NPA Storrs Conference University of Connecticut. Copyright Francis V. Fernandes 2008

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1 NPA 009 Sos Confeence Univesiy of Connecicu Copyigh Fancis V. Fenandes 008

2 Unificaion of Gaviy wih Eleco-Magneic Phenoena: GEM Gaviy, g, is Volage, V Fancis V. Fenandes 13 Behany B, Kodaikanal, Tail Nadu, NDA e-ail : vi_3000@yahoo.co.in Acceleaion due o gaviy is volage. Gaviy is acceleaion. Volage is acceleaion. Gaviy and volage ae synonyous es. The kg ass heein efeed o as 186 epesens ininsic chage, e. The 186 ehe ass is he souce of gaviy o volage and elecoagneis. PARADGM SHFT - A black iangle eans ha he cuen undesanding is flawed. Te Cuen undesanding Refubished Paadig Volage, V Poenial diffeence Acceleaion Resisance, R Opposes cuen flow Velociy pe chage o cuen pe uni 186 ehe ass Cuen, Elecon flow Moenu pe coulob of 1.16 kg ehe Chage, C kg ehe 1.0 C 1.16 kg ehe Acceleaion due o gaviy, g Foce pe uni ass Volage Coss secional aea, A Coss secion of a conduco Pi ies adius suaed ies 13 Field Coes ino being when ass o chage is inoduced Ehe is he fabic 186s Elecic field, E Foce pe uni chage Cuen pe uni ie Elecic flux, E Field, E passing hu aea, A Acceleaion of 1.16 kg/c ehe hu aea, A Magneic field, B A easue of agneic foce pe uni chage oving a velociy, v Cuen pe uni lengh Magneic flux, B Field, B passing hu an aea, A Angula oenu of 186 Aoic ass unis, AMU nvese of Avogado nube of paicles Mass of a phoon cluse Speed of Ligh, c Locooion of phoons Speed of an eheic wave fon Von Klizing consan Resisance easued fo supeconducosconducos Velociy of 186 ass fo supe- Pessue, P Foce upon aea Magneic field, B suaed Hea, H Toal KE of a syse Enegy of 186 Tie, =/ Chage pe uni cuen Tie fo cuen o pass hu a adial disance of he 186 ehe Ehe foce consan No defined Foce of 186 ehe N

3 Pa 1: Elecoagneis Defining Field & Flux The Field The fabic of ehe, copised of yiads of kg asses, is he field. The adius of each 186-ehe ass is he Bolzann consan, k =. The eheic field is a consan aio, {ef. 1} = kg / And he sae ehe epesens chage, ( ) = Elecic Field, E The elecic field, E, is a popey of he ehe in which any paicle o ass is ebedded. A any given poin whee he paicle o objec is locaed, he sengh of he field is defined as he foce exeed by 186-ehe ass easued as 19 eleenay coulobs chage placed a ha poin. n ohe wods, he elecic field, E, is acually caused by he pulsaing kg ehe ass exeing a foce on he paicle ebedded in i. An elecic field, E, is change in cuen,, wihin changing ie,. The diecion of he field is given by he diecion of ha foce. Elecic fields conain elecical enegy pe kg ass and his is hea, H. The elecic field, E, is a easue of a single kg ass aids yiads of kg asses conained wihin he objec o paicle. The eleenay chage, o e is ininsic o he kg ehe ass {ef. 1}. F Maheaically, he elecic field, E = is he elecic foce, F, expeienced by he paicle and is eual and opposie o he foce of kg ehe ass. E is a popey of he elecic field wheein he paicle is ebedded and aheaically F easued as, E = =, whee cuen,, is he oenu of kg eheic ass pe one coulob chage in ie,. Elecic Flux, E Hee, phi is a easue of he elecic field, E, passing hough a coss secional aea, A. f we define aea as a veco, wih is diecion pependicula o he suface, he elecic flux is given by: E = E A Cos θ whee hea, θ, is he angle beween he elecic field and he aea veco, in his case 90 degees fo convenience in solving pobles ha follow. The convenional foula fo elecic flux eains. Magneic Field, B A coon inepeaion is ha a agne poduces a veco field, he agneic field, a all poins in he space aound i. The agneic field can be defined by easuing he foce he field exes on a oving chaged paicle, such as an elecon. The foce, F, is eual o he chage,, ies he speed of he paicle ies he agniude of he field, B, o F = B v, whee he diecion of F is a igh angles o boh v and B as a esul of he coss poduc. This defines he agneic field's sengh and diecion a any poin, as pe he coon inepeaion. Howeve, fuhe analysis in his pape defines a agneic field as change in cuen,, wihin changing adial lengh,, of a pulsaing phoon. Magneic field, B =. Magneic Flux, B Hee, phi is a easue of a physical uaniy called agneis. Quaniaively, he agneic flux, B hough a suface of aea A, is defined as a easue of he agneic field, B, passing hough an aea, A. f we define aea as a veco, wih is diecion pependicula o he suface, hen he agneic flux is B = B A Cos θ, whee hea is he angle 3

4 beween he agneic field and he aea veco, in his case 90 degees fo convenience. The convenional foula fo agneic flux eains. Magneic Flux Quanu, 0 Hee, phi is a popey of a supe cuen whee he agneic flux passing hough any aea bounded by such a cuen is uanized. The uanu of agneic flux is a physical CODATA consan, 0, and is independen of he undelying aeial of he cuen-caying conduco, as long as i is a supeconduco. 0 h = e 15 = Wb This expeienally deeined consan helped e define coss secional aea, A, hough which flux is easued as A = π R The 186-ehe Mass The ass of kg ehe conained 31 wihin a adius of ha coesponds o he Bolzann consan is a easue of chage, Q. Hee he Bolzann consan is k =. Assupion f we assue he elecical foce due o chage and cenipeal foce o be eual, hen fo foce, F, k c F = = Canceling and eaanging es yields, = As calculaed below, he chage suaed foula holds ue fo phoons and elecons alike. Exaple 1: Suaed chage of he es ass of an elecon ( ) = Exaple : Suaed chage of he es ass of ( ) = Hee he Bolzann adius is 36 whee, = k = Exaple 3: Suaed chage of he es ass of a poon. R 19 ( ) kg = = 18 = A einde: a poon o H-ao is a cluse of 69 illion Rydbeg phoons {Ref. 1}. Defining V,, and R The hee fundaenal descipos of eleciciy ae volage, V, cuen,, and esisance, R. Fuheoe, Oh s law descibes he elaionship beween volage, V, cuen,, and esisance, R, as V = R. This elaionship holds ue fo Ohic conducos. The unis of volage ae vols, hose of cuen, apees, and hose of esisance, ohs. Convenionally defined, volage, V, is said o be he poenial diffeence aising ou of a suplus and/o deficiency of elecons beween wo poins; and so, his adiional viewpoin is pesened as enegy pe uni chage. Volage will now be edefined as acceleaion, apee suaed will be edefined as foce, and esisance as velociy of a phoon body pe uni chage,, o, e. n he foula, =, is eleenay chage, is cuen and, he ie aken fo a coulob of chage euivalen o kg ehe ass o avel a disance eual o he ean volueic adius of, fo exaple, a phoon, elecon, o poon. An elecoagneic field is due o kg asses of ehe. Hee he Bolzann adius is k = whee 36 = Ehe is copised of infinie 186 asses. 4 kg

5 Wha scieniss and elecicians easue as elecic chage is acually he ehe conained wihin a phoon body. Resisance, R, easued in Ohs is velociy pe eleenay chage o cuen,, pe ehe ass of kg. The acceleaion, a, o volage, V, of he field sae as he souce phoon conained ehe ha causes eheic waves. Feuency eains unchanged. One coulob chage is euivalen o kg ass of ehe is exacly he kg ass of ehe. The acceleaion, a, of phoon ass is easued as vols, V, pesen in he expession ev, elecon vols. Uniy of Volage, V, and Gaviy, g Poble: Elecolysis of Wae Expeienal daa will now be eployed o pove ha volage is gaviy is acceleaion. The sae daa wee uilized in depicing chage as eheic ass in {ef. 1}. Conside he daa colleced fo elecolysis of wae. Cuen = aps Tie = 18,000 s Euaion: HO O + 4H + + 4e - Chage, Q, cuen,, and ie,, ae euaed as, Q = (1) Q = Coulobs Q = 14 C () The chage Q, is he oal nube, n of chages, e, Q = ne (3) Reaanging es, Q 14 n = = e n = (4) The nube, n epesens he nube of poons ha ae accuulaed a he cahode. The nube, n also epesens he nube of seed 186-ehe asses (ininsic chage) associaed wih he poons. 5 Uilizing he above daa, he elaionship beween ae and chage, volage and acceleaion due o gaviy will be elucidaed. Mehod 1 Elecic field, E = = = 3.8 A/s (5) F Elecic field, E = (6) F = E () 6 19 F = (8) 5 F = N (9) 5 F a = = kg () a = /s (11) As calculaions poceed, you will noice ha he foce expeienced hee by he H-ao is eual o ha of he 186-ehe, exeing foce, as in E. (4), E. (), and E. (3). The Radius of a Hydogen Ao = (1) ( = ) 18 = (13) The adius of a H-ao is hus calculaed. Subsiuing he value fo, fo E. (13) and acceleaion, a fo E. (11) ino a = yields, = = s (14) a = s (15)

6 = s (16) Feuency, f, is he invese of ie peiod: 1 1 f = = s -1 (1) Subsiuing he value of he Bolzann adius, fo E. (5) and he value of ie suaed, fo E. (15), yields, a = = f = s -1 (18) 16 a = /s (6) Feuency is he signaue fo acion via field ehe a a disance. The Velociy, v, of a Hydogen Ao v = = (19) v =.4554 /s (0) Velociy, v = = /s (1) v = /s () v v = k T o foce, T = (3) k ( ) T = (4) Hee he Bolzann adius is k =, 5 T = N [see E. (9)] Absolue epeaue, T, is foce. The foce of one hydogen ao of, 5 F = N euals ha of 186-eheic ass. Fo 186 Suaed chage of he es ass of 186, ( ) = (5) 6 F = a = F = N () 16 Noice ha he feuency is he sae and consan fo he foce of 186 in E. () and he foce of he poon in E. (9) o be eual. Mehod Enegy in es of eve and v is calculaed as, v eve = v o e = (8) V Fo ( ) e = (9) Fo a Hydogen Ao (.4554 ) e = (30) Noe ha volage, V, is acceleaion, a. Thee is No Locooion of 186 The uanu flucuaion can be expessed siply as he 186-field paicles of abien ehe vibaing a he sae feuency as he souce phoon. This is adiaion whee 186-field paicles pulsae abou a ean posiion, ha is, hey undego adial conacion and expansion ealized as a wave fon of he eheic sea. This us be visualized in sak conas o he phenoenon of paicles in locooion, o convecion.

7 Poof -3 v = /s fo he 186-ehe 5 v =.4554 /s fo he H-ao The aio of he above wo velociies [see E. (0) and E.()] is, = (31) The aio of he asses of ehe conained wihin a H-ao o 186 is he sae value as in E. (31), = (3) 9 Thus, incease in velociy is no due o velociy incease of 186 bu due o ass of conained ehe. Feuency is consan. Fo an eheic wave, he speed of ligh, c, is geneaed by wavelengh, λ, wihin he iepeiod,. The ie-peiod,, is he sae as ha of he pulsaion of he souce phoon. λ The speed of ligh in ehe is c =. The paicle wave-ake phoon which ipples ehe is defined as, = M R. The ehe wave lengh is defined as, λ = πr The eheic field is a consan aio, M R = kg / {Ref. 1} The ehe odel esolves he concep of chage,, as phoon ass o elecon ass pulsaing abou a ean volueic adius. Fuheoe, he effecs of his chage,, as pulsaion, bing abou he ippling of he ehe conained wihin he phoon body and also a he sae ie bing abou he ippling of he abien ehe ouside he phoon in eswhile epy space. This ougoing ippling is wha we call eheic waves. These waves have a wavelengh, feuency, and avel a he speed of ligh, c. The wave fon adiaes hough 186-field ehe ass o eheic sea. Essenial fo he igh wavelengh popagaion hough ehe is he slowed velociy, v, of pulsaion of he 186-ehe asses copising he field. h λ = 186 v The wavelengh fo a wave is λ = π whee is he adius of he phoon body ha expeiences he 186 foce due o pulsae velociy, v. Poof: Resisance, R = 186 Le us calculae fo esisance, v R = = A/kg (33) Subsiuing fo velociy, v, fo E. (), 3 v R = = A/kg (34) R = A/kg (35) R = A/kg R = A/kg The esisance, R, is he sae as in E.(35). 13 = ( ) (36) 5 = N (3) Foce is apee suaed. Calculaing he Elecic Field, E = F / F E = =

8 Subsiuing fo foce anifesed as cuen suaed, F fo E. (9), E. (4), E. (), and E.(3), 5 F E = = N/C (38) E = 3.8 N/C (39) Subsiuing fo cuen,, fo E. (36) and ie,, fo E. (16), E = = A/s 6 E = 3.8 A/s (40) F Thus, E = = is seen in calculaions leading o E. (39) and E. (40). Cuen,, Redefined Cuen is now defined as he oenu of one coulob chage o R =. One coulob chage 186 is euivalen o kg ass of ehe. Subsiuing fo velociy, v fo E. (), 3 = A 13 = A (41) The cuen,, aching wih he value in E. (36) is evidence of kg/c ehe a velociy, v, being angible cuen. n ohe wods, he concep of cuen as oving elecons is incoec. Evidence of Ehe E = F R npu he value fo he adius of a hydogen ao wih adius, E. (13), 5 11 E = (4) 36 E = J (43) 36 E = v = J (44) Subsiue he velociy, v, fo E. (), 36 E = = kg (45) v 3 ( ) 9 = kg [he ehe ass] (46) The ehe ass conained wihin a poon is obained fo he ehe consan aio {ef. 1}. = kg/ = kg/ Thus, he exisence of ehe is poven. Magneic field, B, wihin a Hydogen Ao The aio of cuen,, o he adius,, is poven o be he agneic field, B. Subsiuing fo cuen, fo E. (36) and adius,, fo E. (13), B = = A/ (4) B = A/ (48) Subsiuing fo he field, E, fo E. (40) and field, B, fo E. (48), 6 E 3. v = = /s (49) B v =.4554 /s (50) This is he velociy, v, of a hydogen ao in E. (0) shown as follows, v = = /s (51) v =.4554 /s (5) Noice ha he aio of he oal ie suaed fo elecolysis and ie suaed fo one poon euals he nube of poons dischaged a he cahode, in E. (4). 8

9 18000 ( = poons ) Siilaly, he aio of oal cuen suaed passed duing elecolysis o he cuen suaed passed hu one poon euals he nube of poons dischaged a he cahode = poons 13 ( ) Elecic, E, and Magneic Field, B, fo 186 Subsiuing fo cuen,, fo E. (36) and adius,, fo E. (5), B = = A/ (53) B = A/ (54) 3 v = /s, fo E. () Subsiue values fo he agneic field, B, in E. (54) and velociy, v, fo E. (), E v = (55) B 3 16 E = C/ (56) 6 E = 3. C/ (5) F Thus, E = = is seen hee as in calculaions leading o E. (39) and E. (40) and hus he concep of field, E, is self eviden. Foula o calculae he elecic flux, E V = R, as defined by Ohs law v V =, esisance, R is subsiued by velociy, v e pe uni eleenay chage, e. Reaanging sybols in es of elecon vols, ev = v ev = 9 ev = ev = E (58) Thus elecon-vols is he elecic field, E, ies disance,. Pai Poducion F ev = E = (59) npu values fo he classical elecon adius, foce in couples {ef.1} and eleenay chage, ev = ev = kev = 511 (60) The value of 511 kev is he elecic field, E, anifesing iself hough he adius of an elecon. Twice 511 kev is used in expeiens fo pai poducion. E = E A ev E = E = ev (61) Hee, = π R (6) Elecic flux is he elecon vols hough half he wavelengh disance of a phoon, poon o elecon. The wavelengh fo an eheic wave is, λ = π {Ref. 1}. Foula o calculae he agneic flux, B The uni fo agneic flux is he webe o volseconds, and he uni of agneic field is webe pe suae ee, o esla. E = v (63) B Subsiue he values of elecic flux fo E. (61) and E. (6), E B= = ev π R (64) v v Subsiue e wih,

10 v B= π R v (65) B= π R (66) E F = = R F = N (69) Magneic flux is he cuen,, hough half he wavelengh disance of paicles such as a phoon, poon o elecon. The huge ehe foce of associaed wih 186-ehe N is Pa : Magneic Flux Quanu, 0 0, Exiss only a c Magneic Flux Quanu, 0 in he case of supeconducos occus only a pulsae speed of c. = BA = R π A popey of a supe cuen is such ha he agneic flux passing hough any aea bounded by such a cuen is uanized. The uanu of agneic flux is a physical CODATA consan, 0, and is independen of he undelying aeial of he cuen caying supe conduco. h 0 = e Maheaical Modeling = Wb Fo 186 h 0= e 15 0= Wb [CODATA] (6) Ehe Foce Enegy, E = c Subsiue he ass of 186-ehe fo, E = ( ) E = J (68) E = F R Subsiue he value fo enegy fo E. (68) and 186 adius fo E. (5), J The oo of his 186-ehe foce is cuen,. 0 = BA Subsiue B wih cuen,, pe 186 adius,, 0 = A 44 = oo of [see E.(69)] The faco of is fo volage, V = a and volage is popoional o cuen, [E. (83)]. = = A A Wb 54 0= A Wb 0 A = (0) A = π R (1) This foula fo aea, A, was aived a by dividing he aea in E. (0) by he aea of a cicle. 36 A = π ( ) A = [See E. (0)] = = Wb Magneic Flux Quanu, 0, is hus giving ligh o he sucue of he phoon. Fuheoe, he basis of he speed of ligh upon which all ohe

11 physical consans depend upon is now illuinaed. The Souce of Speed of Ligh, c A well esablished euaion fo chage, = Subsiue value fo cuen fo E. (69) = = = s () This is he ie,, fo cuen o flow hough he adial disance of 186, ehe ass An Elecon The foce in couples {Ref. 1}, = N = = A (4) A 15 A = π ( ) = A = (5) 0= c = = c = /s 38 /s Thus he speed of ligh is he pulsae speed of 186. The Von Klizing Consan Von Klizing consan of supe-conducos, Rk, in Ohs, (18) Ω, is, in fac, he velociy pe uni chage of 186. f we conside he wavelengh of 186, λ = π , λ = π λ = Then, fo ie,, fo E. (), 33 λ v = = /s λ v = = /s [Von Klizing consan] (3) Heein lies he eaning of and cause of supeconduciviy c = = = /s Thus he speed of he wave fon geneaed by 186 is he Von Klizing consan while he speed of ligh is he pulsae speed of = Wb The foula fo aea woks fo an elecon, as did fo 186. A poon: c F = ( ) F = F = N (6) = oo of F A = A () A = π ( A = ) N = A = Wb = Wb 18 B = = A/ (8) Suae boh sides, yields foce ove aea which is pessue. 18 B = = ( ) (9)

12 36 B = (80) F B = = 18 ( ) Subsiuion of he foce value fo E. (6) yields he sae value as in E. (80). 36 B = N/ The naue of he suae of agneic field, B is hus elucidaed as pessue. Foulas newly deived: The foulas lised below will help odel a supe conduco wih nanoechnology. B = A = π R F B = = = P essue A = BA = R π Magneic Flux Quanu, 0, occus only when, = a he speed of ligh, c. achines fo confining plasa wihin ooidal ings ae exaples of applicaions of leviaion pinciples. Bu wha is he acual basis fo leviaion? Can i be elaed o ani-gaviy? f so, how can we popely define ani-gaviy? f ani-gaviy can be defined as he effec of educing o canceling a gaviaional field, hen a he sae ie, an opposing foce us in essence be of he sae naue as he gaviaional foce. This eans ha we us pove ha elecoagneic foces and gaviaional foces aise fo he sae souce. n ohe wods, pove ha he gaviaional field, a, and volage, V, ae finally he sae e and a easue of acceleaing 186 ass. Unifying Gaviy and Elecoagneis Volage, V, edefined as acceleaion, a. Apee suaed is edefined as foce. Resisance is edefined as velociy of a phoon body pe uni chage,, o e. Bu fis, le s see how volage, V, is acceleaion. F B = = = P essue A Pa 3: Ani-Gaviy Eleco-agneic leviaion Uilizing daa fo a basic expeien he effec of acceleaing 186 asses is shown o deonsae a leviaion effec. The elecoagneic foce is aheaically poven o be eual o and opposing o he gaviaional foce. Fuheoe, he elecoagneic acceleaion is seen o be exacly he sae as acceleaion due o gaviy fo leviaion. The gaviaional field, a, and volage, V, poin o he sae phenoenon: a easue of acceleaing 186 ass. noducion Tes like ani-gaviy, leviaion, and aglev coe o ind when we see objecs floaing wihou a visible suppo. Maglev ains, okaak 1 Elecon vol enegy, ev, is conveed o joules, J, ev e = J (81) J V = (8) e Subsiuing he value of e yields, Mc V = M R MR V = M R R V = (83) Volage is hus acceleaion of he suface of a pulsaing phoon body. Now le us look a apee suaed as foce. Apee suaed,, is foce, F = Suae boh sides and eaange es,

13 = (84) M R = = M a = F, foce (85) These deivaions signify ha apee suaed, ap, in eleciciy is diecly elaed o he acceleaion, a, of a phoon ass. Fuhe, esisance, R, ohs, is siplified o, velociy,v R= F The gaviaional field, g = =, which iplies ha foce pe uni ass is he sae as cuen suaed pe uni ass. F The elecic field, E = = F Magneic Field, B = = R v By uilizing a poble he eason fo leviaion will now be calculaed. Poble Place a 0.50 hoizonal secion of conduco wih a ass of 8.00g a 90 degees o a T agneic field. Fo his conduco o see weighless he agniude and diecion of cuen euied is convenionally woked ou as follows: The agneic foce expeienced by he conduco us be opposie and eual o he weigh of he conduco. The weigh of he conduco, 9.8N F = 0.008kg = N (86) kg The agneic foce on he conduco is, F = BL Sin θ (8) 0.084N = 0.40T 0.50 Sin90 = 0. 39A (88) So, cuen,, of 0.39 A is euied o flow hough he 0.50 conduco placed 90 degees o he agneic field, B, of sengh 0.40 T fo a leviaion effec. Le us conside cuen geneaed by he agneic field, B, of 0.4 T on 0.5 lengh of he conduco. = 0.4 T 0.5 = 0. A (89) Mehod 1: Cuen Suaed & Gaviaion Gaviaional foce, The weigh of he conduco, Fgav = (90) 9.8 N F = kg = N (91) kg The cuens fo E. (88) and E. (89) yield, N = 0.39 A 0. A (9) [Reason fo leviaion] Thus, we have clealy deonsaed wih expeienal daa ha he foce of gaviy euals he foce fo wo cuen souces, naely he agneic field, B, ha conibues 0. A and addiional inpu cuen of 0.39 A fo leviaion. Mehod : Magneic field & Gaviaion The agneic field, B due o cuen, fo E. (88) acoss he lengh of he conduco, B = (93) L 0.39 B = = 0.84 npu field (94) 0.5 B = 0.4 A/ Exenal field (95) The cobined fields fo E. (94) and E. (95), 13

14 B = = (96) B = 0.56 A/ (9) = B L = = 0.8 (98) = 0.8 = N (99) The esulan foce due o he cobined agneic field senghs euals he weigh of he conduco as calculaed in E. (86). Mehod 3: Acceleaion & Gaviaion f 0.39 A cuen is pesen wihin kg ass of a conduco, hen we can check how uch is pesen ove 186 ass of ehe = (0) -9-8 = A, is he cuen flow of a 186 single 186-ehe paicle. (1) V = R = o acceleaion, () a = F/ [ vol=acceleaion, Foce = ] -8 ( ) Acceleaion, a of, V = V = /s (3) 0. Siilaly, V = = (4) V = /s (5) Acceleaion, a of 186 of agneic field, B is vol, [Leviaion in es of acceleaion] -6 (9.8) = The cobined volage o acceleaions in E. (3) and E. (5), yield acceleaion due o gaviy, g of 9.8 /s. The unifo agneic field, B of 0.4 T poduces a foce of 0.04N o a cuen of 0. A, by he acceleaion of 186 fo E. (5), F = N F = 0.04 N (6) Foce, = 0. A = 0.04 N The ie, fo his 186-ehe acceleaion, a v = = () = = (8) -19 = v = = 0. A Thus, cuen is he oenu of one coulob chage. Reaks Acceleaion due o gaviy, acceleaion of phoons, is now defined as volage. Volage is he unifying physical uni of acceleaion due o gaviy and eleco-agneis. The acceleaion due o gaviy, g, is nueically eual o a whee boh, have he unis of vols o ee pe second suaed. g = a = Vols = (1) s The unifo agneic field, B, of 0.4 T poduces a foce of 0.04N and a cuen of 0.A, by he acceleaion of 186-ehe. Applicaion of his undesanding of ani-gaviy, in es of acceleaion of 186-ehe ass, will adically educe ou enegy inpu fo ass ansi. Pa 4: Gaviy Gaviy aises fo acceleaion of ehe The ehe ass conained wihin a poon is shown o acceleae a 9.8 /s. A 14

15 Poof v Acceleaion, a = -18 v = a = (111) -9 v = (11) -9 = (113) = A (114) = N (115) F = N = (116) F M = = a 9.8 (11) 9 M = kg [he ehe ass] The ehe ass conained wihin a poon is obained fo he ehe consan aio {ef. 1}. = kg/ -18 = (118) 9 = kg Gaviy aises fo acceleaion of ehe Mehod v = and a = v a = (119) a = F = Enegy of a poon Subsiue he kg ehe velociy, -9 v = fo E. (11) ino E. (119), ( ) 9.8 = 1.6 ( ) -9 (10) The above ah clealy esablishes he velociy, v of ehe wih acceleaion due o gaviy. Gaviy aises fo acceleaion of ehe Pa 5: Hea, H Radian hea is he enegy of Hea is e-defined as he enegy of 186 ass. Since 186 ass is he building block of ehe, he phenoenon called adiaion is enegy ansfe acoss he ehe fabic, o eheic sea. Expeienal daa fo heodynaics pove he connecion beween epeaue, acceleaion, and ass as elaed o 186 hea enegy. noducion A coon definiion of hea is ha i is a fo of enegy associaed wih aoic o olecula oion. Hea can be ansied hough solid and fluid edia by conducion, hough fluid edia by convecion, and hough epy space o uanu vacuu by adiaion. Poof Hea, H = R (11) v H = (1) Poble H = ( ) H = (13) H = H = ( J/C 3 ) J/C Poble A 300 Kelvin, he speed of hydogen gas is easued by expeien o be ees pe second and deonsaes he kineic heoy of gases foula o be coec. v = 3 k T (14) eve = v V = a = v e = V = e 11 Acceleaion, a = /s (15) F = a F = = 900 N F = Kelvin (16)

16 Thus we can see ha he enegy o hea conen of 186 euals he enegy o enhalpy of he hydogen olecule. The hydogen olecule is popelled by undulaing paicles of he 186-ehe ass and his is posulaed o be he basis fo Bownian oion. Conclusion Gaviy, g, is acceleaion. Volage, V, is acceleaion. Gaviy and volage epesen he sae phenoenon. The kg ass heein efeed o as 186 epesens ininsic chage, e. The velociy of kg ehe is a easue of esisance, R, and eual o v/e. The acceleaion of volage, V. Cuen,, is he oo of any foce. Eleenay chage ies vol ies chage, eve, and joules epesen enegy. Elecon vols, ev, do no epesen enegy. The field is he ehe fabic kg ehe ass is easued as coposed of yiads of kg asses. Flux is angula oenu of one coulob chage ininsic o kg phoon ass. The enegy of kg ass is shown o be adian hea enegy. The ubiuious ehe is buil up of aeial poin asses called 186. The 186 ass is he souce of eleco-agneis and gaviy. The pulsaion of 186 by a faco of is he souce of eleco-agneic waves in ae and ehe alage. A souce wave-ake ipples ehe. The ansied eheic wave caies infoaion in he fo of paaees such as wavelengh, feuency, ass, and ie-peiod disibuion. The age phoon cladding he nucleus of an ao is suck by his incoing eheic wave fon and aains a new enegy level. Thee is edisibuion of ass wihin a ie-peiod and new phoon pai is ceaed. Eheic waves aive and ochesae paicles o new paaees such as ass, feuency, and adius. Thus ae copised of phoon cluses and conained ehe and ehe a-lage paicipae in he phenoenon of elecoagneis and gaviy. Gaviy is easued in es of foce, acceleaion, ass, ie, lengh, and speed. Foce is cuen suaed, acceleaion is volage, ass is a easue of phoon cluses pe 186 seed, and lengh is he ean volueic adius of a phoon body. Tie is ie peiod and is he invese of feuency. The paicipaion of 186-ehe in elecoagneic phenoena and gaviy has been evinced wih any expeienal exaples in his eseach. The poon as a es paicle elaboaes his uniy. The adius of a poon is heoeically woked ou o be Eleciciy is defined by hee paaees, naely, volage, cuen, and esisance. Volage, V, is deeined o be he acceleaion of a phoon, cuen suaed,, o be he foce exeed by a phoon, and esisance, R, he suface angenial velociy pe uni chage. Thus, as easued in eleciciy, he pulsaions of a phoon body ae esponsible fo volage, cuen, and esisance. Science descibes volage in unis of joules pe coulob. Howeve, volage, in fac, siply descibes he acceleaion of a dynaic phoon, while cuen suaed is he foce which aises ou of an acceleaing phoon body and esisance is siplified o velociy of a phoon body pe uni chage. A paicle appeas as a conained egion is space-ie wih less ass and enegy as he eheic ass i eanaes ou of. This is in conas o Einsein s hinking ha a paicle is a liied egion in space whee he enegy densiy is paiculaly high. is in fac jus he opposie. Chage suaed is he pulsaion of a phoon o elecon ass hough is ean volueic adius. Hee hen is connecedness and acion a a disance evealed beween ae and he fabic of space-ie which is ehe. When phoons pulsae a 13 R, he pulsaion yields labda, λ, he wavelengh ha is ansied a he speed of ligh, c, as a wave fon hough he eheic field. is he copession and aefacion of he phoon body cocooning he 186 ass ebedded in ehe ha is esponsible fo eheic waves a-lage. 16

17 poanly, feuency is conseved, a leas ove sho disances! Fuheoe, hese ehe waves ae a easue of gaviy o elecoagneis. A final wod: he eo in designaing eleconvols, ev, as enegy uliaely led e o he soluion ha euaes volage wih acceleaion due o gaviy. Elecon vols, ev, is he elecic field, E, hough disance,. This is siply GEM, o uniy of Gaviy and Eleco-Magneic phenoena. Significance Hea ansfe aibued o 186 gives a whole new diension o he opic of heodynaics and fonie enegy. Hee ae soe pacical iplicaions of his eseach. Supeconduciviy and enegy soluions ae nea a hand, now ha agneic flux, = BA = R π is iplicaed in gaviy, hea and elecoagneis. Feuency signaues of ehe waves will desine cance cells and icobial cells o lyses. Leviaion of ains and ass ansi syses can be aheaically woked ou wih he anigaviy odel, and lead he way o he nex level of anspo echnologies. Peoleu dependency could be iniized woldwide, lending hope fo peace and sabiliy wihin socieies. The coss secion aea foula of an elecon/phoon, A = π R , is a sep owads consucion of he phoon facal using nanoechnology. This bings wih i huge iplicaions fo he apping and ansfe of sola enegy o hea and ligh. The undesanding of he paadig shif in his eseach akes hings easie fo sudens o gasp he pue sciences. Newly Deived Foulae Magneic flux, = BA = R π Coss secion aea of an elecon/phoon, A = π R Elecic Field, E = ; Magneic Field, B = Resisance, R = Elecon vols, ev = E -11 The poon adius, F P essue = B = = A Ligh speed, c = = /s Von Klizing consan, Rk, due o 186, 33 λ v = = = /s S.. Values CODATA Recoended Paenheses indicae unceainy in he las digis of he value. Descipo, Sybol Mass of an elecon, Planck s consan, h Speed of ligh, c Value, Unis (16) 31 kg J s /s Eleenay chage, e C Elecon adius, R e Alpha, α Von Klizing consan, Rk Gaviaional consan, G (18) Ω 6.64() 11 3 /kg.s Dielecic consan, k Ν /C Magne flux uanu (5) -15 Wb Noe: You will noice he adii of he poon o 186 changing in diffeen siuaions by a faco of - o. This has o do wih he wo-ass body sucue of he ehe ass associaed wih one coulob chage {Ref. 1}, 0 ( ) = C C Copae wih he ehe consan aio {ef. 1}. = kg/. Refeence [1] F.V. Fenandes, Phoo-Elecic Convesions, Pas 1-8 1

18 Acknowledgeens: would like o expess deep appeciaion o y loving wife Chisine as well as o ou sons Joel and Mikhail fo all hei paience and suppo hough he yeas of his eseach. Thanks o Mak Anobus fo ex layou and useful suggesions. 18