Stellar Evolution: Outline

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1 Stellar Evolution: Outline Interstellar Medium (dust) Hydrogen and Helium Small amounts of Carbon Dioxide (makes it easier to detect) Massive amounts of material between 100,000 and 10,000,000 solar masses Gravitational Collapse of dust Competing forces of pressure and gravity where gravity wins Collapse ignites nuclear fuel Causes stellar birth and stellar death

2 Stellar Evolution: Outline part 2 Contraction of the cloud Slow gravitational pull on particles (million years or so) Collapsing cloud becomes opaque and heats up Temperature increases therefore pressure increase Slows contraction Several million years Shines in IR (is not ignited yet) Eventually core gets hot enough to initiate hydrogen fusion

3 Proto-star Proto-star The beginnings of a star 10,000,000 K at which point hydrogen fuses to helium Star is ignited Burns due to nuclear fusion Star reaches an equilibrium with gravity Pressure and gravity are equal Will stay equal until gravity wins again death When star transitions into a real star the star is called a Zero Age Main Sequence (ZAMS) star.

4 Fusion produces a star Hydrogen fusion Hydrogen does NOT burn into helium Hydrogen fuses together to form helium H 1 +4 e 2 He2 +2 e This reaction has a mass loss (the right side has less mass then the left side) Mass loss is converted into energy Mass loss is mostly due to binding energy The two protons and two neutrons in the helium atom weights less when then they individually due when binded into a helium atom That mass loss is converted to energy

5 Young Star Young star Many different types Hot and blue Cool and red Low mass, high mass On the main sequence now (H-R diagram) Off main sequence in birth and death In galaxy at right young blue stars are in the arms and older yellowish stars are in the center

6 Energetic Young Star and Jets Young Star Energetic outflows associated with young stars In this picture your star responsible is not seen on the top of the picture Magnetic fields of collapsing rotating clouds are responsible Jets Used to dissipate excess angular momentum (important so the star doesn't tear itself apart)

7 Middle-aged Star Middle-aged Star On main sequence Many different types Generally 0.8 to 8 solar mass No more jets, just a normal star

8 Mature Star Mature Star Hydrogen is used up Nuclear process ceases and gravity starts to win again Inner core compresses Outer layers expand

9 Red Giant Red Giant Outer layer expands Our Sun: passes Earth Hydrogen shell still burns Will fuse helium slowly Triple fusion into carbon Some less massive stars fuse helium fast Helium flash Temperatures rise Helium burns 100,000,000 K allows this fusion to take place ~ years Blue stars Off main sequence

10 Red Giant example

11 Planetary Nebula Planetary Nebula Eventually the star (assuming a normal star ) will eject material This material will spread out into the Universe and will be used again

12 Death of a star Death of a star Low-mass stars Universe isn't old enough to know Medium-mass stars Red Giant for 1 billion years Planetary nebula star to form from instabilities Core is a white dwarf Radiates heat, but has no fuel Eventually turns to a black dwarf Massive stars Fusion goes to heavier elements

13 Supernova Massive stars Fusion goes to iron Iron absorbs energy but cannot fuse...boom Supernova Supernova Neutron stars Electrons go into protons to form neutrons Rapidly rotating Very very dense Size of a city Pulsars Black holes Light does not escape Event horizon Wormhole?

14 Evolution of stars from Alpha to Omega Alpha to Omega On the edges dark clouds where formation of stars begin As we go into the picture stellar nurseries in pillars of dust In the middle young blue stars whose stellar winds blow away the interstellar gas Somewhat right of the cluster is the ring typical of supernovas (like 1987A)

15 FYI: Our Sun

16 Why different wavelengths? Molecular Young Star Disk Molecular Emission in microwave, then infrared Young star Emission in IR, note jets Disk Emits in the IR Mature star Emits in X-ray and UV Mature Star

17 Black Holes Theorized in Newtonian times, but not like the modern black hole idea Forms into a singularity Zero volume Not allowed by Quantum Mechanics... Types Not spinning Event horizon Spinning Kerr-Newman black hole All mass in a singularity Will have an event horizon plus Kerr solution leads to possible wormhole to a negative universe

18 Black Hole Formation Black Hole Formation Stellar Accumulation of extra mass from a companion as in a binary system Stellar remains (like white dwarf or neutron stars) merging Likely will form super massive black holes Galaxies with bulges seem to have super massive black holes NEW EVIDENCE suggests black holes from before the galaxies... Image: Wikipedia

19 Black Hole Eating a Star

20 Black Holes colliding (will merge)

21 Black Holes in Merging Galaxies

22 Micro Black Holes Black Hole Formation Mini-black holes? Have been reported in particle accelerators = fireballs Not a gravitational object however; so... Some believe there were many micro black holes formed at the beginning of the universe and the zip through Earth even today...still needs to be proved.

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