Performance Analysis of Rotor Tip Shapes in Hover Using Computational Fluid Dynamics

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1 Prfrmanc Analysis f Rtr Tip Shaps in Hvr Using Cmputatinal Fluid Dynamics by Alan Brcklhurst and Grg Baraks Prsntd at th Burn 7-8 April 26

2 INTRODUCTION Aims and Objctivs Validatin UH-6A Cmparisn with Mdl TR Tsts Cmparisn Vrtx Wak Trajctris Tip Shaps - Hvr Prfrmanc Tip Shaps - Vrtx Wak Trajctris Lading and Dwnwash Cnclusins and Futur Gals

3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES Prgrss twards a high fidlity mthd fr rtr dsign capabl f rslving subtl diffrncs in tip shap CFD starts frm th cnsrvatin laws, and nds nly Gmtry Dfinitin and Bundary (Flight) Cnditins Wrk-in-prgrss twards PhD Ovrlaps with WHL Gals Currnt studis us Eulr mthds in Hvr fr cnmy

4 CFD Validatin - UH-6A Mdl Tail Rtr Tsts (Lrbr).965R

5 CFD Validatin - UH-6A Mdl Tail Rtr Tsts (Lrbr) Radial psitin Axial psitin cllctiv pitch, M tip =.628, inviscid, 24-blck grid, 4.5M grid pints

6 Cmparisn f CFD with Mdl Tail Rtr Tsts frm 198/4 Rctangular Blad, NACA12,,8,16 dg Twist, dg Twist Cnsidrd Hr

7 Cmparisn f Eulr CFD Prdictins with Mdl Rtr Tst Data frm 198 Cmparisn with Mdl Rtr Thrust - Pitch Masurmnts Twistd Blads Tsts (198), Mtip=.263 (Vt=293ft/s,16rpm) Twist= Mtip=.492 Twist=8 Mtip= Twist=16 Mtip=.492 Twist= Eulr Fr Mtip= Blad Lading Cfficint, CT/s Blad Lading Cfficint, CT/s Cmparisn with Mdl Rtr Thrust - Pitch Masurmnts Twistd Blads Tst (198), Mtip=.492 (Vt=55 ft/s, 3rpm) Twist= Mtip= Twist=8 Mtip= Twist=16 Mtip=.263 Twist= Eulr Fr Mtip= CFD prdictins with zr cning, crrctd fr pitch-flap cupling Imprssd Pitch Rfrncd t Rtr Cntr (dg) 4. CFD prdictins with cning, crrctd fr pitch-flap cupling Imprssd Pitch Rfrncd t Rtr Cntr (dg) Rctangular Blad, NACA12, Zr Twist

8 Cmparisn f Eulr CFD Prdictins with Mdl Tail Rtr Tsts frm 1984 Cmparisn with Mdl Tail Rtr Thrust - Pwr Masurmnts 'Fin-Blckag' Tsts (N Fin) 1984, Mtip=.361 Cmparisn with Mdl Tail Rtr Thrust - Pitch Masurmnts Tsts 198, Mtip=.263, and 'Fin-Blckag' Tsts (N Fin)1984, Mtip= Zr Twist Tst (198) Mtip= Tst (1984) Mtip= CFD Eulr Mtip= CFD Eulr Mtip=.492 Rtr Trqu Cfficint, CQ Blad Lading Cfficint, CT/s Twist= Mtip= Twist= CFD Eulr M= Twist= CFD Eulr M= Mm Thry CD=.18, ki= All prdictins crrctd fr pitch-flap cupling Imprssd Pitch (dgrs) Rtr Thrust Cfficint, CT Rctangular Blad, NACA12, Zr Twist

9 Cmparisn f CFD and Mdl Tail Rtr Vrtx Wak Trajctris Mdl Rtr Flw Visualisatin Vrtical Sctins at dgrs wak ag

10 Cmparisn Mdl Tail Rtr Vrtx Wak Trajctris (1) Cmparisn f CFD and Exprimnt Vrtx Lcatins - Vrtical Displacmnt TRB-1 Rctangular Blad, Zr Twist, Mtip= Tst (WHL, 198), 5 dgrs pitch -.1 Vrt Displacmnt, zv/r (rl t tip) 33 Tst (WHL, 1984), 8 dgrs pitch Tst (WHL, 198), 1 dgrs pitch -.2 Tst (WHL, 198), 15 dgrs pitch CFD TRB-1 5 dg CT= CFD TRB-1 8 dg CT=.119 CFD TRB-1 1 dg CT=.1723 CFD TRB-1 15dg CT= Kcurk and Tanglr CT=.598 (5 dg) Kcurk and Tanglr CT=.119 (8 dg) -.5 Kcurk and Tanglr CT=.1723 (1dg) Kcurk and Tanglr CT=.341 (15dg) -.6 Vrtx Ag (dg f azimuth)

11 Cmparisn Mdl Tail Rtr Vrtx Wak Trajctris (2) Cmparisn f CFD and Exprimnt Vrtx Lcatins - Cntractin TRB-1 Rctangular Blad, Zr Twist, Mtip= Cntractin (1-xv/R).2.15 Tst (WHL, 198), 5 dgrs pitch Tst (WHL, 1984), 8 dgrs pitch Tst (WHL, 198), 1 dgrs pitch.1 Tst (WHL, 198), 15 dgrs pitch CFD TRB-1 5 dg CT=.598 CFD TRB-1 8 dg CT= CFD TRB-1 1 dg CT=.1723 CFD TRB-1 15 dg CT=.341 Kcurk and Tanglr CT=.598 (5 dg) Vrtx Ag (dg f azimuth) 27 3 Kcurk and Tanglr CT=.119 (8 dg) Kcurk and Tanglr CT=.1723 (1dg) Kcurk and Tanglr CT=.341 (15dg)

12 Cmparisn Mdl Tail Rtr Vrtx Wak Trajctris (3) Cmparisn f CFD and Exprimnt Vrtx Lcatins - Trajctry TRB-1 Rctangular Blad, Zr Twist, Mtip=.263 Vrt Displacmnt, zv/r (rl t tip) dg dg Tst (198), 5 dgrs pitch -.3 Tst (1984), 8 dgrs pitch 1 dg Tst (198), 1 dgrs pitch 15 dg -.4 Tst (198), 15 dgrs pitch CFD TRB-1 5 dg CT=.598 CFD TRB-1 8 dg CT=.119 CFD TRB-1 1 dg CT= CFD TRB-1 15 dg CT=.341 Kcurk and Tanglr CT=.598 (5 dg) Kcurk and Tanglr CT=.119 (8 dg) -.6 Kcurk and Tanglr CT=.1723 (1dg) Radial Lcatin, xv/r (shiftd) Kcurk and Tanglr CT=.341 (15dg)

13 Tip Shaps CFD Prfrmanc Analysis Mtip=.6 Diffrnt Tip Shaps and Anhdral Thrust, Pwr, Pitch and and Figur f Mrit Vrtx Wak Cmparisns Blad Lading and Dwnwash Distributin TRB-4 Rctangular Tip, 2 dg Anhdral, 1 dg Pitch Is-surfacs f Vrticity Magnitud

14 Tip Shaps CFD Prfrmanc Analysis Mtip=.6 Pitch=1 dg TRB- Rctangular Tip, Datum Blad TRB-1 Kuchmann (1/4c wid) Tip Tip 1%R Rt 33%R TRB-4 Rctangular Tip, 2 dg Anhdral Rt 33%R Rt 33%R Tip 1%R TRB-2 Kuchmann (1/2c wid) Tip Tip 1%R Rt 33%R Tip 1%R Eulr Hvr using HMB (n cning)

15 Tip Shaps CFD Prfrmanc Analysis Mtip=.6 TRB- Rctangular Tip Datum Blad TRB-1 Kuchmann Tip (1/4c wid) TRB-4 Rctangular Tip 2 dg Anhdral TRB-2 Kuchmann Tip (1/2c wid) Eulr Hvr using HMB All Tips at 14 dg Pitch (n cning)

16 Tip Shaps CFD Prfrmanc Analysis Effct f Tip Shap n Rtr Prfrmanc Thrust vs Pitch - Hvr - HMB Eulr - Mtip=.6.5 Rtr Thrust Cfficint, CT.4 TRB- (Rctangular).3 TRB-1 (.25c Kuchmann) TRB-2 (.5c Kuchmann).2 TRB-4 (Rctangular + Anhdral) Blad Pitch Angl (dg)

17 Tip Shaps CFD Prfrmanc Analysis Effct f TipShapnRtr Prfrmanc TrquvsThrust - Hvr - HMBEulr - Mtip= dg 15dg Rtr TrquCfficint, CQ.5 14dg.4 TRB- (Rctangular) 12d g.3 TRB-1 (.25c Kuchmann) TRB-2 (.5c Kuchmann) TRB-4 (Rctangular + Anhdral) 1dg.2 Inducd, ki= 1.3 8dg.1 6d 5d gg 4dg 3dg 2dg Rtr Thrust Cfficint, CT

18 Tip Shaps CFD Prfrmanc Analysis Effct f Tip Shap n Rtr Prfrmanc Trqu vs Thrust Hvr - HMB Eulr - Mtip= Rtr Trqu Cfficint, CQ.4 TRB- TRB-1 TRB-2 TRB ki=1.397 ki=1.37 ki=1.4 ki= d g.25 T R B - (R ctang ular) T R B - 1 (.2 5c K uch m an n) 1 d g.2 T R B - 2 (.5 c K uch m a nn ) T R B - 4 (R ctang ular + A n h dral).15 8d g In du c d, ki= d 4 d g g 2d g (Rtr Thrust Cfficint) 1.5, CT 1.5

19 Tip Shaps CFD Prfrmanc Analysis Effct f Tip Shap n Rtr Prfrmanc Blad 'Prfil' Drag - Hvr - HMB Eulr - Mtip=.6.12 Intgratd Blad Drag Cfficint, Cd 17dg.1 16dg TRB- TRB-1 TRB-2 TRB-4.8 ki=1.397 ki=1.37 ki=1.4 ki= dg TRB- (Rctangular) TRB-1 (.25c Kuchmann).6 TRB-2 (.5c Kuchmann) 14dg.4.2 TRB-4 (Rctangular + Anhdral) 8dg 2dg 4dg 3dg.. 1dg 6d g 12d g 5dg Rtr Thrust Cfficint, CT

20 Tip Shaps CFD Prfrmanc Analysis Effct f Tip Shap n Rtr Prfrmanc Figur f Mrit - Hvr - HMB Eulr - Mtip= Figur f Mrit, FM 12dg 14dg 15dg16dg 17dg Inviscid, Eulr.6 4dg 1dg 12dg 14dg 15dg16dg 17dg TRB- (Rctangular) Eulr + CDsf= dg 5dg dg 6dg TRB- (+CDsf=.8) 8dg 3dg TRB- 6dg.4 TRB-1 (+CDsf=.8).35 TRB-1 5dg d g.2 TRB-2 (.5c Kuchmann).5 TRB-2 (+CDsf=.8) TRB-2 4dg TRB-4 (Rctangular + Anhdral).15.1 TRB-1 (.25c Kuchmann) TRB-4 (+CDsf=.8) TRB-4 3dg Inducd, ki= 1.3 (2dg anhdral) with cnstant CD=.1 2dg Rtr Thrust Cfficint, CT

21 Tip Shaps CFD Prfrmanc Analysis Effct f Tip Shap n Rtr Prfrmanc 'Thrust/Pwr' Rati - CT/CQ - Hvr - HMB Eulr - Mtip=.6 'Thrust/Pwr' Rati, CT/CQ TRB- (Rctangular) TRB-1 (.25c Kuchmann) TRB-2 (.5c Kuchmann) TRB-4 (Rctangular + Anhdral) 1. If dsird, multiply CT/CQ by.8265 t gt lb/hp fr this rtr Blad Pitch Angl (dg)

22 Effct f Tip Shaps n Vrtx Wak Trajctris 2 TR B -M tip =.6 ZrTw ist,zrc n in g 1d gp itch V 1ag =d g V 2ag =9d g S 2 Z Eulr Hvr Mtip=.6 4 Tip shaps cmpard V 3ag =18d g S 3-2 V 4ag =27d g S 4 V 1ag =36d g -4 V rticityc n t u rs S cti nth r u g hb lad rfaxis R ad iu s

23 CFD- Tip Shaps Wak Trajctris (1a) Cmparisn f Cmputd Vrtx Wak Vrtical Displacmnts in Hvr Blad Pitch Angl=1 dgrs, Mtip= Vrt Displacmnt, zv/r TRB- (Rctangular, datum) -.2 TRB-1 (.25c Kuchmann) -.25 TRB-2 (.5c Kuchmann) -.3 TRB-4 (Rctangular+Anhdral) Vrtx Ag (dgrs)

24 CFD- Tip Shaps Wak Trajctris (1b) C m p aris n fc m p u tdv rtxw ak V rtica ld isp la c m n tsinh v r B la d P itcha n g l = 1 d g r s,m tip = V rtd isp lacm n t,zv/r TR B-(R ctangular, datum ) TR B-1(.25cKuchm ann) -.4 TR B-2(.5cKuchm ann) TR B-4(R ctangular+anhdral) V rtxa g (d g rs)

25 CFD- Tip Shaps Wak Trajctris (2a) Cmparisn f Cmputd Vrtx Wak Cntractin in Hvr Blad Pitch Angl=1 dgrs, Mtip=.6.25 Cntractin (1-xv/R).2 TRB- (Rctangular, datum).15 TRB-1 (.25c Kuchmann) TRB-2 (.5c Kuchmann).1 TRB-4 (Rctangular+Anhdral) Vrtx Ag (dgrs)

26 CFD- Tip Shaps Wak Trajctris (2b) C m p a r is n f C m p u t d V r t x W a k C n t r a c t i n in H v r B la d P it c h A n g l = 1 d g r s, M t ip = C n t r a c t i n ( 1 - x v /R ) T R B - ( R c ta n g u la r, d a tu m ). 8 T R B - 1 (.2 5 c K u c h m a n n ). 6 T R B - 2 (.5 c K u c h m a n n ). 4 T R B - 4 ( R c ta n g u la r + A n h d r a l) Tst 1 dg V rt x A g (d g r s )

27 CFD- Tip Shaps Wak Trajctris (3) C m p a r is n fc m p u t d V r t x W a k T r a j c t r i s in H v r B la d P itc h A n g l = 1 d g r s,m tip =.6 E u l rc F D,n c n in g.7 5 V r td is p la c m n t,z v /R d ga g T s t(m tip = ) T R B - (R c ta n g u la r,d a tu m ) T R B - 1(.2 5 ck u c h m a n n ) T R B - 2(.5 ck u c h m a n n ) T R B - 4(R c ta n g u la r+ A n h d ra l) -.2 H r iz n ta ll c a ti n,x v /R

28 CFD - Tip Shaps (, 1, 2) Visualisatin TRB- (Rctangular, Datum) Mtip=.6 Pitch=1dg TRB-2 (1/2c wid KuchmannTip), Mtip=.6, Pitch=1dg TRB-1 (1/4c wid Kuchmann Tip), Mtip=.6, Pitch=1dg Vrtics at 1dgrs bhind blad Vrtics at 1dg bhind blad Vrtics at 1 dgrs bhind blad Z/R Z/R Z/R Radial Lcatin Radial Lcatin Radial Lcatin

29 CFD - Tip Shaps (, 4) Visualisatin - Anhdral TRB-4 (Rctangular + Anhdral), Mtip=.6, Pitch=1dg TRB- (Rctangular, Datum) Mtip=.6 Pitch=1dg Vrtics at 1dg bhind th blad Vrtics at 1 dgrs bhind blad Z/R Z/R Radial Lcatin Radial Lcatin

30 CFD - Tip Shaps - Wak Trajctris Anhdral (1) Cmparisn f Cmputd Vrtx Displacmnts Nar Blad Tip in Hvr Effct f Anhdral - Blad Pitch Angl=1dg, Mtip= Vrtical Displacmnt, zv/r L.E. -.2 TRB- (Rctangular,Datum) -.4 TRB- Gmtry T.E. -.6 TRB-4 (Rctangular+Anhdral) TRB-4 Gmtry Azimuth Angl Rlativ t Blad Rf Axis (dgrs)

31 CFD - Tip Shaps - Wak Trajctris Anhdral (2) Cmparisn f Cmputd Vrtx Cntractin Nar Blad Tip in Hvr Effct f Anhdral - Blad Pitch Angl=1dg, Mtip= Radial Displacmnt, (1-xv/R).12.1 TRB- (Rctangular, Datum).8 TRB- Gmtry.6 TRB-4 (Rctangular+Anhdral) TRB-4 Gmtry Azimuth Angl Rlativ t Blad Rf Axis (dgrs)

32 CFD Analysis Lading Distributin.6.5 Prssur Distributin in Tip Rgin Thrust Distributin Lading, Cz*x2.4.3 TRB- Mtip=.6 1dg Radial Lcatin, r/r.4 Mmnt Distributin Ardynamic Mmnt Cfficint, Cm.x TRB- Mtip=.6 1dg TRB- Mtip=.6 1 dg Pitch CT=.199 Ct/s= Radial Lcatin, r/r

33 CFD Analysis - Tip Shaps Dwnwash Dwnwash Distributin In a hrizntal plan.25c blw th rtr TRB- Mtip=.6 1 dg Pitch CT=.199 Ct/s=.1

34 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE GOALS CFD mthd has bn validatd against UH-6A data and by cmparisn t mdl tail rtr masurmnts CFD has bn usd t dtrmin th ffct f tip shap n rtr prfrmanc (inducd pwr) in hvr Vrtx Wak Eulr - bttr than xpctd N-S? Invstigat ffct f tip shap n lading and dwnwash Prgrss t Navir-Stks fr vn mr ralistic rtr (tip) dsign valuatins

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