent time series (data products) MODIS C6 VIIRS consistently calibrated (reprocessed) radiances and reflectances Sensor calibration improvements Mirror degradation modeling Consistency between SD and lunar calibration Degradation impact analysis and mitigation strategy o Use of modulated RSR o SD degradation impact on sensor and SDSM calibration RSR Solar Irrad. 22
23 Summary Both MODIS and VIIRS RSB are well calibrated (joint effort by a gov-led SDR team), meeting specified sensor design requirements Same on-board calibrators (OBC) Similar calibration methodologies Similar SD degradation (larger at shorter wavelengths) Different trend for sensor/detector response (due to different causes) On-orbit calibration differences between MODIS and VIIRS RSB are generally within 2% (except 3% for I3) Future improvements with reprocessed SDR Effort for future improvements VIIRS mirror degradation impact (modulated RSR) Larger SD degradation impact (reflected solar spectra) SDSM detector OOB response (not discussed here) 23
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