WHAT WE KNOW. Scientists observe that every object in the universe is moving away from each other. Objects furthest away are moving the fastest. So..

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1

2 ASTRONOMY

3 THE BIG BANG THEORY

4 WHAT WE KNOW Scientists observe that every object in the universe is moving away from each other. Objects furthest away are moving the fastest. So..

5 WHAT DOES THIS MEAN? If objects are currently moving away from each other today, they must have been closer together yesterday, and the day before that and so on

6 JUST BEFORE THE UNIVERSE BEGAN Entire universe confined to a dense, hot super massive point, infinitesimally small, smaller than a grain of sand The spot was 100 billion Kelvin or 179 billion degree F.

7 Universe started from a single point, and has been expanding ever since Explosion happened billion years ago Explosion contained all of the ENERGY in space

8

9

10 AS THE UNIVERSE EXPANDS, IT COOLS

11 AS THE UNIVERSE EXPANDED, IT COOLED Energy that was released from cooling formed matter. (Matter and energy are related, E=mc 2 ) The universe expanded, cooled then formed matter.

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13

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15 WHAT TRIGGERED THE BIG BANG? Scientists disagree on what started the big bang: Was it the edge of another expanding universe? What it radiation from another big bang hitting the tiny spot that triggered it? Was it the result of radiation from a surpernova? No one, as of yet, knows for sure

16 CREATE YOUR OWN BIG BANG

17 EVIDENCE FOR THE BIG BANG THEORY Red Shift of GALAXIES Radiation left over from the Big Bang

18 WHAT ARE ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES (EM)? a process in which energy or waves travel do not need to travel through a medium All types of waves travel at the same speed

19 DOPPLER EFFECT Electromagnetic waves are used to describe the Doppler Effect

20 The Doppler effect The electromagnetic radiation emitted by a moving object also exhibits the Doppler effect. Redshift, a phenomenon of electromagnetic waves such as light in which spectral lines are shifted to the red end of the spectrum.

21 RED SHIFT Object moving closer light waves pushed together wavelength shorter appears blue Object moving away light waves stretched out longer wavelength appears red

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23

24 EDWIN HUBBLE 1920 galaxies are moving faster, the further they are away from us

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26 COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND RADIATION Radiation believed to be left over from the Big Bang

27 A FIELD OF INVISIBLE LIGHT THAT FILLS THE ENTIRE UNIVERSE (LOW LEVEL ENERGY)

28 HISTORY OF COSMIC BACKGROUND RADIATION DETECTION of Cosmic Radiation Evidence of the big bang

29

30 EVIDENCE - TAKING A CLOSER LOOK

31 READING ASSIGNMENT: FLEX BOOK: CHAPTER 1 AND 2

32 THE ORIGIN OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM - THE NEBULAR THEORY

33

34 Collapsing Clouds of Gas and Dust 1 billion years after the Big Bang Clouds of gases (Helium and Hydrogen) and dust begin to clump together and collapse called a NEBULA

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36 CLOUD BEGINS TO CONTRACT Force of gravity is greater than gas pressure, so cloud begins to contract The cloud is initially spinning slowly. Due to angular momentum, the cloud spins faster as it contracts.

37 THE SPINNING NEBULA FLATTENS Force of gravity, gas pressure and rotation

38

39 CONDENSATION OF PROTOSUN AND PROTOPLANETS Instabilities in collapsing rotation cloud cause local regions to contract. (Due to gravity) Protosuns and protoplanets become the sun and planets in our solar system

40

41 CENTRAL BULGE CONTINUES TO COLLAPSE Gravity causes bulge to continue to collapse Temperatures inside bulge get extremely hot several million degrees Hydrogen begins to fuse to form helium which releases enormous amounts of energy a star (our sun) is born

42 NEBULAR HYPOTHESIS OF SOLAR SYSTEM FORMATION.

43 From start to finish, it took something like 10 million years to form the sun and planets from a collapsing cloud of gas, and this is not very long at all!!

44 HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE PICS

45 THE MILKY WAY GALAXY

46 THE MILKY WAY GALAXY

47 THE FATE OF THE MILKY WAY

48 READING ASSIGNMENT: FLEX BOOK: CHAPTER 3

49 READING ASSIGNMENT: FLEX BOOK: CHAPTER 4

50 OUR SOLAR SYSTEM

51 AGENDA Where is our solar system Characteristics of the planets in our solar system

52 SOLAR SYSTEM The Sun Eight Planets One dwarf planet Sixty-one satellites of the planets Many Comets and asteroids NORM HERR (SAMPLE FILE) 11/15/99

53 SUN 75% hydrogen and 25% helium by mass Sun converts hydrogen to helium in its core Differential rotation equator the surface rotates once every 25.4 days near the poles it's as much as 36 days Core conditions temperature is 15.6 million Kelvin pressure is 250 billion atmospheres NORM HERR (SAMPLE FILE) 11/15/99

54 MERCURY Orbit highly eccentric perihelion 46 million km aphelion it is 70 million km One full day-night cycle takes 179 earth days Temperatures vary from -173 C 427 C NORM HERR (SAMPLE FILE) 11/15/99

55 VENUS Volcanism Rotates backwards Dense Atmosphere Hot 480 C 90x atmospheric pressure compared to Earth NORM HERR (SAMPLE FILE) 11/15/99

56 EARTH Moon is 1/6 mass of earth period of rotation: 24 hours period of orbit days NORM HERR (SAMPLE FILE) 11/15/99

57 MARS Solid carbon dioxide is found at the poles Mars is known as the Red Planet ½ the size of Earth NORM HERR (SAMPLE FILE) 11/15/99

58 ASTEROID BELT Contains lumps of rocks and metal Several million asteroids

59 JUPITER Largest Planet - Jupiter contains over 70% of the mass in the solar system outside the Sun It is about 11 times the radius and 330 times the mass of the earth. Jupiter is not a solid body, but instead is a ball of gas and liquid (mostly hydrogen and helium) Great Red Spot 63 Moons Takes 12 years to rotate around the Sun

60 SATURN Gas giant. Strong surface winds (1500 mile/hour). Less dense than water. Has rings made up of ice, dust and rocks 29 years to rotate one time around the Sun Atmosphere is Helium Has 60 moons Titan is its largest (larger than Mercury) NORM HERR (SAMPLE FILE) 11/15/99

61 URANUS Rolls on its axis, doesn t spin Methane Atmosphere NORM HERR (SAMPLE FILE) 11/15/99

62 NEPTUNE Wind speeds of 1000km/hour Ice Volcanoes Note the apparent storms NORM HERR (SAMPLE FILE) 11/15/99

63 PLUTO Pluto is a dwarf planet 1/5 the mass of Earth s Moon Orbit is inclined 17deg to the ecliptic, so it goes farther above and below the plane than of the other planets

64 HOW CAN WE REMEMBER THE ORDER OF THE PLANETS? My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Nine Pizzas More?

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