AST Stars and Planets. Fall 2017 Marten van Kerkwijk
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1 AST Stars and Planets Fall 2017 Marten van Kerkwijk
2 What is a star?
3 MOSTLY ALWAYS Star's life: Protracted battle with gravity To support weight: need high pressure need high temperature will loose energy need energy source: - Gravitational contraction - Nuclear fusion Ultimately, Can something else than thermal pressure balance gravity?
4 What is a planet?
5 What is a planet?
6 AST Stars and Planets 1) Introduction to astronomy concepts & phenomena 2) Solidify 1st year physics & math application & understanding 3) Problem solving skills intuition & estimation This is a quantitative course. Applied physics! laws of gravity, Kepler's laws hydrodynamics, hydrostatic equilibrium radiation, interaction of light and matter nuclear physics, quantum physics matter-matter interaction, equation of state optics, duality of photons
7 AST Stars and Planets Book: Introduction to Modern Astrophysics, 2nd edition, Carroll & Ostlie, Addison-Wesley Lectures: MWF12, Cody Hall (AB 107) (MW lectures and F tutorial, typically) Lecturer: Ofce hours: Marten van Kerkwijk MF, after class, or by appointment TAs: Ryan Cloutier Sasha Kostenko Be there
8 AST Stars and Planets first one posted! Problem sets (35%) five sets, due every other Friday;y discussion OK, but write up yourself! Presentation (10%) ~10 minutes, half talk, half discussion;y joint with another student;y see web site Midterm (20%) In-class, 50-minute, open-book exam Final (35%) 3-hour, calculator-only exam (will get list of constants)
9 Local supercluster 100 times 10 times 60 million light-years Local group 100 times 14 billion light-years Universe contains ~100 billion galaxies 2.5 million light-years Milky Way galaxy contains ~100 billion stars 28,000 light-years 100 million times Earth 0.04 light-seconds Solar system 1 million times 8 light-minutes Speed of light: 3x108 m/s (300,000 km/s)
10 Distance measures AU: astronomical unit, mean Earth-Sun distance (1.496x1011 m) Mercury 0.4 AU ;y Mars 1.5 AU;y Pluto 39.5 AU pc: parsec, defned as the distance at which 1 AU is 1'' 1 parsec = 1 AU * 180*60*60/π ~ 200,000 AU ~ 3x1016 m closest star Cen system, Proxima Centauri: 1.3 pc (4.3 light-yr) galactic center: ~8 kpc nearest small galaxy Large Magellanic Cloud: ~50 kpc nearest normal galaxy Andromeda: ~780 kpc observable universe: ~4 Gpc (speed of light x age of universe of 13 Gyr) arcsecond (''): a circle 360 deg(o);y each deg (o) has 60 arcminutes ('), each arcminute (') has 60 arcseconds ('') 1 radian = 180/π deg;y whole sky: 4π ster-radian = 4 π (180/π) (180/π) = 3602/π ~ 4 x104 square degrees angular resolution of human eye ~ 1 arcminute (difraction limit of 6 mm pupil & matched cone siee in retina) precision of pre-telescope astronomy best current day angular resolution ~ milli-arcsecond
11 Brightness measure magnitude: a logarithmic brightness scale diference of 5 mag. = factor 100 in brightness larger values are dimmer apparent magnitude (m): brightness as observed Sun mv = , Sirius (brightest star on sky) mv = human eyes see down to mv = +6 (telescope down to m=+30) absolute magnitude (M): m at 10pc, intrinsic brightness Sun MV = +4.83, Sirius MV = m-m = 5 log10 (d/10pc) Cones on retina 6mm 22mm 5 mm = mm
12 Stars: Formation Stellar birth in M 17 M17 star formation region
13 Stellar structure and evolution: X-ray Sun
14 Stellar death Death throws of Eta Carinae Lost envelope in the Helix nebula Mysterious rings in SN 1987A
15 Stellar corpses such as the Crab pulsar and its nebula
16 Planets and their formation Hamburger, a proto-planetary nebula Earth from the Moon Saturn and its rings
17 Extra-solar planets 2M J1207B, first directly imaged one 1RXS J1609B, first one around a solar-mass star
18 History of the Universe in 200 words or less Quantum fuctuation. Infation. Expansion. Strong nuclear interaction. Particle-antiparticle annihilation. Deuterium and helium production. Density perturbations. Recombination. Blackbody radiation. Local contraction. Cluster formation. Reionieation? Violent relaxation. Virialieation. Biased galaxy formation? Turbulent fragmentation. Contraction. Ionieation. Compression. Opaque hydrogen. Massive star formation. Deuterium ignition. Hydrogen fusion. Hydrogen depletion. Core contraction. Envelope expansion. Helium fusion. Carbon, oxygen, and silicon fusion. Iron production. Implosion. Supernova explosion. Metals injection. Star formation. Supernova explosions. Star formation. Condensation. Planetesimal accretion. Planetary diferentiation. Crust solidification. Volatile gas expulsion. Water condensation. Water dissociation. Oeone production. Ultraviolet absorption. Photosynthetic unicellular organisms. Oxidation. Mutation. Natural selection and evolution. Respiration. Cell diferentiation. Sexual reproduction. Fossilieation. Land exploration. Dinosaur extinction. Mammal expansion. Glaciation. Homo sapiens manifestation. Animal domestication. Food surplus production. Civilieation! Innovation. Exploration. Religion. Warring nations. Empire creation and destruction. Exploration. Colonieation. Taxation without representation. Revolution. Constitution. Election. Expansion. Industrialieation. Rebellion. Emancipation Proclamation. Invention. Mass production. Urbanieation. Immigration. World confagration. League of Nations. Sufrage extension. Depression. World confagration. Fission explosions. United Nations. Space exploration. Assassinations. Lunar excursions. Resignation. Computerieation. World Trade Organieation. Terrorism. Internet expansion. Reunification. Dissolution. World-Wide Web creation. Composition. Extrapolation? [ 1997 by Eric Schulman. Reprinted from the Annals of Improbable Research (Vol. 3, No. 1). Used with permission.]
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