Lever Lab: First Class Lever
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1 Lever Lab 2 Name: Lever Lab: First Class Lever Objective: To investigate the use of a lever as a simple machine. Materials: Workshop Stand, Lever, Bolt, Hooked Masses Background: A lever is one of the six types of simple machines. (The others are wheel & axle, inclined plane, wedge, screw, and pulley.) A lever is a rigid bar that is free to move around a fixed point. This fixed point is the fulcrum. The lever is useful for changing the direction or size of an applied force or the distance of which the force is applied. Levers can be used in different ways. A first-class lever has the fulcrum located between the input force (or effort force) and the output force (or resultant force). Procedure: 1. Use the bolt to attach the Lever to the Workshop Stand, so that the lever is at eye level. Use the center pivot. 2. Pull down on the right side of the lever. What happens to the left side? 3. Draw an arrow on the diagram to the right representing the Output. Input Multiplying : 4. Hang a 100g mass at the 20cm mark on the right side. 100g represents the Input. 5. Place a 200g mass on the left side so that the lever is balanced. 200g represents the Output. 6. Write a sentence describing the relationship between the Input and Output s for this arrangement ARBOR SCIENTIFIC ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 4 of 14
2 Lever Lab 2 Name: 7. How far from the fulcrum is the Input? This distance is the Input Arm. 8. How far from the fulcrum is the Output? This distance is the Output Arm. 9. Write a sentence describing the relationship between the Input and Output Arms for this arrangement. 10. The Ideal Mechanical Advantage of a lever is found by dividing the Input Arm by the Output Arm. Calculate the Ideal Mechanical Advantage for this lever. 11. How does the Ideal Mechanical Advantage relate to the Input and Output s for this system? 12. Give an example of a common item that is a first-class lever. 13. How would you arrange the lever so that it has an Ideal Mechanical Advantage of 3? Draw the Input and Output s in the appropriate places on the diagram below. Test your design and describe the results in the space below ARBOR SCIENTIFIC ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 5 of 14
3 Lever Lab 3 Name: Lever Lab: Second Class Lever Objective: To investigate the use of a lever as a simple machine. Materials: Workshop Stand, Lever, Bolt, Spring Scale (1000g). Background: A second-class lever has its Output located between the Fulcrum and the Input. In this activity, the Output will be represented by the mass of the lever itself. In other words, the purpose of this lever is to lift the weight of the lever itself. Procedure: 1. Detach the Lever from the Workshop Stand. Hang it from the spring scale and record its mass in grams. 2. Use the bolt to attach the Lever to the Workshop Stand as shown. Use the far left side pivot (30cm mark) and the lowest hole on the stand. 3. Hook the spring scale into the far right 30cm mark and pull upward enough to lift the lever off the table. This is the location of the input force. Record the reading on the scale (in grams). Output Input 4. Since the fulcrum and the input force are both supporting the lever, they should each be lifting half the mass. 5. Hang 200g at the center of the lever (0 cm mark). This is the output force. Read the spring scale and record the new input force value. 6. Subtract the original input force value in # 3 from the value in # 5. This is the effective input force which can lift the 200g mass ARBOR SCIENTIFIC ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 6 of 14
4 Lever Lab 3 Name: Multiplying : 7. Write a sentence describing the relationship between the Input and Output s for this arrangement. 8. How far from the fulcrum is the Input? This distance is the Input Arm. 9. How far from the fulcrum is the Output? This distance is the Output Arm. 10. The Ideal Mechanical Advantage of a lever is found by dividing the Input Arm by the Output Arm. Calculate the Ideal Mechanical Advantage for this lever. 11. Predict where to place the 200 g mass to create a mechanical advantage of 3? 12. The Input Product is found by multiplying the Input Arm by the Input. Similarly, the Output Product is found by multiplying the Output Arm by the Output. These two products should be equal. Test this law by moving both the Input force and the Output force and record both new distances and forces. Remember to subtract the new initial reading of the Input force before adding the mass of the output force. Input (effective) Output Input Arm Output Arm 13. Calculate the Input Product and the Output Product. Input Product= Output Product= 14. Give an example of a common item that is a second-class lever ARBOR SCIENTIFIC ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 7 of 14
5 Lever Lab 4 Name: Lever Lab: Third Class Lever Objective: To investigate the use of a lever as a simple machine. Materials: Workshop Stand, Lever, Bolt, Spring Scale (1000g). Background: A third-class lever has its Input located between the Fulcrum and the Output. In this activity, the Output will be represented by the mass of the lever itself. In other words, the purpose of this lever is to lift the weight of the lever itself. Procedure: 1. Detach the Lever from the Workshop Stand. Hang it from the spring scale and record its mass in grams. 2. Use the bolt to attach the Lever to the Workshop Stand as shown. Use the far left-side pivot (30cm mark) and the lowest hole on the stand. 3. Hook the spring scale into the left side 10cm mark and pull upward enough to lift the lever off the table. This is the location of the input force. Record the reading on the scale (in grams). Input Output 4. Hang 200g at the far right 30cm mark, this is the output force. Read the spring scale and record the new input force value. 5. Subtract the original input force value in # 3 from the value in # 4. This is the effective input force which can lift the 200g mass. 6. Draw an arrow representing the effective Input on the diagram at right ARBOR SCIENTIFIC ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 8 of 14
6 Lever Lab 4 Name: Multiplying : 7. Write a sentence describing the relationship between the Input and Output s for this arrangement. 8. How far from the fulcrum is the Input? This distance is the Input Arm. 9. How far from the fulcrum is the Output? This distance is the Output Arm. 10. Write a sentence describing the relationship between the Input and Output Arms for this arrangement. 11. The Ideal Mechanical Advantage of a lever is found by dividing the Input Arm by the Output Arm. Calculate the Ideal Mechanical Advantage for this lever. 12. How does the Ideal Mechanical Advantage relate to the Input and Output s for this system? 13. Pull on the spring scale again, as in #4. Which is larger between the Input Distance (the distance the scale moves as it pulls) and the Output Distance (the distance the lever s center of mass, roughly the 0cm mark, moves)? 14. Give an example of a common item that is a second-class lever ARBOR SCIENTIFIC ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 9 of 14
7 Lever Lab 4 Review Questions Name: List the types of lever that apply to each situation. Some may have more than one answer. a. First-Class Lever b. Second-Class Lever c. Third-Class Lever 1. A small Input is used to move a larger Output. 2. A large Input is used to move the Output a large distance. 3. Uses changes in the location of the force in order to make the force seem smaller or larger. 4. Changes the direction of a force. 5. Can have a Mechanical Advantage greater than Can have a Mechanical Advantage less than A baseball bat is an example. 8. A triple-beam balance is an example. 9. Scissors are an example. 10. A wheelbarrow is an example ARBOR SCIENTIFIC ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 10 of 14
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