Solar System. A collection of planets, asteroids, etc that are gravitationally bound to the Sun
|
|
- Shannon Fields
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Introduction Inventory of the Solar System Major Characteristics Distances & Timescales Spectroscopy Abundances, Rocks & Minerals Half-Life Some Definitions and Key Equations
2 Solar System A collection of planets, asteroids, etc that are gravitationally bound to the Sun
3 Inventory of the Solar System 1 Star 8 Planets + at least 4 dwarf planets 4 Planetary Ring Systems > 60 Natural Satellites (i.e., moons) > 4000 Numbered Asteroids ~ comets Zodiacal Dust Cloud Solar Wind / Solar Magnetic Field 70,000 Kuiper Belt Objects (with diameters > 100 km)
4 Major Characteristics of the Solar System Orbits of planets are co-planar Orbits of planets are nearly circular (exceptions Mercury, Kuiper Belt Objects, & comets) Motion of Planets are prograde Planetary spins are prograde, with periods of hours (exceptions Venus, Uranus, and Pluto) Terrestrial planets (Mercury!Mars) have refractory (bits of rocks) compositions, and the Jovian planets are gaseous The Jovian planets resemble mini-solar systems (many satellites) Solar system is transparent (i.e., dust free)
5 Distances & Timescales Astronomical unit - the average distance between the Earth & Sun. 1 AU = 150 million kilometers or 8.3 light minutes Sun to Pluto ~ 40 AU or 5.5 light hours Sun to Nearest Star ~ 4.2 light years Size of our Galaxy ~ 150,000 light years
6 Parsec - a commonly used measure of distance in extragalactic astronomy Method: Parallax the apparent displacement of an object caused by the motion of the observer Earth #Sun Distance " = Distance to Star A star with a parallax angle of 1 is at a distance of 1 pc = 3.1x10 16 m (~ 3.25 light years). I.e., D star = D 1AU " = 1AU 1" # 3600" 1 # 180 $ = 3.1%1016 m =1pc
7 Age of the Universe Hubble Diagram (1926) v (km s -1 ) the Doppler motion "# / # = v / c R (Mpc), where f ~ R -2. So, v ~ R, v = H 0 R
8 Age of the Universe Hubble Diagram (1926) H 0 = 75 km s -1 Mpc -1 t H = R/v = 1/H 0 = 13.1x10 9 yr ago (~ Age of Universe) Note: We ve ignored acceleration/deceleration for this calculation Present accepted value = 13.7x10 9 yr
9 Age of the solar system By comparison, we know through radioactive dating of rocks that the solar system is 4.5x10 9 yr old Thus the solar system formed when the Universe was 2/3 its present age
10 Typical spiral galaxy - Milky Way Number of stars ~ Mass ~ M sun How many times has the Sun orbited the galactic center? Distance of Sun from galactic center ~ 8.5 kpc Time for one orbit t = 2!R / v = 2! 8.5 kpc / 250 km s -1 = 2x10 8 yr Thus, the Sun has made 4.5x10 9 / 2.0x10 8 ~ 20 turns around the galactic center
11 How often do stars collide? Volume disk = (thickness)"(radius) 2 = H"R 2 = (3 #10 19 m)"(3#10 20 m) 2 = 8.5 #10 60 m 3 The Number density of stars in the disk is, n = N stars V = 1011 stars 8.5 "10 60 m = "10#50 m #3 The mean cross section, $, of stars is calculated by assuming every star is like the sun, " = #(2R sun ) 2 = 6.08 $10 18 m 2 Mean free path % = 1 n" =1.4 $1028 km
12 Stellar collisions (continued) Given that v random = 40 km s -1, Stars collide every, t collision ~ I.e., not very often " v random =1#10 19 years Note that considering the gravitational cross section only lowers this time by a factor of 100. Thus, while passing stars may effect the motion of small solar system objects in the outer solar system, collisions are not an important part of the evolution of stars and their associated solar systems
13 Spectroscopy Determination of object compositions Note that we can only directly observe the exterior layers of astronomical objects Density measurements help us to infer the rest
14 Photon discrete unit of electromagnetic energy Massless Travels at x10 8 m / s (I.e., the speed of light ) Has specific frequency, %, & wavelength, # Energy = h %, where h = 6.63x10-34 J.s Speed of wave, v = % # Of course, v = c for radiation
15 # & % some examples
16
17 Spectroscopy works because different kinds of atoms and molecules emit & absorb different kinds of photons
18 Emission & Absorption Ionization: the process by which an atom loses electrons Ion: an atom that has become electrically charged due to the loss of one or more electrons. Note that isolated atoms are electronically neutral i.e, they have the same number of protons & neutrons unless they are ionized.
19 Emission vs. Absorption Lines
20 Example: Spectrum of the Sun Absorption features are observed I.e., hot radiation from below is absorbed in the cooler outer envelope
21 Not all wavelengths of radiation reach the ground This is one reason why air/space-borne missions are necessary Modern Examples - Chandra X-ray observatory, XMM, Spitzer Space Telescope
22 Cosmic Abundances
23 Cosmic Abundances The abundances were set to ~75% H & ~ 25% He within the first few minutes of the Universe Fusion in stars converts lighter elements into heavier ones, but the relative abundances of H and He have barely changed from the early Universe percentages
24 Abundances: Sun, star-forming region, & planetary nebula
25 Abundances - Sun vs. Terrestrial Planets & Life The Sun is primarily Hydrogen & Helium The inner planets are primarily Oxygen, Silicon, Magnesium & Iron (also abundant on Earth - Sodium Calcium, Aluminum, and Nickel) Life is primarily Hydrogen, Oxygen, Carbon, & Nitrogen
26
27 Four Types of Matter Gas: what makes up planetary atmospheres Ice (Volatiles): molecules that are liquid or gaseous at moderate temperatures but form solids/crystals at low temperatures (e.g., Water H 2 O, Carbon dioxide CO 2, Methane CH 4 ) Rock: objects such as silicates that can be left behind after ice mixed with heavier elements are heated (e.g., silicates molecules of oxygen combined with either silicon, magnesium, or aluminum) Metal: material, such as iron, nickel, & magnesium that separate out from the rest of the material that make up rock when temperatures get extremely high Heat
28 Classification of Rocks Igneous: formed directly by cooling from a molten state. 2/3 of the Earth s crust is igneous rock Sedimentary: fragments (which are produced by weathering) that are cemented together (e.g., limestone & sandstone) Metamorphic: Igneous or Sedimentary rock that have been buried & compressed by high pressure & temperature (e.g., marble, material dredged up by continental drift) Primitive rock: rock that is affected only moderately by chemical or physical processes (e.g., meteorites)
29 Minerals While rocks can be a mixture of different substances, minerals are rocks that are made up of only one substance. Minerals form according to local pressure, temperature, & cooling rate Silicates are the most important & extensive type of mineral - based on SiO 4. Olivine (Mg,Fe) 2 SiO 4 is an example We will talk more about minerals later
30
31 Age-Dating Solidification Age: Time since the material became solid Gas Retention Age: A measure of the age of a rock, defined in terms of its ability to retain radioactive argon (which is the daughter product of potassium)
32 Half-Life Half-Life: Given a quantity of material, the half-life is the time which half the material will have decayed into the daughter product Examples - Radioactive Decay U-238 (92p +,146n)! Pb-206 (82p +,124n) + (10p +,22n) K-40 (19p +,21n)! Ar-40 (18p +,22n) The Decay Rates U-238! 4.5 billion years K-40! 1.25 billion years
33 Radioactive decay of Potassium-40 to Argon-40
34 Radioactive Decay Number of radioactive atoms, "N, that will decay within a time interval, "t, is proportional to the number of atoms (which is decreasing), N, present in the sample, I.e., The number of atoms that remain after "t is obtained by integrating over the time interval t = 0! & to get
35 Radioactive Decay To measure the age of the rock, We first determine # in terms of the half-life time & hl, And thus,
36 Radioactive Decay The number of `daughter atoms after & is, And thus, The ratio D # / N # can be measured, and # hl is known from laboratory measurements.
37 Spectral Energy Distribution The energy emitted from a source as a function of wavelength/frequency The whole SED of a source is difficult to measure (Wang et al. 2006, Nature, 440, 772)
38 Flux Density, Flux Flux density: f $ or f %, measured in units of W m -2 Hz -1 or W m -2 µm -1 (or the equivalent) Flux: measured in units of W m -2 (or the equivalent). To convert flux density to flux,
39 Luminosity For a source at a distance R & measured flux f, the luminosity is, Luminosity is measured in units of Watts (I.e., J/s) or ergs/s, & it is determined for whatever wavelength/frequency the flux is determined at. Bolometric Luminosity: the luminosity of an object measured over all wavelengths
40 Useful form of the ideal gas law The common form of the ideal gas law is where P = pressure exerted by the gas (N m -2 ), V = volume occupied by the gas (m 3 ), n = number of moles of gas within V, R = gas constant (8.31 J K -1 mole -1 ), & T = absolute temperature of the gas (K) One mole = one Avogadro s # of atoms (N A = 6.02x10 23 mole -1 ) Mass of one mole = N A µm H, where m H = 1.67x10-27 kg & µ = molecular weight of gas atom. Given that
41 Ideal gas law (cont) we can make the following substitutions, where k = Boltzmann constant (1.38x10-23 J/K) and & = mass density of the gas (kg m -3 ), to get
42 Equation of Hydrostatic Equilibrium The Sun and the atmospheres of planets are in hydrostatic equilibrium Consider a slab of the Earth s atmosphere of thickness dh, surface area da, density & (kg m -3 ). The gravitational acceleration of the Earth is g. In equilibrium, the Forces Up = Forces Down. I.e.,
43 Thus, Hydrostatic Equilibrium (cont)
44 Motion: Centripetal Acceleration Consider a planet moving in a circular orbit with a speed v & radius r from the center. The change in its angular position '( occurs within a time 't. So, the speed is, The velocity changes because of the change in the direction of motion, "v The acceleration is, r Substituting in 't = r '( / v gives, "' v
45 Motion The gravitational acceleration experienced by an object which is a distance r from a mass M is, Equating this with the centripetal acceleration gives us,
46 Motion (cont) Thus, for an object orbiting the Sun at a distance of 1.5x10 11 m (= 1 AU), the velocity is The time it takes to traverse one orbit is Note that the accuracy of this calculation is limited by the accuracy of the number with the least significant digits (I.e., in this calculation, the Sun-Earth distance). TBC.
Our Planetary System & the Formation of the Solar System
Our Planetary System & the Formation of the Solar System Chapters 7 & 8 Comparative Planetology We learn about the planets by comparing them and assessing their similarities and differences Similarities
More informationComparative Planetology I: Our Solar System. Chapter Seven
Comparative Planetology I: Our Solar System Chapter Seven ASTR 111 003 Fall 2006 Lecture 07 Oct. 16, 2006 Introduction To Modern Astronomy I Introducing Astronomy (chap. 1-6) Planets and Moons (chap. 7-17)
More informationHNRS 227 Fall 2006 Chapter 13. What is Pluto? What is a Planet? There are two broad categories of planets: Terrestrial and Jovian
Key Points of Chapter 13 HNRS 227 Fall 2006 Chapter 13 The Solar System presented by Prof. Geller 24 October 2006 Planets Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune Dwarf Planets Pluto,
More information(4) Meteorites: Remnants of Creation
(4) Meteorites: Remnants of Creation Meteoroid: small piece of debris in space Meteor: space debris heated by friction as it plunges into the Earth s atmosphere Meteorite: Space debris that has reached
More informationAstronomy 1504 Section 10 Final Exam Version 1 May 6, 1999
Astronomy 1504 Section 10 Final Exam Version 1 May 6, 1999 Reminder: When I write these questions, I believe that there is one one correct answer. The questions consist of all parts a e. Read the entire
More informationThe Sun. How are these quantities measured? Properties of the Sun. Chapter 14
The Sun Chapter 14 The Role of the Sun in the Solar System > 99.9% of the mass Its mass is responsible for the orderly orbits of the planets Its heat is responsible for warming the planets It is the source
More informationComparative Planetology I: Our Solar System. Chapter Seven
Comparative Planetology I: Our Solar System Chapter Seven ASTR 111 003 Fall 2006 Lecture 07 Oct. 16, 2006 Introduction To Modern Astronomy I Introducing Astronomy (chap. 1-6) Planets and Moons (chap. 7-17)
More informationAstronomy. physics.wm.edu/~hancock/171/ A. Dayle Hancock. Small 239. Office hours: MTWR 10-11am
Astronomy A. Dayle Hancock adhancock@wm.edu Small 239 Office hours: MTWR 10-11am Planetology II Key characteristics Chemical elements and planet size Radioactive dating Solar system formation Solar nebula
More informationUniverse Celestial Object Galaxy Solar System
ASTRONOMY Universe- Includes all known matter (everything). Celestial Object Any object outside or above Earth s atmosphere. Galaxy- A large group (billions) of stars (held together by gravity). Our galaxy
More informationChapter 8 Lecture. The Cosmic Perspective Seventh Edition. Formation of the Solar System
Chapter 8 Lecture The Cosmic Perspective Seventh Edition Formation of the Solar System Formation of the Solar System 8.1 The Search for Origins Our goals for learning: Develop a theory of solar system
More informationChapter Outline. Earth and Other Planets. The Formation of the Solar System. Clue #1: Planetary Orbits. Clues to the Origin of the Solar System
Chapter Outline Earth and Other Planets The Formation of the Solar System Exploring the Solar System Chapter 16 Great Idea: Earth, one of the planets that orbit the Sun, formed 4.5 billion years ago from
More informationQuestion 1 (1 point) Question 2 (1 point) Question 3 (1 point)
Question 1 (1 point) If the Earth accreted relatively slowly, the heat obtained from the gravitational potential energy would have had time to escape during its accretion. We know that the Earth was already
More informationComparative Planetology II: The Origin of Our Solar System. Chapter Eight
Comparative Planetology II: The Origin of Our Solar System Chapter Eight ASTR 111 003 Fall 2007 Lecture 07 Oct. 15, 2007 Introduction To Modern Astronomy I: Solar System Introducing Astronomy (chap. 1-6)
More informationNumber of Stars: 100 billion (10 11 ) Mass : 5 x Solar masses. Size of Disk: 100,000 Light Years (30 kpc)
THE MILKY WAY GALAXY Type: Spiral galaxy composed of a highly flattened disk and a central elliptical bulge. The disk is about 100,000 light years (30kpc) in diameter. The term spiral arises from the external
More informationWhich of the following planets are all made up of gas? When a planets orbit around the Sun looks like an oval, it s called a(n)
When a planets orbit around the Sun looks like an oval, it s called a(n) - ellipse - circle - axis - rotation Which of the following planets are all made up of gas? - Venus, Mars, Saturn and Pluto - Jupiter,
More informationComparative Planetology I: Our Solar System
Comparative Planetology I: Our Solar System Guiding Questions 1. Are all the other planets similar to Earth, or are they very different? 2. Do other planets have moons like Earth s Moon? 3. How do astronomers
More informationPlanetary Temperatures
Planetary Temperatures How does Sunlight heat a planet with no atmosphere? This is similar to our dust grain heating problem First pass: Consider a planet of radius a at a distance R from a star of luminosity
More informationAstronomy 103: First Exam
Name: Astronomy 103: First Exam Stephen Lepp October 27, 2010 Each question is worth 2 points. Write your name on this exam and on the scantron. 1 Short Answer A. What is the largest of the terrestrial
More informationA star is a massive sphere of gases with a core like a thermonuclear reactor. They are the most common celestial bodies in the universe are stars.
A star is a massive sphere of gases with a core like a thermonuclear reactor. They are the most common celestial bodies in the universe are stars. They radiate energy (electromagnetic radiation) from a
More informationMeteorites. A Variety of Meteorite Types. Ages and Compositions of Meteorites. Meteorite Classification
Meteorites A meteor that survives its fall through the atmosphere is called a meteorite Hundreds fall on the Earth every year Meteorites do not come from comets First documented case in modern times was
More informationFormation of the Solar System Chapter 8
Formation of the Solar System Chapter 8 To understand the formation of the solar system one has to apply concepts such as: Conservation of angular momentum Conservation of energy The theory of the formation
More informationYou are here! The Solar System! Jo-Anne Brown
You are here! * The Solar System! Jo-Anne Brown Outline Questions! Earth, Moon, Sun A little, teeny, tiny bit of history... Terrestrial planets Gas Giants Poor Pluto Magnetic fields Tell me what you know!
More informationThe History of the Earth
The History of the Earth We have talked about how the universe and sun formed, but what about the planets and moons? Review: Origin of the Universe The universe began about 13.7 billion years ago The Big
More informationComparative Planetology II: The Origin of Our Solar System. Chapter Eight
Comparative Planetology II: The Origin of Our Solar System Chapter Eight ASTR 111 003 Fall 2007 Lecture 06 Oct. 09, 2007 Introduction To Modern Astronomy I: Solar System Introducing Astronomy (chap. 1-6)
More informationLunar Eclipse. Solar Eclipse
Lunar Eclipse SUN Moon Solar Eclipse SUN SUN Moon Total solar eclipse Partial solar eclipse Moon Phases What does the moon look like from at each position? G H F A E B D C SUNLIGHT Refracting Telescopes
More informationSolar System Unit Tracking Sheet
Name Period Mrs. Coates Earth Science Solar System Unit Tracking Sheet Learning Target The Solar System is 4.6 billion years old Question Example How is the age of the solar system estimated by scientists?
More informationClass Announcements. Solar System. Objectives for today. Will you read Chap 32 before Wed. class? Chap 32 Beyond the Earth
Class Announcements Please fill out an evaluation for this class. If you release your name I ll I give you quiz credit. Will you read Chap 32 before Wed. class? a) Yes b) No Chap 32 Beyond the Earth Objectives
More informationoutline 1. in the beginning. The Big Bang 2. galaxies -- different types 3. stars -- life cycle 4. the solar system -- sun and planets
Earth s Place in the Universe outline 1. in the beginning. The Big Bang 2. galaxies -- different types 3. stars -- life cycle 4. the solar system -- sun and planets the big bang the universe is expanding
More informationThe Planets. Discovering our Solar System. Chapter 6: The Solar System An Introduction to Comparative Planetology. What s in the Solar System?
Chapter 6: The Solar System An Introduction to Comparative Planetology What s in the solar system? Where s the what in the solar system? What makes up the what in the solar system? How do we know the answers
More informationAST Section 2: Test 2
AST1002 - Section 2: Test 2 Date: 11/05/2009 Name: Equations: E = m c 2 Question 1: The Sun is a stable star because 1. gravity balances forces from pressure. (!) Miniquiz 7, Q3 2. the rate of fusion equals
More informationClass 15 Formation of the Solar System
Class 16 Extra-solar planets The radial-velocity technique for finding extrasolar planets Other techniques for finding extrasolar planets Class 15 Formation of the Solar System What does a successful model
More informationASTR 380. The Universe: the context for Life
ASTR 380 The Universe: the context for Life Simple facts: The Universe is vast. The Universe is old. The elements for life are wide-spread. Our physical laws appear universal The Universe is mostly empty!
More informationClicker Question: Clicker Question: Clicker Question:
Test results Last day to drop without a grade is Feb 29 Grades posted in cabinet and online F D C B A In which direction would the Earth move if the Sun s gravitational force were suddenly removed from
More informationa. 1/3 AU b. 3 AU 5. Meteor showers occur
1 AST104 Sp. 2006: WELCOME TO EXAM 3 Multiple Choice Questions: Mark the best answer choice on the answer form. Read all answer choices before making selection. CHECK YOUR WORK CAREFULLY BEFORE HANDING
More informationObserving Habitable Environments Light & Radiation
Homework 1 Due Thurs 1/14 Observing Habitable Environments Light & Radiation Given what we know about the origin of life on Earth, how would you recognize life on another world? Would this require a physical
More informationOrigin of the Oceans I. Solar System? Copernicus. Our Solar System
Origin of the Oceans I Our Solar System Solar System? To begin our study of the oceans, we must understand why they exist. Fundamental to this question is whether every planet has oceans, and, if not,
More informationOrigin of the Solar System
Origin of the Solar System Look for General Properties Dynamical Regularities Orbits in plane, nearly circular Orbit sun in same direction (CCW from N.P.) Rotation Axes to orbit plane (Sun & most planets;
More informationASTRONOMY 1 EXAM 3 a Name
ASTRONOMY 1 EXAM 3 a Name Identify Terms - Matching (20 @ 1 point each = 20 pts.) Multiple Choice (25 @ 2 points each = 50 pts.) Essays (choose 3 of 4 @ 10 points each = 30 pt 1.Luminosity D 8.White dwarf
More informationEvolution of the Solar System
DATE DUE: Name: Ms. Terry J. Boroughs Geology 305 Section: Evolution of the Solar System Instructions: Read each question carefully before selecting the BEST answer or option. Use GEOLOGIC vocabulary where
More informationhttp://eps.mcgill.ca/~courses/c201_winter/ http://eps.mcgill.ca/~courses/c201_winter/ Neutron Proton Nucleosynthesis neutron!! electron!+!proton!!=!!é!!+!h +!! t 1/2 =!12!minutes H + +!neutron!! Deuterium!(D)
More informationEdmonds Community College Astronomy 100 Winter Quarter 2007 Sample Exam # 2
Edmonds Community College Astronomy 100 Winter Quarter 2007 Sample Exam # 2 Instructor: L. M. Khandro 1. Relatively speaking, objects with high temperatures emit their peak radiation in short wavelengths
More informationNSCI 314 LIFE IN THE COSMOS
NSCI 314 LIFE IN THE COSMOS 2 BASIC ASTRONOMY, AND STARS AND THEIR EVOLUTION Dr. Karen Kolehmainen Department of Physics CSUSB COURSE WEBPAGE: http://physics.csusb.edu/~karen MOTIONS IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM
More informationEarth s Formation Unit [Astronomy] Student Success Sheets (SSS)
Page1 Earth s Formation Unit [Astronomy] Student Success Sheets (SSS) HS-ESSI-1; HS-ESS1-2; HS-ESS1-3; HS-ESSI-4 NGSS Civic Memorial High School - Earth Science A Concept # What we will be learning Mandatory
More informationCosmology Vocabulary
Cosmology Vocabulary Vocabulary Words Terrestrial Planets The Sun Gravity Galaxy Lightyear Axis Comets Kuiper Belt Oort Cloud Meteors AU Nebula Solar System Cosmology Universe Coalescence Jovian Planets
More informationm V Formation of the Solar System and Other Planetary Systems Questions to Ponder about Solar System
Formation of the Solar System and Other Planetary Systems Questions to Ponder about Solar System 1 1. Are all the other planets similar to Earth, or are they very different? 2. Do other planets have moons
More informationCHAPTER 29: STARS BELL RINGER:
CHAPTER 29: STARS BELL RINGER: Where does the energy of the Sun come from? Compare the size of the Sun to the size of Earth. 1 CHAPTER 29.1: THE SUN What are the properties of the Sun? What are the layers
More informationRadioactive Dating. U238>Pb206. Halflife: Oldest earth rocks. Meteors and Moon rocks. 4.5 billion years billion years
U238>Pb206 Halflife: 4.5 billion years Oldest earth rocks 3.96 billion years Meteors and Moon rocks 4.6 billion years This is the time they solidified The solar system is older than this. Radioactive Dating
More informationAstronomy 241: Foundations of Astrophysics I. The Solar System
Astronomy 241: Foundations of Astrophysics I. The Solar System Astronomy 241 is the first part of a year-long introduction to astrophysics. It uses basic classical mechanics and thermodynamics to analyze
More informationLESSON topic: formation of the solar system Solar system formation Star formation Models of the solar system Planets in our solar system
Unit 2 Lesson 1 LESSON topic: formation of the solar system - Solar system formation - Star formation - Models of the solar system - Planets in our solar system Big bang theory Origin of the universe According
More informationToday. Solar System Formation. a few more bits and pieces. Homework due
Today Solar System Formation a few more bits and pieces Homework due Pluto Charon 3000 km Asteroids small irregular rocky bodies Comets icy bodies Formation of the Solar System How did these things come
More informationAstronomy. physics.wm.edu/~hancock/171/ A. Dayle Hancock. Small 239. Office hours: MTWR 10-11am. Page 1
Astronomy A. Dayle Hancock adhancock@wm.edu Small 239 Office hours: MTWR 10-11am Planetology I Terrestrial and Jovian planets Similarities/differences between planetary satellites Surface and atmosphere
More informationFormation of the Solar System and Other Planetary Systems
Formation of the Solar System and Other Planetary Systems 1 Questions to Ponder 1. Are all the other planets similar to Earth, or are they very different? 2. Do other planets have moons like Earth s Moon?
More informationm V Density Formation of the Solar System and Other Planetary Systems Questions to Ponder
Formation of the Solar System and Other Planetary Systems Questions to Ponder 1. Are all the other planets similar to Earth, or are they very different? 2. Do other planets have moons like Earth s Moon?
More information-Melissa Greenberg, Arielle Hoffman, Zachary Feldmann, Ryan Pozin, Elizabeth Weeks, Christopher Pesota, & Sara Pilcher
-Melissa Greenberg, Arielle Hoffman, Zachary Feldmann, Ryan Pozin, Elizabeth Weeks, Christopher Pesota, & Sara Pilcher Formation Overview All explanations as to how the solar system was formed are only
More informationhttp://eps.mcgill.ca/~courses/c220/ Nucleosynthesis neutron electron + proton = é + H + t 1/2 = 12 minutes H + + neutron Deuterium (D) 2 H + + neutrons Helium (He) 3 H + + neutrons Lithium (Li) From: W.S.
More informationAstronomy Today. Eighth edition. Eric Chaisson Steve McMillan
Global edition Astronomy Today Eighth edition Eric Chaisson Steve McMillan The Distance Scale ~1 Gpc Velocity L Distance Hubble s law Supernovae ~200 Mpc Time Tully-Fisher ~25 Mpc ~10,000 pc Time Variable
More informationThe Solar System consists of
The Universe The Milky Way Galaxy, one of billions of other galaxies in the universe, contains about 400 billion stars and countless other objects. Why is it called the Milky Way? Welcome to your Solar
More information9.2 - Our Solar System
9.2 - Our Solar System Scientists describe our solar system as the Sun and all the planets and other celestial objects, such as moons, comets, and asteroids, that are held by the Sun s gravity and orbit
More informationThe Ecology of Stars
The Ecology of Stars We have been considering stars as individuals; what they are doing and what will happen to them Now we want to look at their surroundings And their births 1 Interstellar Matter Space
More informationX Rays must be viewed from space used for detecting exotic objects such as neutron stars and black holes also observing the Sun.
6/25 How do we get information from the telescope? 1. Galileo drew pictures. 2. With the invention of photography, we began taking pictures of the view in the telescope. With telescopes that would rotate
More informationChapter 19 The Origin of the Solar System
Chapter 19 The Origin of the Solar System Early Hypotheses catastrophic hypotheses, e.g., passing star hypothesis: Star passing closely to the the sun tore material out of the sun, from which planets could
More information7. Our Solar System. Planetary Orbits to Scale. The Eight Planetary Orbits
7. Our Solar System Terrestrial & Jovian planets Seven large satellites [moons] Chemical composition of the planets Asteroids & comets The Terrestrial & Jovian Planets Four small terrestrial planets Like
More informationMystery Object #1. Mystery Object #2
Mystery Object #1 Diameter (km) 12,756 Revolution Period (Earth days) 150 million km 24 hours/ 1 Earth day 365 days Nitrogen and Oxygen A terrestrial body including iron, oxygen, silicon, magnesium, sulfur,
More informationThe Interstellar Medium. Papillon Nebula. Neutral Hydrogen Clouds. Interstellar Gas. The remaining 1% exists as interstellar grains or
The Interstellar Medium About 99% of the material between the stars is in the form of a gas The remaining 1% exists as interstellar grains or interstellar dust If all the interstellar gas were spread evenly,
More informationImportance of Solar System Objects discussed thus far. Interiors of Terrestrial Planets. The Terrestrial Planets
Importance of Solar System Objects discussed thus far Interiors of Terrestrial Planets Chapter 9 Sun: Major source of heat for the surfaces of planets Asteroids: Provide possible insight to the composition
More informationThe Solar Nebula Theory. This lecture will help you understand: Conceptual Integrated Science. Chapter 28 THE SOLAR SYSTEM
This lecture will help you understand: Hewitt/Lyons/Suchocki/Yeh Conceptual Integrated Science Chapter 28 THE SOLAR SYSTEM Overview of the Solar System The Nebular Theory The Sun Asteroids, Comets, and
More informationDescribe the lifecycle of a star in chronological order and explain the main stages, relating the stellar evolution to initial mass
Learning Objectives At the end of this unit you should be able to; Explain the major events in the evolution of the universe according to the Big Bang Theory, in chronological order, backing up your arguments
More informationWHAT WE KNOW. Scientists observe that every object in the universe is moving away from each other. Objects furthest away are moving the fastest. So..
ASTRONOMY THE BIG BANG THEORY WHAT WE KNOW Scientists observe that every object in the universe is moving away from each other. Objects furthest away are moving the fastest. So.. WHAT DOES THIS MEAN? If
More informationGalaxies: enormous collections of gases, dust and stars held together by gravity Our galaxy is called the milky way
Celestial bodies are all of the natural objects in space ex. stars moons, planets, comets etc. Star: celestial body of hot gas that gives off light and heat the closest star to earth is the sun Planet:
More informationOUR SOLAR SYSTEM. James Martin. Facebook.com/groups/AstroLSSC Twitter.com/AstroLSSC
OUR SOLAR SYSTEM James Martin Facebook.com/groups/AstroLSSC Twitter.com/AstroLSSC It s time for the human race to enter the solar system. -Dan Quayle Structure of the Solar System Our Solar System contains
More informationSolar System Formation
Solar System Formation Solar System Formation Question: How did our solar system and other planetary systems form? Comparative planetology has helped us understand Compare the differences and similarities
More informationThe Sun. Nearest Star Contains most of the mass of the solar system Source of heat and illumination
The Sun Nearest Star Contains most of the mass of the solar system Source of heat and illumination Outline Properties Structure Solar Cycle Energetics Equation of Stellar Structure TBC Properties of Sun
More informationIntroduction to Astronomy
Introduction to Astronomy Have you ever wondered what is out there in space besides Earth? As you see the stars and moon, many questions come up with the universe, possibility of living on another planet
More informationHW #2. Solar Nebular Theory. Predictions: Young stars have disks. Disks contain gas & dust. Solar System should contain disk remnants
Astronomy 330: Extraterrestrial Life This class (Lecture 9): Next Class: Planet Formation Zachary Brewer Quinn Calvert Exoplanets Itamar Allali Brian Campbell-Deem HW #3 due Sunday night. Music: Another
More informationThe Solar Nebula Theory
Reading: Chap. 21, Sect.21.1, 21.3 Final Exam: Tuesday, December 12; 4:30-6:30PM Homework 10: Due in recitation Dec. 1,4 Astro 120 Fall 2017: Lecture 25 page 1 Astro 120 Fall 2017: Lecture 25 page 2 The
More informationWhich of the following correctly describes the meaning of albedo?
Which of the following correctly describes the meaning of albedo? A) The lower the albedo, the more light the surface reflects, and the less it absorbs. B) The higher the albedo, the more light the surface
More informationAstronomy II (ASTR-1020) Homework 2
Astronomy II (ASTR-1020) Homework 2 Due: 10 February 2009 The answers of this multiple choice homework are to be indicated on a Scantron sheet (either Form # 822 N-E or Ref # ABF-882) which you are to
More information( ) a3 (Newton s version of Kepler s 3rd Law) Units: sec, m, kg
Astronomy 18, UCSC Planets and Planetary Systems Generic Mid-Term Exam (A combination of exams from the past several times this class was taught) This exam consists of two parts: Part 1: Multiple Choice
More informationAstronomy Unit Notes Name:
Astronomy Unit Notes Name: (DO NOT LOSE!) To help with the planets order 1 My = M 2 V = Venus 3 Eager = E 4 M = Mars 5 Just = J 6 Served = Saturn 7 Us = Uranus 8 N = N 1 Orbit: The path (usually elliptical)
More informationJoy of Science Experience the evolution of the Universe, Earth and Life
Joy of Science Experience the evolution of the Universe, Earth and Life Review Introduction Main contents Quiz Unless otherwise noted, all pictures are taken from wikipedia.org Review 1 The presence of
More informationAstronomy Stars, Galaxies and Cosmology Exam 3. Please PRINT full name
Astronomy 132 - Stars, Galaxies and Cosmology Exam 3 Please PRINT full name Also, please sign the honor code: I have neither given nor have I received help on this exam The following exam is intended to
More informationEvolution of the Solar System
DATE DUE: Name: Ms. Terry J. Boroughs Geology 305 Section: Evolution of the Solar System Instructions: Read each question carefully before selecting the BEST answer or option. Use GEOLOGIC vocabulary where
More informationShape and Size of the Earth
Planet Earth Shape and Size of the Earth Gravity is what gives Earth its spherical shape Only effective if the body is of a critical size Critical radius is about 350 km Shape and Size of the Earth Earth
More informationCosmic Microwave Background Radiation
Base your answers to questions 1 and 2 on the passage below and on your knowledge of Earth Science. Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation In the 1920s, Edwin Hubble's discovery of a pattern in the red
More informationASTRONOMY CURRICULUM Unit 1: Introduction to Astronomy
Chariho Regional School District - Science Curriculum September, 2016 ASTRONOMY CURRICULUM Unit 1: Introduction to Astronomy OVERVIEW Summary Students will be introduced to the overarching concept of astronomy.
More informationCoriolis Effect - the apparent curved paths of projectiles, winds, and ocean currents
Regents Earth Science Unit 5: Astronomy Models of the Universe Earliest models of the universe were based on the idea that the Sun, Moon, and planets all orbit the Earth models needed to explain how the
More informationCHAPTER 01: The Earth in Context
CHAPTER 01: The Earth in Context MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Our Sun belongs to a galaxy known as. a. Andromeda c. the Milky Way b. Cepheus d. the Stratosphere ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 components. 2. The theory
More informationGalaxies and the Universe. Our Galaxy - The Milky Way The Interstellar Medium
Galaxies and the Universe Our Galaxy - The Milky Way The Interstellar Medium Our view of the Milky Way The Radio Sky COBE Image of our Galaxy The Milky Way Galaxy - The Galaxy By Visual Observation
More informationEvolution of the Atmosphere: The Biological Connection
Evolution of the Atmosphere: The Biological Connection The Earth s Four Spheres How It All Began Or At Least How We Think It Began O.k. it s a good guess Egg of energy The Big Bang splattered radiation
More information1. Cosmology is the study of. a. The sun is the center of the Universe. b. The Earth is the center of the Universe
Section 1: The Universe 1. Cosmology is the study of. 2. Identify the type of cosmology a. The sun is the center of the Universe b. The Earth is the center of the Universe 3. The two most abundant gases
More informationAST 301 Introduction to Astronomy
AST 301 Introduction to Astronomy John Lacy RLM 16.332 471-1469 lacy@astro.as.utexas.edu Myoungwon Jeon RLM 16.216 471-0445 myjeon@astro.as.utexas.edu Bohua Li RLM 16.212 471-8443 bohuali@astro.as.utexas.edu
More informationLecture 14: The Sun and energy transport in stars. Astronomy 111
Lecture 14: The Sun and energy transport in stars Astronomy 111 Energy transport in stars What is a star? What is a star composed of? Why does a star shine? What is the source of a star s energy? Laws
More informationUniverse Now. 12. Revision and highlights
Universe Now 12. Revision and highlights Practical issues about the exam The exam is on Monday 6.5. (12.00-16.00), lecture hall B121 (Exactum). Paper will be provided. You have 4 hours to finish the exam,
More informationUnit 2. Galaxies, Stars and the Solar System
Strand K Astrophysics Unit 2 Galaxies, Stars and the Solar System Contents Page The Early Universe 2 The Life Cycle of Stars 4 Features of the Solar System 7 K21 The Early Universe Running the current
More informationOur Planetary System. Chapter 7
Our Planetary System Chapter 7 Key Concepts for Chapter 7 and 8 Inventory of the Solar System Origin of the Solar System What does the Solar System consist of? The Sun: It has 99.85% of the mass of the
More informationOur Sun. The centre of our solar system
Our Sun The centre of our solar system Nicolaus Copernicus Our Sun The sun represents 99.86% of the mass in our solar system. It is ¾ hydrogen and ¼ helium. More than 1 million Earths can fit inside the
More informationThe Stars. Chapter 14
The Stars Chapter 14 Great Idea: The Sun and other stars use nuclear fusion reactions to convert mass into energy. Eventually, when a star s nuclear fuel is depleted, the star must burn out. Chapter Outline
More informationThe Big Bang Theory (page 854)
Name Class Date Space Homework Packet Homework #1 Hubble s Law (pages 852 853) 1. How can astronomers use the Doppler effect? 2. The shift in the light of a galaxy toward the red wavelengths is called
More informationSolar System Formation
Solar System Formation Solar System Formation Question: How did our solar system and other planetary systems form? Comparative planetology has helped us understand Compare the differences and similarities
More informationStarting from closest to the Sun, name the orbiting planets in order.
Chapter 9 Section 1: Our Solar System Solar System: The solar system includes the sun, planets and many smaller structures. A planet and its moon(s) make up smaller systems in the solar system. Scientist
More information