Physics 10 Lecture 7A. "Energy and persistence conquer all things. --Benjamin Franklin
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1 Physics 10 Lecture 7A "Energy and persistence conquer all things. --Benjamin Franklin
2 Quiz 1 Info It will be a Scantron test covering Chapters 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. A list of equations, constants, and conversions will be provided on the quiz. You are to write the version of your test on the Scantron form. You will be given a Quiz Code Number that you will be your Quiz ID for the rest of the quarter. You are expected to abide by UC Policy on Integrity of Scholarship.
3 What is energy? Energy What are some different forms of energy? Kinetic Rotational Thermal Electrical Chemical (Molecular Bonds) Nuclear Gravitational Mass energy (ΔE = Δmc 2 ) Magnetic Chemical Reactions (Gibbs Free Energy)
4 Energy The problem with forces is that vectors can be difficult. It is far more preferable to work with scalar values that do not have direction. So we turn to energy (a scalar) to solve problems. Energy is an internal property of an object. Energy is by far the most universal and most widely applicable model in science!
5 Energy Energy can be transferred from one object to another (or from one type to another). But it can never be created or destroyed. This is the principle of conservation of energy. The total amount of energy never changes. The first type of energy we will discuss is kinetic energy, KE. Kinetic energy quantifies the amount of motion an object has. Kinetic Energy = 1 2 (mass) (velocity) 2 KE = 1 2 mv 2
6 Work Work is how to change the energy of an object. Work is the force on an object times the distance that it has moved or: Work = force distance Work and energy are measured in units of Joules (which is equivalent to a Newton-meter). The Work-Energy Theorem states: The change in kinetic energy of an object is equal to the work done on the object.
7 Power If we perform 10 Joules of work on an object, there is no way of knowing how long it took. Time does not play an explicit role with work or energy. That is why we define power, which is the rate at which work is performed. Or mathematically: power = work done time interval Power is measured in the units of Watts (which is also a Joule per second). Another common power unit is the horsepower (1hp = 746 Watts).
8 Potential Energy Another type of energy is potential energy. Potential energy (PE or U) is the amount of stored energy you have that can perform work or be transferred to kinetic energy. Potential Energy is also measured in Joules. Potential Energy is also a only depends on the initial and final values (it is not path dependent). Work can also go into changing potential energy.
9 Potential Energy Gravitational potential energy changes as you change the height of an object. Near the surface of the Earth we calculate the change in gravitational potential energy to be: ΔPE = mg (y f - y i ) = mgδy If I drop a 1kg mass from 6m to 1m, then ΔPE becomes (up is +y): ΔPE = mgδy = (1kg)(9.8m/s 2 )(1m - 6m) = -49J
10 Conservation of Energy In the case of a pendulum, we have one object that, through its motion, transfers energy between potential and kinetic energy. Gravity is providing the force to transfer energy. Unfortunately after some time, air resistance starts taking energy from the system and into the environment.
11 Energy Let s say we have a system where a diver starts out with 10,000 Joules of PE and 0 Joules of KE. As the diver falls under the influence of gravity his energy will transfer from PE to KE, until eventually all 10,000 Joules will KE. The PE will lose energy linearly based upon height. So when the diver s height is half of its original value, the PE will be half as well.
12 Machines Machines use the conservation of energy in order to perform useful work. A machine is a device that utilizes energy to multiply forces or change the direction of forces. Since energy must be conserved, the work input to a machine must equal the work output. The simplest machine that exists is the lever. A lever increases the output force by changing the distance to the pivot point.
13 Clicker Question 7A-1 Blocks A and B, of equal mass, start from rest and slide down the two frictionless ramps shown below. Their speeds at the bottom are v A and v B. Which of the following equations regarding their speeds is true? A B 1m 1m 30 o 60 o A) v A > v B B) v A = v B C) v A < v B
14 Clicker Question 7A-2 Three identical balls are thrown from the top of a cliff along paths A, B, and C. If their initial speeds are the same and air resistance is negligible, the ball that strikes the ground below with the greatest speed will follow path: A) Path A. B) Path B. C) Path C. D) Either path A or path C. E) All paths strike with the same speed.
15 For Next Time (FNT) Study for Quiz #1. After the quiz, start the homework for Chapter 7. Read Chapter 15 for next Monday.
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