"Radiation" Electrons Positrons Neutrons Ions... Paolo Fornasini Univ. Trento. Overview. Paolo Fornasini Univ. Trento. 1/ k 2 /
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1 Mtt-dition dition tction dition tt tction Dptnt o yic Univity o Tnto tly "dition" lctogntic dition icowv d viibl UV X-y lcton oiton Nuton on... Wv-pticl dulity no on: Stuctul popti cocopic... toic lvl lctonic popti Vibtionl popti Atoic-lvl tuctul pob Ovviw ic quint: Wvlngt t-toic ditnc Wtction Hig pnttion dpt ul pob X-y Tl nuton Low-ngy lcton Stong tction Low pnttion dpt Suc pob. opti o X-y, nuton nd lcton. ic o cttg 3. ltic cttg o X-y Clicl Toon cttg ic tnc ct Dvition o clicl bviou. ltic cttg o tl nuton nd lcton Wv popti Wv qution - 3 di A Y t A t poizion x Suoidl wv Wvvcto Ti piodicity Spc piodicity iod Fquncy Angul quncy T /T /T T /c c / c Wvlngt Wvnub Wvvcto / / i t T A (,) t A A i( t) ticl popti Wv - pticl popti c pc p v tot pc c ngy V.6 9 J c 3 8 / t l ontu pc c p Connction pticl wv popti p ( / ) X-y oton [V]. lcton [V] Tl nuton 5 [V] 8.7. V 5 V 8.7 V
2 ngy wvlngt ltion X-y ttnution cni Hig-ngy lcton X-y oto-lcton Aug lcton A Fluocnc F Aboption Low-ngy lcton lcton ncog b gog b ttnution Tl nuton Nuton. 3 ( ) ' nltic cttg ltic cttg Scttg Noncltu o cttg Scttg ngl,, d d ol ngl,,, pc c p X-y poton tl nuton, n diction: ltic cttg Aziutl ngl xcngd ngy xcngd ontu,, nltic cttg,, = gg ngl Scttg cni ltic cttg o X-y X-y Tl nuton lcton Clicl toy o cttg o lcton (Toon cttg) lcton, clicl pictu Nucl potntil Coulob potntil o nuclu ic tnc ct 3 Coction o quntu ct:. obbilitic ditibution o t lctonic cg. Copton ct o lcton 3. ct o bdg lcton, quntu pictu: lcton (gntic to) Coulob potntil o lcton lctogntic wv ipgg on lcton iion o lctogntic dition ncog lctic ild t co( t) Accltd cg lctogntic ild lcton ccltion t co( t), t c t' F lcton c Ngligibl: gntic ct poton ccltion -
3 lctic ild poliztion ditd pow unpolizd b polition polition co( ) ncog pow lux c W/ - ittd pow - - co d d, t co t', t co t' co 7.8x - olition cto c =.8x -5 Toon cttg lngt Scttg tngt ndp. o wvlngt nd ngl! yond t clicl ttnt Scttg o ny lcton Toon cttg: F lcton ltic cttg n Out F lcton nltic cttg (Copton) lcton bound to Wv o dint lcton ntnc obbilitic ditibution o - cg ntnc Dpndg on wvlngt nd ngl Scttg vcto nput plitud Wv-vcto polition ltg cttg Scttg vcto co t i t Coplx nottion A nput plitud Scttd plitud Aplitud nd tnity, lcton polition Aplitud ( polition) ' i t i ' ' A ( ) A i i t i i l A Cnnot b ud! i i t A ( ) i Scttd plitud i cto ntnity A ( ) A l ( polition) co un-polizd b ctully ud
4 ntnc: lcton ntnc: lcton lcton A ( ) A l i l A ( ) A lcton lcton A ( ) A( ) A ( ) A l i i i i A ( ) A ( ) A ( ) l i ( ) A ( ) A co l i j i ij A co l ndpndnt ntnc Toon cttg by pot-li lcton ndpndnt ntnc: (-) t ij j i ntnc: contuou ditibution Atoic obitl = nub dnity i A( ) A dv A( ) l Foui T. o ( ) A ( ) i Al dv i A( ) A dv l ntnc! lcton o cto ntnc dpnd on wvlngt A( ) A l i dv lcton cloud ( ) l A A..8 =, ydogn =.5 (Cu ) =, ydogn =.75 (Mo ).6. lctonic unit A ( ) A.u. ( ) A l A ( ).u. Al (dg) 6 8 (dg) Hydogn o cto (cttg cto) Atoic o cto (cttg cto) - lcton cloud i dv d o picl yty (.u.) =, ydogn 5 = / ( - ) pot-li lcton Gp dpndnt o wvlngt A.u..u. totl lctonic dnity u ov lcton n, n n, n o picl yty i dv i dv d
5 Atoic o cto - b X-y cttg tnity (.u.) 8 6 A.u..u Au 3 - G 8 - O G = / ( ) ( ) ot-li lcton (dpndnt o ) Ato (dpndg on nd ) Scttg o lcton -> Copton ct Modiid.v. unodiid cttg - lcton Dpndnt on ngl ndpndnt o wvlngt Scttg o bound lcton Fo quntu cnic: Un-odiid = ltic (Toon) Modiid = ltic (Copton) ntnity o pot-li clicl lcton (.u.) ' c c co co.6 (Copton wvlngt) co c ( co ) co c( co ) o xo /,unod,od,od,od ntnity (.u.) Totl tnity Copton Toon Hydogn. 5 - = / ( ) Modiid.v. unodiid cttg - to Modiid.v. unodiid cttg Un-odi. Modiid unod n, n od,od n ( ) n n, n, cont cttg (u o plitud) uncont cttg (u o tniti) ntnity (.u.) 5 Toon - Silicon 5 Copton / Scttg o X-y o n lcton ct o lcton bdg (clicl odl) Toon cttg Copton cttg ltic ( cont, unodiid ) nltic ( cont, odiid ) F lcton ound lcton Clicl ttnt F lcton Quntu ttnt d i t dt d d i t dt dt Coplx nottion Looly bound b Copton ound lcton Looly bound b Copton ild Dpg oc ltic oc ild Dpd ocillto odl
6 ct o lcton bondg (X-y) X-y toic o cto F lcton Aplitud o ocilltion ound lcton: i Nol t (dp. on ngl) onnt ('nolou') t (~ dp. o ngl) Coplx nottion ptil ditibution,, '(, ) i "(, ) A( ) A ( ) l Aplitud o cttg A A ( ) l i l gy Scttg cto Anolou cttg cto Aboption onnt cttg cto Tl nuton: tction wit tt,, '(, ) l i "(, ) gy G + ' - Fowd cttg = 3 L dg 5 5 " dg Nucl tction wit nucli Stong tction > no clicl ppoxition > no ptubtiv ttnt Vy ot ng (~ -5 ) > iotopic cttg Mgntic tction o nuton p wit unpid lcton Only o gntic to Stuctul o Mgntic o 3 X-y ngy (V) xtndd lcton cloud > niotopic cttg Tl nuton tuctul pob Nucl cttg tnity ntction wit nucli: otopic cttg [c. X-y Toon cttg o pot-li lcton] Fo on iotop: * ( ) b bb Toon cttg lngt Fo dint iotop o t toic pci ndoly ditibutd wit t til. Nuton cttg lngt b dpndnt o cttg ngl dpndnt o nuton wvlngt dint o dint iotop dpndg on nucl p no coltion wit xpintlly dtd ( ) bb i j b b i,j lbl toic it (cludg i=j) co Cont cttg lngt Q lcton cttg o to Copion () Cg dnity X-y Tl nuton lcton V() otntil ngy - lcton toic o cto Mott-t oul, l, X Scttd by lcton cloud Snitivity to lcton ditibution nc wit Scttd by nucl potntil (ot ngd) Snitivity only to nucl poition No coltion wit otop-dpndnt Scttd by Coulob potntil (long ngd) Snitivity to lcton ditibution nc wit -nucl totl toic nub X X-y toic o cto / Wtction Wtction Stong tction Stong pnttion Stong pnttion W pnttion ticl toy gnlly O ticl toy gnlly O Dynicl toy otn ncy
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