Chapter 4: Temperature
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1 Chapter 4: Teperature Objectives: 1. Define what teperature is. 2. Explain the difference between absolute and relative teperature. 3. Know the reference points for the teperature scales. 4. Convert a teperature in any of the four coon scales to any others. 5. Convert an expression involving units of teperature to other units of teperature. 1
2 Teperature Teperature is a easure of the energy (ostly kinetic) of the olecules in a syste. The ost coonly used teperature scales are two based on a relative scale, degrees Celsius ( C) and Fahrenheit ( F), and two based on an absolute teperature scale, degrees Kelvin (K) and Rankine ( R). Relative scales are based on a specified reference teperature (32 F or 0 C) that occurs in an ice-water ixture (the freezing point of water). Absolute scales are defined such that absolute zero has a value of 0 (lowest teperature attainable in nature: C and F). The size of the degree is the sae as the Celsius degree (Kelvin scale) or a Fahrenheit degree (Rankine scale). Coparison of agnitudes of various teperature units: 1 Δ C 1 Δ F 1.8 Δ F 1.8 Δ R 1 Δ K 1 Δ R 1 Δ C 1 ΔK 2
3 Teperature Conversion Teperatures expressed in one of these scales ay be converted to equivalent teperatures in another scale by using the following relationships. T ( K) = T ( C ) (1 ΔK/1Δ C) K T ( R) = T ( F ) (1 Δ R/Δ F ) R T ( R) = T (K ) (1.8Δ R/ΔK) T( F) = T ( C) (1.8Δ F/Δ C ) +32 F T ( K) = T ( C) K T ( R) = T ( F ) R T ( R) = T (K ) 1.8 T( F) = T ( C) F Test yourself: Teperature Conversion Consider the interval fro 20 F to 80 F. Calculate the equivalent teperature in C and the interval between the. 3
4 Exaple: Teperature Conversion The specific heat capacity of toluene is given by following equation: Cp = T where Cp is in Btu/(lb ol) ( F), and T is in F. Express the equation in cal/(g ol) (K) with T in K. 4
5 Chapter 5: ressure Objectives 1. Define pressure, atospheric pressure, baroetric pressure, standard pressure, and vacuu. 2. Explain the difference between absolute and relative (gauge pressure). 3. Convert fro gauge to absolute pressure and vise versa. 4. Convert a pressure easured in one set of units to another set. 5. Calculate the pressure fro the density and height of a colun of static fluid. 5
6 ressure ressure is defined as the aount of force exerted on a unit area of a substance. ressure units are force units divided by area. Unit Definition or Relationship 1 pascal (a) (SI) 1 kg. -1 s -2 (N/ 2 ) 1 bar (SI) 1 x 10 5 a 1 atosphere (at) (AE) 101,325 a 1 torr (SI) 1 / 760 at 760 Hg (AE) 1 at lb f /in. 2 (psi) (AE) 1 at force area N 2 a The pressure at the base of a vertical colun of fluid of density ρ and height h is called the hydrostatic pressure, and is given by: force area F A ( Ahg / A) gh where, ₀ is the pressure exerted on the top of the colun and g is the acceleration of gravity. h() ₀(N/ 2 ) (N/ 2 ) A( 2 ) Fluid density ρ (kg/ 3 ) 6
7 The Baroeter and atospheric pressure Atospheric pressure is easured by a device called a baroeter; thus, the atospheric pressure is often referred to as the baroetric pressure. Vacuu at W / A W g Vg gah at gh A frequently used pressure unit is the standard atosphere, which is defined as the pressure produced by a colun of ercury 760 in height at 0 C (ρ Hg = 13,595 kg/ 3 ) under standard gravitational acceleration (g = /s 2 ). at 1 Atosphere ft of water (ft H 2 0) psi (lb f / in. 2 ) in Hg 760 Hg X 10 5 ascal (a) ka The basic baroeter. 7
8 Manoeter It is coonly used to easure sall and oderate pressure differences. A anoeter is a U-shaped tube partially filled with one or ore fluids of known density such as ercury, water, alcohol, or oil. Liquids are incopressible i.e. their density is assued to be constant. The difference between the pressures can be calculated fro the easured difference between the liquid levels in each ar. The fluid pressure ust be the sae at any two points at the sae height in a continuous fluid : Test yourself: at gh 2 3 at gh 3 = at What is the pressure 30 below the surface of a lake? Atospheric pressure is 10.4 H 2 O and the density of water is 1000 kg/ 3. Assue that g is /s 2. 8
9 ressure easureent ressure, like teperature, can be expressed using either an absolute or a relative scale depends on the nature of the instruent used to ake the easureents. Absolute pressure: It is easured relative to absolute vacuu (i.e., absolute zero pressure). A close-end anoeter would easure an absolute pressure. Relative (gauge) pressure: It is easured relative to atosphere pressure. An open end anoeter would easure a relative (gauge) pressure. Vacuu pressures: ressures below atospheric pressure. h= chg Absolute Vacuu N2 Absolute pressure at Air h= 11 in. Hg N2 absolute = atospheric - vac absolute = gauge + atospheric Relative pressure 9
10 Measureent of ressure Differences Apply the basic equation of static fluids to both legs of anoeter, realizing that: a a b b g( Z b g( Z b g R R ) gr a ) ( ) b a Orifice Exaple: A U-tube anoeter is used to deterine the pressure drop across an orifice eter. The liquid flowing in the pipe line is a sulfuric acid solution having a specific gravity (60 /60 ) of The anoeter liquid is ercury, with a specific gravity (60 F/60 F) of The anoeter reading is 5.35 inches, and all parts of the syste are at a teperature of 60 F. What is the pressure drop across the orifice eter in psi? 10
11 Exaple: ressure Differences The baroetric pressure is 720 Hg. The density of the oil is 0.80 g/c 3. The density of ercury is g/c 3. The pressure gauge (G) reads 33.1 psig. What is the pressure in ka of the gas? Gas 3 in 12 in 20 in Hg 24 in Oil 16 in 3 in G 11
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