Turning Forces and Levers. Junior Science
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1 Turning Forces and Levers Junior Science
2 Lesson Objectives Understand the terms - Lever, Fulcrum, Turning effect, Moment Recall the formula M= Fd and be able to calculate the moment of a force Be able to explain why an object with forces acting on it isn t turning Be able to explain why an object at rest doesn t turn. Be able to calculate the size of a force (or it s perpendicular distance from a pivot) acting on an object that is balanced Explain, in terms of forces, why objects with pivot points appear at rest or are moving in various situations. calculate the size of a force (or it s perpendicular distance from a pivot) acting on an object that is balanced in a number of contexts. Understand equilibrium and the Law of the Lever. Be able to carry out simple calculations using a lever.
3 Turning Effects When we apply a force, it sometimes causes an object to turn or twist. This turning effect of a Force is called the Moment (M) i.e. opening a bottle, turning a spanner The turning effect can be increased by - increasing the size of the force - increasing the distance from the turning point
4 Turning Effect (Moment) Moment = Force x perdendicular Distance
5 What is a Lever? A Lever is a rigid body free to move about a fixed point called the fulcrum. Levers are machines used to increase force. They are called "simple machines" because they have only two parts - the handle and the fulcrum. In a lever a force called the EFFORT is used to overcome a resisting force called the LOAD. The pivotal point is called the FULCRUM.
6 Examples of Levers
7 Can you locate the Effort, Load and Fulcrum on each of the following levers?
8 Scissors Effort Load Fulcrum
9 Wheelbarrow Effort Fulcrum Load
10 The Human Arm Effort Load Fulcrum
11 Spanner Fulcrum Effort
12 Types of Levers There are three main types of levers First Class Lever Second Class Levers Third Class Levers. In each type the fulcrum, effort and load are located at difference positions.
13 A First Class Lever The First class lever is a very common type of lever. The fulcrum is in the centre with the effort and load on the outside. Fulcrum Load Effort Examples of first class levers include: A seesaw, pliers, scissors.
14 Second Class Lever A second class lever is one in where the load is in the centre and the effort and fulcrum on the outside. Effort Load Fulcrum Examples include a Wheelbarrow, nutcracker, and bottle opener.
15 Third Class Lever Third class levers are hard to find. They have the effort in the centre and fulcrum and load on the outside. Load Fulcrum Effort Examples include Hammers and fishing rods.
16 Law of Moments The Turning effect or Moment of a force depends on the size of the force and the distance from the fulcrum. Moment = Force x Perpendicular distance (from the fulcrum) M = F(N) x d(m)
17 The Law of the Lever F 1 d 1 = F 2 d 2 F2 F1 When a body is in equilibrium the sum of the clockwise moments is equal to the sum of the anti-clockwise moments about the same point.
18 When a body is in equilibrium the sum of the clockwise moments is equal to the sum of the anti-clockwise moments about the same point. Weight = Force W = F
19 The prove the law of the lever 1. Draw diagram of equipment in copy 2. Copy table below F 1 d 1 F 1 d 1 F 2 d 2 F 2 d 2 (N) (m) Nm (N) (m) Nm 3. Carry out three calculations to test the law of the lever
20 Law of the Lever 25cm 20cm 20N F F 1 d 1 = F 2 d 2 20N X 0.25m = F 2 x (0.20m) 5Nm = F 2 x (0.20m) 5Nm / 0.20m = F 2 25Nm = F 2
21 Law of the Lever 25cm 10cm 30cm 20N 10N W (0.25m x 20N) + ( 0.10m x 10M) = 5Nm + 1Nm 6Nm 6Nm / 0.30m 20N = (W x 0.30) W
22 Law of the Lever 40cm d 20N 50N (20N x 0.4m) = 8Nm 8Nm/50N = 0.16m = (50N x d) d d Position is at the 66cm Mark
23 Law of the Lever 5 cm 60 cm 10N (10N x 0.45cm) = 4.5Nm = 4.5Nm / 0.1m 45N = F (F x 0.10m) F F
24 Summary This turning effect of a Force is called the Moment (M) Moment = Force x Perpendicular distance (from the fulcrum) The turning effect can be increased by increasing the size of the force or the distance from the turning point. A Lever is a rigid body free to move about a fixed point called the fulcrum. Levers are machines used to increase force. They are called "simple machines" because they have only two parts the handle and the fulcrum. In a lever a force called the EFFORT is used to overcome a resisting force called the LOAD. The pivotal point is called the FULCRUM. The Law of the lever states thatwhen a body is in equilibrium the sum of the clockwise moments is equal to the sum of the anti-clockwise moments about the same point. F 1 d 1 = F 2 d 2
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