Energy, Work, and Power
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1 Matthew W. Milligan, Work, and Power Conservation Laws an Alternative to Newton s Laws
2 Matthew W. Milligan, Work, and Power I. - kinetic and potential - conservation II. Work - dot product - work-energy relations III. Springs IV. Power - machines and efficiency
3 The student will be able to: 1 Define and apply the concepts of kinetic and potential energy and use the conservation of energy to explain physical phenomena. 2 Calculate mechanical kinetic energy and gravitational potential energy (in Joules) and use conservation of energy to solve related problems. HW: Define and calculate work and solve related problems Relate and equate work and energy and solve related problems. 5 Solve problems involving work and energy for a mass attached to a spring. 6 Define and calculate power (in Watts or horsepower) and solve related problems Solve problems involving machines and efficiency
4 Matthew W. Milligan Do you have any energy today? What is energy? is the ability to do work. But, what is work? Work involves a force that acts over a certain distance. (Caution: this is not the strict definition of work.)
5 The JOULE The joule is the SI unit for measuring energy or work. It is the amount of energy needed to do the work of exerting one newton of force over a distance of one meter. 1 joule = 1 newton 1 meter J = Nm J = kg m 2 /s 2
6 What are some other units for measuring energy? 1 calorie 4.19 J 1 Calorie 4190 J 1 BTU 1060 J
7 Two Types of Kinetic is energy due to
8 Two Types of Kinetic is energy due to motion. is energy due to position or arrangement (and associated with a particular force).
9 US Flow 2007 (quadrillion BTU)
10 Name or Type of Mechanical Kinetic Example Wind Farm Kinetic or Kinetic is due to Motion of air molecules Means by which work can be done air exerts force on turbine causing motion Gravitational Chemical Hydroelectric Dam Fossil Fuels (Coal, gas, oil, etc ) Elevated position of water Arrangement and positions of atoms in molecules (bonds) Water exerts force on turbine causing motion Chemical reaction releases heat. This can cause expansion and move objects Matthew W. Milligan
11 Name or Type of Mechanical Kinetic Example Wind Farm Kinetic or Kinetic is due to Motion of air molecules Means by which work can be done air exerts force on turbine causing motion Gravitational Chemical Hydroelectric Dam Fossil Fuels (Coal, gas, oil, etc ) Elevated position of water Arrangement and positions of atoms in molecules (bonds) Water exerts force on turbine causing motion Chemical reaction releases heat. This can cause expansion and move objects Matthew W. Milligan
12 Name or Type of Nuclear Thermal Elastic Example Uranium Geothermal power plant Kinetic or Kinetic Clock Spring is due to Position and arrangement of protons and neutrons in the nucleus Random motion of molecules Stressed position of wound up spring Means by which work can be done Nuclei undergo fission, releasing heat, which can cause expansion and move objects Heat of Earth is used to generate steam and turn turbines Spring exerts force that turns the clock s moving parts
13 Name or Type of Nuclear Thermal Elastic Example Uranium Geothermal power plant Kinetic or Kinetic Clock Spring is due to Position and arrangement of protons and neutrons in the nucleus Random motion of molecules Stressed position of wound up spring Means by which work can be done Nuclei undergo fission, releasing heat, which can cause expansion and move objects Heat of Earth is used to generate steam and turn turbines Spring exerts force that turns the clock s moving parts
14 The student will be able to: 1 Define and apply the concepts of kinetic and potential energy and use the conservation of energy to explain physical phenomena. 2 Calculate mechanical kinetic energy and gravitational potential energy (in Joules) and use conservation of energy to solve related problems. HW: Define and calculate work and solve related problems Relate and equate work and energy and solve related problems. 5 Solve problems involving work and energy for a mass attached to a spring. 6 Define and calculate power (in Watts or horsepower) and solve related problems Solve problems involving machines and efficiency
15 Mechanical Kinetic The kinetic energy that an object possesses due to its translational motion is given by: KE = 1 mv 2 2 where: m = mass of the object v = speed of the object
16 Gravitational The gravitational potential energy of an object near earth s surface is given by: GPE = mgh where: m = mass of the object g = acceleration due to gravity h = height above a reference
17 Notes on PE = mgh The value of h is arbitrary! There is no absolute or correct value for h; it depends upon the chosen reference. Therefore the amount of potential energy is relative to a position at which h is zero. The values of m and g are always positive; however the value of h can be negative if the object is below the chosen reference level. Matthew W. Milligan
18 Matthew W. Milligan Conservation Laws Conservation laws state that certain aspects of the universe are conserved. Which is to say Certain things can neither be created nor destroyed. The total amount of such things must therefore remain constant through time.
19 Conservation Laws Some aspects of the universe that are conserved: matter, mass, energy, charge, spin, momentum
20 Conservation of There are only two things that can happen to an energy form: It can be transferred from one object or set of objects to another. It can be transformed from one type of energy into another. Special exception: Mass can be transformed into energy and vice versa. (E = mc 2 ) This occurs to a significant extent only in nuclear reactions.
21 Most any action or occurrence can be understood as a transfer and/or transformation of energy 1. A cat jumps up onto a table. 2. A car accelerates from a stoplight. 3. An archer shoots an arrow into a bale of hay. 4. A cue ball is used to break the 15 colored balls on a billiard table. 5. A light is turned on.
22 Using Conservation to Solve Problems Because energy is conserved, the total amount of it should remain constant: KE + = + PE KE PE total energy at one point in time total energy at a different point
23 Using Conservation to Solve Problems Because energy is conserved, the total amount of it should remain constant: KE + = + PE KE PE Note: it is sometimes difficult to account for all of the energy forms that are present before and after a particular event.
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