Chapter 13 Notes The Deaths of Stars Astronomy Name: Date:

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1 Chapter 13 Notes The Deaths of Stars Astronomy Name: Date: I. The End of a Star s Life When all the fuel in a star is used up, will win over pressure and the star will die nuclear fuel; gravity High-mass stars will die, in a gigantic explosion called a first; supernova Less massive stars will die in a less dramatic event called a. nova II. Red Dwarfs Stars with less than solar masses 0.4 Hydrogen and helium remain well throughout the entire star remain well mixed No phase of burning with expansion to shell; giant Star not hot enough to ignite burning helium Live such long lives that no have been recorded deaths III. Sunlike stars 0.4 to solar masses 4 develop a core helium Expansion to red giant during hydrogen burning phase shell Ignition of burning in the Helium core helium Formation of a and oxygen core carbon IV. Mass Loss from Stars Stars like our sun are constantly losing mass in a wind (solar wind) stellar The more massive the star, the its stellar wind stronger V. Planetary Nebulae (final breaths of sun-like stars) Remnants of stars with 1 to solar masses a few Radii: to 3 light years 0.2 Less than years old 10,000 Have nothing to do with! planets Often asymmetric, possibly due to: o Stellar wind o fields magnetic o disks around the stars dust VI. White Dwarfs (remnants of sun-like stars) sunlike stars build up a C, O core, which does not ignite fusion carbon He-burning shell keeps dumping C and O onto the core until it and the matter stops reacting, forming a White Dwarf collapses stellar remnant (C, O core) inactive Extremely dense: 1 of WD material has a mass of tons! teaspoon; 16 The more massive a white dwarf, the it is. smaller Eventually, a white dwarf will run out of fuel and form a dwarf black

2 Mass = mass of sun Temp = 25,000 K Luminosity = 0.01L sun Nova Explosions: o accumulates on the surface of the white dwarf hydrogen o Very hot, dense layer of non- hydrogen on the WD surface fusing o Explosive onset of fusion hydrogen o Nova explosion VII. The Fate of our Sun and the End of Earth Sun will expand to a red giant in billion years 5 Expands to radius Earth s Earth will then be incinerate Sun MAY form a nebula (but uncertain) planetary Sun s C, O core will become a dwarf white VIII. The Deaths of Massive Stars: Supernovae Final stages of fusion in high-mass stars ( solar masses) leading to the formation of an core, happen extremely rapidly: burning only lasts for about day greater than 8; iron; silicon; one Iron core ultimately, triggering an explosion that destroys the star: A! Collapses; supernova The shocks of supernova remnants accelerate and electrons to extremely high energies and are called Rays. Protons; cosmic Nearby supernovae ( less than light years) could kill many life forms on Earth through radiation and high-energy particles. 50; gamma At this time, no star capable of producing a supernova is less than 50 ly away. Most massive star known (about solar masses) is light years from Earth. 100; 25, Reading Questions: Neutron Stars 1. The death of a star could leave behind a star, an object containing a little over solar mass compressed to a radius of about and heated to high temperatures. massive; neutron; one; 10 kilometers 2. What fantastic things doe the properties of neutrons suggest? They spin the way electrons do, are packed together tightly, become degenerate, and are much more dense than white dwarfs. 3 White dwarfs are supported by degenerate while neutron stars might be supported by degenerate. electrons; neutrons 4. Neutron stars are left at the core of a star after a. supernova

3 5. Atomic physics gives us an explanation of how the collapsing core of a massive star could form a neutron star. Explain (make sure you include neutrino in your explanation) If the core mass is greater than 1.4M sun, it s too unstable to form a white dwarf, so the core continues to collapse until the nuclei are broken apart and the protons combine with electrons to become neutrons with the emission of neutrinos. The neutrino burst blows the star apart and the core becomes a neutron star. 6. A star of solar masses or less could lose enough mass to die as a planetary nebula leaving behind a. More massive stars up to a limit of about solar masses will lose mass rapidly but will face death as a explosion leaving behind a neutron star. 8; white dwarf; 15; supernova 7. Give the diameter, density, and weight of a neutron star. Diameter = 20 km approx; density = gm/cm; weight = 100 million tons per cm 3! 8. Why is it suggested that neutron stars should be hot? They have collapsed core with great pressure, but with little surface area to radiate away energy. 9. Why is it thought that neutron stars should rotate so fast? As a body collapses, it will rotate faster because of conservation of angular momentum like an ice skater spinning faster with arms pulled into the body. 10. Why is it thought that neutron stars should have a strong magnetic field? The star s magnetic field is now in a much smaller space, so the field is stronger. 11. Pulsar is short for. pulsing star 12. What evidence supports that fact that only a neutron star can be a pulsar? A normal star is too big to pulse so fast. A star with a hot spot can t spin fast enough to produce pulses. Even a small white dwarf would fly apart. They can t be larger than 300 km in diameter. 13. Describe what pulsar wind is and what it does. It is a powerful outflow of high-speed particles. It carries away energy produced by the neutron star. 14. What is a glitch? What 2 things are suggested to cause them? It is a sudden increase in the pulse rate of a neutron star. It suggests 1) starquakes and 2) internal vortices 15. Explain what a magnetar is. A neutron star with a very strong magnetic field.

4 16. Dozens of binary pulsars have been found: by analyzing the shifts in their pulse periods, astronomers can estimate the of the neutron stars. Typical masses are about solar masses. Doppler; mass; What would happen to an astronaut that stepped on the surface of a neutron star and why? The astronaut would be crushed to a layer of mater only 1 atom thick! 18. If you dropped a single marshmallow onto the surface of a neutron star from a distance of AU, it would hit with an impact equivalent to a. 1; 3 megaton nuclear warhead 19. What is a millisecond pulsar? Explain how pulse period is related to rotation period. It is a pulsar with a pulse period almost as short as a millisecond. The pulse equals the rotational period. 20. Summarize the section of the chapter entitled Pulsar Planets. Pulsar planets are planets discovered to be orbiting around a neutron star that pulses so exactly that astronomers can detect slight fluctuations (using atomic clocks) in the pulse period, and then infer the mass and distance for these planets. These planets are likely the remnants of a stellar companion that was eaten by a neutron star. They could not be ordinary planets because it could not have survived the star s giant or supergiant stage, nor it s supernova explosion Reading Questions: Black Holes 1. Just like white dwarfs, there is a mass limit for neutron stars. i. Neutron stars cannot exist with masses 3 solar masses 2. With a greater mass, it will collapse into a single point called a. singularity 3. Define escape velocity. The velocity an object needs to achieve to escape the gravity of a celestial body. 4. What is the relationship between escape velocity on earth and earth s radius? The escape velocity depends inversely on the Earth s radius. The smaller the radius, the larger the escape velocity, given a constant mass.

5 5. What is the Schwarzschild radius? The outer edge of an event horizon. 6. Define event horizon. The boundary between the isolated spacetime and the rest of the universe. An event inside the event horizon is invisible to other observer. 7. Why can t we know what is happening inside of the Schwarzschild radius? Because gravity is so strong it doesn t allow even light to escape, so no visual evidence exists. 8. Why do astronomers say black holes have no hair? Once matter forms a black hole, it loses almost all of its normal properties. 9. What three properties of matter are retained? Mass, angular momentum, and electrical charge. 10. Why would an object be stretched and squeezed as it approached a black hole? Gravity pulls greater on the part closer to the black hole. 11. Explain time dilation. Clocks slow down in curved spacetime. 12. Explain gravitational red shift. Light gets longer in wavelength and therefore more red in color. 13. For each of the three end states of stars, explain how you would predict if a new star forming in a nebula would end up in this state: a. supernova A star with 0.4 solar masses can end with explosion b. neutron star A star with 3 to 8 solar masses can go supernova and end with a neutron star. c. black hole A star with solar masses will collapse and produce a black hole.

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