A New Approach on the Photoelectric Effect

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Gilbert Carter
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1 A New Appoh on the Photoeleti et n De Aquino Poesso eitus o Physis, Mnho Stte Uniesity, UMA. Titul Resehe (R) o Ntionl Institute o Spe Reseh, INP Copyiht 4 by n De Aquino. All Rihts Reseed. When photons hit teil sue they exet pessue on it. It ws shown tht this pessue hs netie oponent (opposite to the dietion o poption o the photons) due to the existene o the netie line oentu tnspoted by the photons. Hee we show tht, in the photoeleti eet, the eletons e ejeted by the tion o this netie oponent o the oentu tnspoted by the liht photons. It is still shown tht, lso the ittionl intetion esults o the tion o this netie oponent o the oentu tnspoted by speii photons. Key wods: Photoeleti eet, Photoeletons, Rdition Pessue, Gittionl Intetion.. Intodution Besides eney the photons tnspot line oentu. Thus, when they hit sue, they exet pessue on it. Mxwell showed tht, i the eney U o the photons is totlly bsobed by the sue duin tiet, then the totl oentu q tnseed to the sue is q U, whee is the eloity o the photons []. Then, pessue, p (deined s oe pe unit e A ), is exeted on the sue. In peious ppe [], we he shown tht this pessue hs netie oponent (opposite to the dietion o poption o the photons) due to the existene o the netie line oentu tnspoted by the photons, shown in the new expession o oentu q tnspoted by the photon, i.e., U h q h h n whee is the equeny o the photon nd is liit-equeny, whih should be o the ode o Hz o less; n is the index o etion o the en. qution boe shows tht o > the esultnt oentu tnspoted by the photon is positie, i.e., i this oentu is bsobed by sue, pessue is exeted on the sue, in the se dietion o poption o the photon. These photons e well-nown. Howee, q. () point to new type o photons when. In this se q, i.e., this type o photon does not exet pessue when it inides on sue. Wht ens tht it does not intet with the tte. Obiously, this () oesponds to speil type o photon, whih we will ll o neutl photon. inlly, i < the esultnt oentu tnspoted by the photon is netie. I this oentu is bsobed by sue, pessue is exeted on the sue, in the opposite dietion o poption o the photon. This speil type o photon hs been denointed o tttie photon. Hee we show tht, in the photoeleti eet, the eletons e ejeted by the tion o the netie oponent o the oentu tnspoted by the liht photons. It is still shown tht, lso the ittionl intetion esults o the tion o the netie oponent o the oentu tnspoted by speii photons.. Theoy The photoeleti eet ws ist obseed in 887 by Heinih Hetz [3,4] duin expeients with sp-p eneto the eliest o o dio eeie. He disoeed tht eletodes illuinted with ultiolet liht ete eleti sps oe esily. Attepts to explin the eet by Clssil letodynis iled. In 95 instein poposed tht the expeientl dt o the photoeleti eet wee the esult o the t o liht eney to be ied in disete quntized pets. When photon sties on n eleton the oentu ied by the photon is tnseed to the eleton. Aodin to q. (), the oentu tnseed to the eleton is ien by

2 q h h h q q whee q nd q. Thus, the eleton equies tie intel o bsobin quntu o eney h nd tie intel o bsobin quntu o eney h. Assuin tht the tie intel equied by the photon o bsobin quntu o eney h is popotionl to the powe o the photon ( h ), i.e., h nd h. Then, we et ( ) () 3 Sine the expessions o nd e ien, espetiely, by q h nd q h, then, we obtin Substitution o q. (3) into q. (4) ies ( 4) () 5 This eqution shows tht the oe is dietly popotionl to the equeny o the photon, nd thus explins why low equeny liht does not podue photoeletons. I the liht inident on the eleton hs low equeny, then the oe y not be ston enouh to ejet the eleton (whtee the intensity o the liht be).thus, in ode to podue the photoeleti eet the liht inident ust he hih equeny (uppe spetu o liht). In the se o the photoeleti eet we he >>, then >>. Thus, the esultnt tin on the eleton is. Then, the ondition o n eleton be ejeted o etlli sue is e e ϕ ( 6) whee e is the obitl dius o the eleton nd ϕ is the wo untion, whih ies the iniu eney equied to eoe delolized eleton o the sue o the etl. Substitution o the expession o into q. (6) yields t e h ϕ Substitution o the expession o by q. (3), into q. (7), ies t h e ϕ ( 7), ien () 8 o exple, in the se o liht 4 be ( 4.39 Hz; ), inident on lin o Sodiu etl ( e 9.3 nd 9 ϕ.75 ev 4.4 J [5]), onsidein Hz [], then qs. (7) nd (8) ie t t 33 s 6 s ( 9) ( ) Thus, we n onlude tht the eleton is ejeted by the tion o the oe uh beoe the totl bsoption o the quntu h. Theeoe, the use o the ejetion o the eleton is not the bsoption o the quntu h (s instein thouht [ 6]), but the tion o the oe (See i.). Siilly, when n eleton is puped o n obit to nothe - by the tion o liht photon, it is ejeted o its initil obit by the oe. The wo untion o ey pue N is.75 ev. The wo untion o not puiied sodiu is less thn.75 ev beuse o dsobed sulu nd othe substnes deied o tosphei ses. The ost oon lues ited on the litetue e.8 ev nd.8 ev.

3 Then, in its tjetoy, the eleton is ptued in the uppe eneeti leel. Theeoe, the eleton will be puped o the initil obit to inl obit i h h i, whee is the initil i eney in the initil obit, is the totl eney in the inl obit. letons ejeted o the sue eleton photons photon () Sodiu etl (b) i. - The Photoeleti et inlly, we will deie the new expession o the pessue exeted by dition on sue. o q. (), we he q q q. Thus, we n wite tht q q q h h h t t t t t Theeoe, totl Nh t Independently o the bsobin tie, whih is o the ode o 6 s. P ( ) 3 whee N is the totl nube o bsobed photons by the sue; P is the totl powe. Thus, the expession o the pessue, p, exeted by the dition on sue with e A is ien by p A totl P A D ( ) whee D is the powe density o the dition. Note tht, only o >> the eqution boe edues to p D (the wellnown expession o dition pessue). The lw o inese sque o the distne, whih is ipliit in the Newton s lw, shows tht ittion is popted spheilly. This eels the piniple o diusion o the ittionl eney, i.e., it is tnsitted by wes (o photons). The Quntu ield Theoy shows tht the ittionl intetion esults o the intehne o type o itul quntu. Then, bsed on the boe exposed, we n onlude tht this typil itul quntu is typil itul photon. Thus, we n sy tht the ittionl intetion, between two ptiles with ittionl sses nd, espetiely, esults o the tion o n ount o eney elted to, ejeted o the ptile unde the o o N itul photons with typil equeny, nd n ount o eney elted to, ejeted o the ptile unde the o o N itul photons with equeny. Assuin tht the ounts o eneies ejeted o the ptiles nd e, espetiely, nd, whee is onstnt, nd onsidein tht, odin to q. (), the eney o the photons is expessed by h h, then we n wite tht nd ( h ) ( 3) N

4 Sine ( h ) ( 4) N 4 I the os nd the ittionl sses o the two ptiles ein onstnts, then A nd A e onstnts, i.e., nd A A A A A A A A s A s A Then, qs. (3) nd (4) n be ewitten s ollows nd s N A s N A ( h ) ( 5) ( h ) ( 6) whee A nd A e the inidene es o the entioned itul photons, espetiely on the ptiles nd (See i.); nd s. s A A nd A A whee nd e onstnts. o q. (7) nd (8), we obtin By substitution o q. (9), ies A A N A A ( 7) ( 8) ( 9) ien by q. (4) into ( h h ) ( h h ) K ( ) Sine N nd N e pue nubes, then A A N is onstnt, whih hee will be denoted by K. On the othe hnd, we n wite tht S A n ( h h ) ( ) A A whee n is the nube o photons inident on ptile nd S 4π, whee is the distne o the ente o the ptile to the ente o the ptile. h h ien by Substitution o ( ) q. () into q. (), ies i. - A nd A e the inidene es o the itul photons, espetiely on the ptiles nd. n s K S α S ( ) The onstnt K s hs the diension o ( oe ). Thus, s K ws hned in q. () by the onstnt α, whee

5 o α K K A A s A N A α A A N A N N A N ( 3) Substitution o N ies by q. (6) into q. (3), yields α h h ( h h ) Note in the eqution boe tht the equeny o the itul photon (quntu o the ( 4) ittionl intetion) is in t onstnt, beuse α,, nd e onstnts. This onis ou initil hypotheses tht the quntu o the ittionl intetion, is photon with typil equeny. By nloy to q. (), we n wite tht n K s S α S ( 5) Multiplyin n (q. ) by n (q. 5), we obtin n n ( α α ) SS ( α α ) ( 4π )( 4π ) 8 ( 6) whee S 4π ; is the distne o the ente o the ptile to the ente o the ptile. Sine, then q. (6) n be ewitten in the ollowin o n n 8 ( αα ) ( 4π ) ( 7) Aodin to q. (), we n wite tht nd whene we obtin n h n h ( h ) nn Substitution o q. (3), yields o n n 5 ( 8) ( 9) ( 3) ien by q. (6) into ( h ) 6 ( α α ) ( 4π ) ( 3), we he. Thus, q. (3) edues to 3 4π ( h ) ( α α ) ( 3) In ode to ounite ult-sll ittionl oes the eney h h o the itul photon (quntu o the ittionl intetion) ust be lso ultsll. This ens tht, ust be less thn nd ult lose to, i.e., h h ε ε h, whee ε is onstnt. Thus, q. (3) n be ewitten s ollows 3 ε 4 t π αα ( 33) The te in pentheses ust enete, obiously, the uniesl ittionl onstnt, G 6.67 N. ( ), i.e., 3 ε G 4 t π αα ( 34)

6 o nd n n (just one itul photon inident on eh ptile) q. (3) ies in, whee in is the inil ittionl oe in the Uniese, i.e., h ε in ( 35) 6 Substitution o this lue into q. (36), nd onsidein tht in << (poton) nd x >> H (diete o the obseble 8 Uniese) whee H.75 s is the Hubble onstnt, then we n onlude tht, ε ust be ult-sll. On the othe hnd, odin to the Newton s lw, we n wite tht in in G x ε ( 36) whee in is the ittionl ss o the teil ptile with inil ss in the Uniese, nd x is the xil distne (diete o the Uniese) between two ptiles o this type. in x in Uniese i. 3 Two ptiles with the inil ss, in, in the opposite positions (dietilly opposed) in the bode o the Uniese. Bsed on q. (3), we n wite tht t t ( 37) 33 Sine s (q. (9)), nd s /, then q. (37) ies 33 s ( 38)

7 7 Reeenes [] Heny, G.., (957) Rdition Pessue, Sientii Aein, p. 99. [] De Aquino,. (4) The Bipol Line Moentu tnspoted by the letoneti Wes, [3] Ses,. W.; Zensy, M. W.; Youn, H. D. (983). Uniesity Physis (6th ed.). Addison-Wesley. pp [4] Hetz, H. (887). Uebe den inluss des ultioletten Lihtes u die eletishe ntldun. Annlen de Physi 67 (8): S [5] Whiteield, R. J. nd Bdy, J. J. (97) New Vlue o Wo untion o Sodiu nd the Obsetion o Sue-Plson ets. Phys. Re. Lett. 6, 38 (97). tu: Phys. Re. Lett. 6, 5 (97). [6] instein, A., (95). Übe einen die zeuun und Vewndlun des Lihtes beteenden heuistishen Gesihtspunt. Annlen de Physi 7 (6): 3 48.

Equations from the Millennium Theory of Inertia and Gravity. Copyright 2004 Joseph A. Rybczyk

Equations from the Millennium Theory of Inertia and Gravity. Copyright 2004 Joseph A. Rybczyk Equtions fo the illenniu heoy of Ineti nd vity Copyight 004 Joseph A. Rybzyk ollowing is oplete list of ll of the equtions used o deived in the illenniu heoy of Ineti nd vity. o ese of efeene the equtions