Stacked Generalization Learning to Analyze Teenage Distress

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1 Sk Gz Lg Ayz Tg D Khk Dk Emy W * Hy Lbm Rb Sm * Mhu Iu f Thgy, * Hv Uvy {khk,b}@m.m.u {my w@m, m@g}@hv.u Ab Th h bm u f wh by m bm. S wk y v w u f hg kg u, bu y f w u h u h hghy v um. I h, w k gz mg h yz mmuy ug u u. Wh v uv mh y bu h-f fu gg, mx v m-uv m f b xg hgh-v hm h g by uh fu. W gy h mb h gh f bh h y f m by Pv S h whh wh h f m f k f h yhg, yh, yh wh u ( u g) h h hm -f. I h uy, v u hm y h g f-g y f, vm yhg hm hy m v, h h yz by y f m. W hw h k gz f uh mb f b h vu by v m. Iu Th h ub mu f h umg h gv ff f u uh yb-buyg xu w kw (G Aqu 2005; Bgv, R, S 2012; Gu Huk 2012). Y h h h h hw h g k h v ymuy h f h f u gg fm m h f-juu bhv xuy (Suzuk Cz 2004). Th w u f b bw h f f v mh g ) u h u bh g b) v fv u f h v h by yg h vu Cygh 2014, A f h Avm f Af Ig ( A gh v. um. I h, w yz fm u u wk hugh h f v u hw h y u b y y h wk h. W u fg fm h x mu fmwk g f y f uv uuv m x h m m hm bh g. Th bu f h hf. F, w hw h k gz f mb f m f wk b h h vu m. S, u h hghgh h m f f-g y f h by v x xu quy bh ug h y w fv u f mg. Th, w u u mu fmwk u f hm mg h wk. Bkgu wk Th wk A Th L uh by MTV (Mu Tv) 2010 wb g h g wh u gg fm g bu buyg xg. Th wb ff fm v hw mgh wh uh u ug hm h h uby h h h w-u fbk h by v h wb mgh b f m h h g wh h hm. Sm ff uh h u v fum TH.Og, Nv Dg Cf., hv ug y u g, vg uvh gm h w f u. R wk h b xm fm w b v, my v h mu gu hum-mu mmu mu. I v, wk h fu hw ymy u gu h g (Wbb, Bu, C 2008) hgh u xmg g m (By Mwk 2011). Su hv fu h gwh f ug (Sm 1980), fh yuh -hy (Sm Shuz

2 Fgu 1: Th ATL : A ummy f 7147 A Th L. A mjy f h h g-gu f f bh g. Th bu f g m by h g v h, g h vy f h u h h wb. 1998), h f h m f f-m u f w-bg. (Nff MGh 2010). I mu, k-b uv g mh mg hv b u m xu yb-buyg (Dk, Rh, Lbm 2011; Dk. 2012b; 2012) h mh g mmuy h uy f u gu wk(dhy, Cy, Shy 2012; Fz. 2012) h CHI mmuy, w g m (Chuhuy. 2013). D O h A Th L (ATL) fm, g ug w h y 250 h. O y h, v y u h g: v h g f h m u, u h f h m hm, h f bu whh mm u mbv u. W b f 7,144 (g wh h g, mm, h g g f ) h v f h y fm Th g g f f- w f vy.th, whh y fb fm f, w b hugh g gm wh Vm (MTV my). Of h 7,144 u h, 4,415 (61.8%) u g (m g= 16.3 y; = 5.21 m u, g f- f g g, 15-y- fm) 4,466 (62.5%) u g (86.3% hy fm). Th m u, g f- f g g, 15-y fm. Ug h u h : v h Pv S u wh h f yhgy yhy vg h u Fgu 2: A m y fm ATL: h y h m h 250 h. Th fgu hw ff f g h y g vy - v h g f h m u, u h f h m hm, h f bu whh mm u mbv u. f yhg yfu wh fu vg hm. I f f k f h uh yfu. Pv h h ym uy f u k f h, bu, yh bm w h h f v f bu h mmz h f bm h f k f. (Mzk Hggy 1994; Sm Dy 2006) Fg fm v fm y yhg mh b uh v f u k vg wy f vg uh bm fm g (C. 1993) mmzg h mg wh hy. Gv h y v g f h m ug g hg (M. 2013), h u uy u h h f hg hy f bg. Ag v h u g h f f uh hg ug h u hy f. Wh h

3 Thm Cg Numb f S A. Pgy B. Sx* B2. STI/STD C. Sgf Oh* C1. Cg C2. Bk- u C3. Abuv C4. Cfu D. ChNg, Juy E. Ag F. Nu, SxNg* F2. Tk w/ m F3. Fw w/ m G. By mg H. Pvy I. Pyhg uffg* I1. Su J. F K. Fmy L. Hm, Tg* M. Dg Hm N. S, un O. Sh m Iu/Thm Fgu 3: Em g: Ru f h m hm g x v m f 2000/7147. Th m fqu hm h bv bu h vv gf h. Rm h {C, C1, C2, C3, C4, D, B, F, F2, F3, A} w h g bgg hm bug v 70% f h. Eh y w w hv m h. (*Iu u f ub ). Th ky wh g h g hm: (1) m f h g v, uh C3 (bu) L (hm g), wh m f hm m, uh D (juy) I (yhg uffg), (2) m f h hv vy m f vbg (g, x ) wh b uh juy g h h m f vbg, (3) h ub w v f h h hy wu b um muy. x, w yz h ATL wh w qu - ) Wh h bu f hm u by h h b) Wh h b wy f g h uu f h y v mu m g? W y mx-v h w ym f f hm h ug quv (m) hqu kw hm g w h v f h hm mu v fmwk. Thm m g Th m h (Byz 1998) yzg uv bm-u hqu h h g h v x by h h. I g m h, h v um b b b h k f f yz. Th hm, v fm h g hugh ym, f-g y. A, bu h yhgy h whh m uv -w, h h g h by h g fm whh h w g. W m h uy h ATL u bk (W Sm u vw) h y g fw: S 1: A w b f fu buk b h vy g g by h v h wb, wh h mjy hh 50% f gv y (.., mjy h y v h, mjy h y u h, mjy h y h ); wh mjy g w g fuh buk. S 2: 200 w my fm h f h buk h m hm g bg uh h bh v f h u g u ( h mh gug ) hm ( h m quv mh ) h by w v x. 23 hm w umy g (f 23 ), wh (u) - (xu) f h hm. A m m f 100 fm h buk w b f mu-, - by, fy h h f f h hm. Af w u f hm g, b k (V, G, h 2005) (g ) w hv f h h. S 3: Th bk v fm h vu w f 2000 u f h g Eh y u hv m h hm g. F xm, h fwg y ( u): S my x-byf g m g h m wh my BFF w h g u u mh w h wh u h f. H mg h f u bb y h w v wh u

4 & h yg kwg u. Th hm g h y w {A, D, J} f gy, hg vvg f vy. Ou x w mh g [], ug h hm uf hugh h g h 2,000 x- h vm f b mu m h h b h mg 5147 h bu f h h ATL. Pv m W bg h f bug m h f gv y wh uv g mh wy u f x f. Th f mu-b f, wh h y u hv m h b ( ). Gv h vy m z f h f h mu-b bm fmu, u f h NLP h hw h mbg vu by f f h b f f b h g mub v m (V, G, h 2005; Dk. 2012b). B By M W bg by g mb f b m f g vu b, my u-v mh wh k (SVM-L), b fu k (SVM-R) h g b (GBDT) m (Guy, B, Vk 1993; Fm 2001). W u h kg k-(pg. 2011) f h g b.th w g (70%), v(15%) (15%) mg h f b h h m h g. W h fwg h mb f b f f h b fw. D g Eh y w ubj g vvg h mv f h m vu f fu vg -fqu fu by h v f mv f w. Fu Egg W u 10-f v f fu gg. Fu f h b f (1) ugm, (2) bgm (3) bgm -fh g b h Sf POS gg (Tuv. 2003) f-f fu. A xhuv f h fu w f ug h-qu w fuh mf by g mvg fu b uy v v fg vy. Eh f fu gg w v g h v. Th fu f h b w v f h f h h b f, SVM-L, SVM-R GBDT. Pm w & m Th fz f fu w h ubj xhuv m w m h m hy-m f h h y f f, f h b. Gv 23, h w 69 m w, f h b u h gy f f. Fgu 4 hw ummy f h m w f h f g h. Th b m wh F1 w f h. D hy-m f-ug v fm f h fu, b y h h fm f h b m f (xm F3, C3, C) m w. E Ay A y f h b gy v w u: ) f f wh w F1- (F-mu) u hv b wh fu g h f h y b) h w f m, wh h m f f h - f h. Th w y u f h h w F1- (F-mu). F xm, h fwg w h : T1: h guy my vgy y u h wbm w u u mh wh f h f k m hw f b h m f u m w h. kw wh. h kw kw. T2: M my bf hv b ff f m 3 y w. I m u by h hm. w u h h u my buv. H m m k **** *** m g *** ***. wh? I ut1, h u b g w {F3,F2,N}, wh h b m fmwk m F2. I u T2, h u b g w {D, C3, L, C4} bu h m m C3. A -xm f h g v h 32% f wh mu wh N f hm h F2 -ug ; wh D h m m hm ( by h v x) h C3 -ug, hby g h ug f ug hm w m. Cug & -u O wy f ug -u hugh m. Gv mu-b, u h m h b Dh A (L-LDA), whh h hw fm w uh (Rmg. 2009) mbg wh um f h gh (Rmg, Dum, Lbg 2010). W b LDA m b h by Rmg (Rmg. 2009) ug h g v g f h b f. M vv vyg h hy-m α β mu g h v. Em f h hy m f m w w α = 0.03 β = E Ay A y g h u h m f h my w f muv m. Nw h hv hm w h vbg h vbuy f h g u mf. Wh my m k u-v mh fu

5 ( )SVML:m fv m h w h k f, m w f f m g C g F1 ( b )SVMR:m fv m h w h b k f, m w f f m g C g F1 ( )GBDT:m fg b f f h, m w f# f m g F1 Fgu 4: N f m-: Th bv fgu hw u fm h m w. Eh w hw m m g h F1- (F-mu). Fgu 4 () hw f F1- (F-mu) g h f-mg hym C f SVM-L. Fgu 4 (b) hw f F1- (F-mu) g C, bu wh gmm=0.01. Fgu 4 () F1 g h umb f m g f GBDT. N w F1- (F-mu) f gy f f, uh C3 C. D v fm f fu f h (f,) xhuv m w f m, fm f m m w. A y f wh w F1- (F-mu) v f -ug b v fu, whh g m m- h um h uu f h b f h f h m. u fu bu f u, ffu hv h m wh m. Hwv, h θ f h um w v fu f h b by m- wh k h v uu f h b m gg f f gv y. Sk Gz Sk gz f h mh f g m-f fm h uu f b f w g h v w by h b by vu b f. Th h h b hw u m- wh g v w my m (Ch, Wg, Wg 2009). Th y f ug h g f h b f v h w gf gv h vy m z f h g h vy w fqu f b: (1) fu h k h u h f -ug, (2) fu h k u. W hv h m f my ug h L-LDA m

6 ;θ Fgu 5: Sk gz: Th SVM-L, SVM-R GBDT f h mb m-fu h f m-f. Th m-fu m f vu b f, Fu f b f u ugm (u), bgm, (b) -f-h bgm() f-f f v h-qu fu h-g f fu. Th uu f h b f v f. < y A : y O > h fu f h. Th g wh h bu θ fm h L-LDA m f gv y h bm m-fu f h u f m-. y ub. Wh h f-ug f h b f h L-LDA m, w w hv h b mhy f m- whh k u h f h b f v v by xmg f h -u f fm h b f. P wk mh g wh h k gz h hw h uff my mb h f b f, bu h -f -bby (Tg W 2011). Th uu f h b f v f. < y A : y O > h fu f h. F h SVM-L SVM-R m, w u h fu f by Vk (Guy, B, Vk 1993) fw: g( y α K(x, x) + ρ) f y (1, 1) =1 F GBDT, w u h fu f by Rgwy h k- kg (Fm 2001) Th g wh h bu θ fm h L-LDA m f gv y h bm m-fu f h u f m-. W h SVM-L, SVM-R GBDT m-.th h g h m fm h m xy h m h f h b. W fm 10-f f v ug g, wh ug h m f g, v f u f k-v m. Th w fu gg f h m- hy w f h uu f h b f. A m w w fm f h y f m, m h x u f g h b f. Ru Ru fm g h mf fm h y u v fm h y ug h g f h b f wh u f h. Th b m, wh m g h b vu b hw fm g ( m f F1 ) f h. F m uh F3 N, h g k. Evy x C C3 h F1 f bv Th m-g x hw h wh ub (uh F2 g u k whu m F3 g fw whu m) mgh mk ffu m h u ug g-v m, k gz b ffv wy f mg uh u gv h m z f g. I h x w y h u fm h m- h g 5147 u f h v -u mx m f h bu f m hh u h ATL. Du Th fm wk fg m x wh u. (1) F, w u h m f u fm h -u g mx fm Fgu 7. (2) W u h, u hw u fg fy x u h u f whh ATL w bh. (3) W u h gf f f-g y f h hw h h mg ; (4) h qu f why h k gz fmwk fm b; (5) h m f h wk v hw h fg mgh b, (6) f hw h h mgh b u w -m. W u wh f fuu wk ub y m f h uuum.

7 Fgu 6: M- ufm b m f : u fm h m-g g. Th bv fgu hw m f h b-m wh h f h f h vu b wh h F1. Th m- fm b h h b. F m, uh C1, F3 N, h g b. Th fm h y u v fm h y ug h g f h b f wh -u f h. (1) A m f u - bu f v, hm h b m Th f b m- f h k gz fmwk w h u f h b f h m. A -u g mx hw fgu 7. Th 5 m fquy ug C4 (m fu), D (hg juy), L (hm g), B (x) M (g hm). N m h 5 h ATL, mj hm uyg hm h f m h f f yhg xu my vy. Th mx Fgu 7 hw h bw vu wh vy h. Th I1 (fjuu bhv) -u m fquy wh M (g hm), wh I (yhg uffg) -u m fquy wh L (g hm g) K (vvg fmy). O (h m) -u m fquy wh L (hm g) fw by N (, u), wh M (g hm) fuh. Th u f h y g wh h (Lvy. 2012) uggg h hugh g buyg u u, hy hv h f fm f ff buyg (.., hy vb) v. Th F (u) C4 (m fu) -u fquy ugg h g u f g hg, g u wh mv f g hg wh h g mmuy. I f, C4 h -ug f B (x) f C2 (bku), uggg h bu f m hy my g hugh g h g, um w m wh h u f g hg. O m v (whh w u h x ), b h f- b vv h gu. Th m f h wk h bu f g u h b gz h g u (2) Th vwhmg mh m h: y m Ou fg u h g y h ugg m h h f hy, m my m bu bh h ff v (W Sm u vw). Thf, qu k : h

8 A B B2 C C1 C2 C3 C4 D E F F2 F3 G H I I1 J K L M N O A.#Pgy B.#Sx B2.#STI/STD C.#Sgf#Oh C1.#Cg# C2.#BkGu C3.#Abuv C4.#Cfu D.#Chg,#Juy E.#Ag F.#Nu,#Sxg F2.#Tk#w/#m F3.#Fw#w/#m G.#By#mg H.#Pvy I.#Pyhg#uffg I1.#Su J.#F K.#Fmy L.#Hm,#Tg M.#Dg#Hm# N.#S,#u O.#Sh#m Fgu 7: A bu f g v h m : Th k gz fmwk w h ATL. Th bv fgu hw -u mx f h fm h k gz fmwk.th g fm g (w ) hugh yw (50h ) g (hgh ). Th g h umb f m h h. Th -u hw h uh h bw L (g hm) G (by mg), C (bku) C4 (m fu). Th m fquy ug hm h C4 (m fu) w D (hg, juy). Tw ky wh g: (1)Rm h w h g m m u h wh u ( hw C, C1,C2, C3 C4) -u fquy wh h, (2) I (yhg uffg) m wh f- f G (by mg), bm k f u fm K (fmy) L hm g. fg ugg b h h y v. Wh h w ff fug gu f h hugh vy gm mg, h fg h uy y m h u f fu h hv fu uff mh fm u v (Lb Sm 2007). R ff mbg mhy w h h uuum (Bk. 2013) wm h f h w gm, ug h g fm mgg g wh m h ug h g y. Hwv, hu b w h h ATL wb u g uffg fm g bu m, u hm g y v 70% f h h by g vv g m. (3) Mx-v, y mg W hy mhz hw muh h m g by v x h u h y vu f h v mg h h g f h m hmv. Th g w y by h v x, gg hm hy m v gv h xmy h h uug g m hh h g g. A bu m by h mh g u bk u v hu - f, hu buyg hm buyg h b by hmv? Th ym by h v x u f-g v ub ub- ug h u h w hghy b. Nvh, h m hm g w xv m-umg. M m, h, w h wy h v x y h u y vy g f h mg, vg vub gh h w mz h fu g f h m hmv. (4) Why k gz f b? Sk gz v h mbg h v w f wk b m u m wh hgh fm. F my m h w b fu, f v bh v gv fu f uh m k. Bu h y f f f h vu v ub ub- hw wh h f ub- m h f h. Wh fu fm h h ub- y, fm N () u b O (h m), h f u fuh g f h b f. Wh muv m fy h qum, hy hvy h vbuy f h g w ff u fu h gz b by wh h g. A m x -ug f h by mbg h uu f h b mb (ug h m), whh w u fg. Dug h f g, y w xm fm

9 v g uh f vm w h u f g uh g, kg h. Fuhm, h f ub ub- (f xm F2 g kg u whu m vu F3 fwg u whu m u hm m h h w u by ju h f ugm bgm h h gm f ub-. Ah why m mgh b f b h h b mb f uh ub- u b h k u m f h ubu g bu by xmg f -u h. W ub h h h y wy hv h fm v h w m k gz f my b h. (5) Sf-g b m Muh f yhgy yhy fu gu u wh mz vb f hg m hh u h vu v. O h h h, h u u, wh f vb ff b. Th uy bw - h gu uy h vu v, uy v f u (g h U S). Th fm f- gu f g wh vuy h h h u. Gv h ymy f h vv (g g my f h y), h vy m ff ff m f h f- b. F xm w u h g f g u f ATL, bu w kw h g ( g) f v 37% f u m. W k h vw h h ugh b h g y uh h f h f-h wb f g u u f uh gz k. Ah g f f- f -b f-h h h vy f u (Dk. 2012) h k y f-g b f u hw h mgh b h wh. (6) Pb u Th mb hm m g k gz g h v g u w, -m ym. A muf ug f h m hm, h w u (1) m ffvy h wh u (2) hm wh m h hm f h hy h gh. Th h fum wb ( wk) h hv mg y v f ju g, bu f g f u u fm wh um uff f h. Gv h vum f v uh, h u yz g g v g wh m m, kg, f xm, h y v f g m u h vu v m. Fuhm, uh h b u fv u f h wb (Dk. 2012; 2012b) f g m. Summy W y, mx-v h yzg u f g. W yz 7147 h by g u -h wb m ug g xg g hm h u f. A m f v yhgy x yz h quvy, g m h, hm g u bk wh h m m u hy m v fm h f m f 2000 fm h. A u f b by f m h wh 10-f f mg, xhuv m w f m v fu gg. A y f h b by f m h g f m-uv b LDA m u f u h. Th uu f h m h mb f b f f g mb f m- f gv y. A vu hw h h k gz g ufm h v-1 b mb f h. Th k gz fmwk h u g f h f Ou mh ugg h g kg h fm bu m h my y h mhg h h m.th f fm u uu u h u h, whh mgh x why hy ug h I kg f u/u f u. W b m ffv wy u h m yh vm. Wh m f h fy g, h y ; w u g u whu vkg h ff hg h u m g (W Sm u vw). Akwgm W wh hk MTV f h h bg h ATL. W hk h fm Pv S P Hv Uvy. Rf Bgv, D.; R, P.; S, T Mg fx u h wh ybh. I Pg f h Wkh Cmu Ah D D, A f Cmu Lgu. Byz, R. E Tfmg quv fm: Thm y vm. Sg. By, D., Mwk, A S vy wk ub: T u,, g. A D I Tm: Symum h Dym f h I Sy. Bk, M. A.; B, M.; Eb, N.; Bu, E.; C, R.; Svy, P Em g. Hbk f Cg Em 365.

10 Ch, J.; Wg, C.; Wg, R Ug k gz mb vm mgu h fu f f f hy. G Rm Sg, IEEE T 47(7): Chuhuy, M. D.; Gm, M.; Cu, S.; Hvz, E Pg v m. I I AAAI Cf Wbg S M. C, J. D.; W, N. F.; W, S. G.; Hwk, J. D.; Aw, J. R.; Mkm, H. J.; Rmy, S. L.; Shu, M. B.; Lg, B Th f v: u fmwk m f h gm. Am Pyhg 48(10):1013. Dk, K.; J, B.; Hv, C.; Lbm, H.; P, R Cmm g f, v, mg f ybbuyg. ACM T. I. I. Sy. 2(3):18:1 18:30. Dk, K.; J, B.; Lbm, H.; P, R. W.; Ré, C. P.; Thm, M.; Rh, R. 2012b. Yu?! mx-v y mhg h. I I Cf Wbg S M. Dk, K.; Rh, R.; Lbm, H Mg h f xu ybbuyg. I I AAAI Cf Wbg S M, S Wb Wkh. Dhy, G.; Cy, D.; Shy, J Eggm wh m hh v: xy uy f m f. I Pg f h 2012 ACM u f Hum F Cmug Sym, ACM. Dk, L.; Hk, I.; Ch, H.; Nmh, S.; N, B.; Cky, N.; Gz, N Smg b m f. T yhy 2(10):174. Fz, R.; Ku, R.; P, A.; K, J Szg vu mmuy: f xm. I Pg f h ACM 2012 f Cmu Su Cv Wk, ACM. Fm, J. H Gy fu xm: g bg mh. A f S G, R., Aqu, A Ifm v vy wk. I Pg f h 2005 ACM wkh Pvy h y, ACM. Gu, J., Huk, J Ch h g g: xg u f ybuy. I Pg f h 2012 Cf, ACM. Guy, I.; B, B.; Vk, V Aum y ug f vy g v-m f. Av u fm g ym Lvy, N.; C, S.; Cwy, E.; B, M.; Cy, J.; N, C Buyg wk : A u vw. Bkm C Rh Pub ( ). Lb, A., Sm, R Th f w y u. Th Rg Th 60(6): M, M.; Lh, A.; C, S.; G, U.; Dugg, M.; Smh, A.; B, M T, m, vy. Pw Rh C. Mzk, P. B., Hggy, R. J Rug k f m : F f vv v h: Summy. N Am P. Nff, K. D., MGh, P Sf-m yhg mg yug u. Sf y 9(3): Pg, F.; Vquux, G.; Gmf, A.; Mh, V.; Th, B.; G, O.; B, M.; Phf, P.; W, R.; Dubug, V.; V, J.; P, A.; Cuu, D.; Buh, M.; P, M.; Duhy, E Sk: Mh g Pyh. Ju f Mh Lg Rh 12: Rmg, D.; H, D.; N, R.; Mg, C. D Lb : A uv m f bu mu-b. I Pg f h 2009 Cf Em Mh Nu Lgug Pg: Vum 1-Vum 1, A f Cmu Lgu. Rmg, D.; Dum, S. T.; Lbg, D. J Chzg mbg wh m. I ICWSM. Sm, R. L., Dy, A. J Rk v. Hbk f h yhgy. Sm, R. L., Shuz, L. H Mkg f yuh: Dvm hy hy. A Guy. Sm, R. L Th gwh f ug: Dvm y. Am P Nw Yk. Suzuk, L. K., Cz, J. P Th h f v yb: A xm f bu b bu hh xuy. Ju f A Dvm Pyhgy 25(6): Tg, K. M., W, I. H Iu k gz. Xv Xv: Tuv, K.; K, D.; Mg, C. D.; Sg, Y Fu-h -f-h ggg wh y y wk. I Pg f h 2003 Cf f h Nh Am Ch f h A f Cmu Lgu Hum Lgug Thgy- Vum 1, A f Cmu Lgu. V, A. J.; G, J. M.; Ug bv gm: h k. Fm M 37(5): Wbb, M.; Bu, J.; C, P Pvg u f yug wh m hh ffu: hg u x. Ey v yhy 2(2): W, E. C., Sm, R. L. u vw. u vw. u vw.