Lecture # 3: Wind Tunnels and Water Tunnels
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1 ere Lecture Notes Lecture # 3: Wind Tunnels and Water Tunnels Dr. Hui Hu Dr. Rye Waldman Department of erospace Engineering Iowa State University mes, Iowa 50011, U.S. Sources/ Further reading: Barlow, Rae, & Pope, Low-speed wind tunnel testing, Ch & 3 Copyright by Dr. Hui Iowa State University. ll Rights Reserved!
2 Measurement uncertainty example Suppose a measurement has a true value of 0.5 and a measurement uncertainty of +/ >> x = *randn([1,5]); Compute the standard deviation of the data >> std(x) Compute the mean of the first n samples >> n = 1:length(x); >> mean_n_x = cumsum(x)./ n; Compare the error to the standard deviation divided by the sqrt(number of samples) for the first n samples >> for i = 1:length(x), >> er(i) = mean_n_x(i)-mean(x); >> u(i) = std(x(1:i))/sqrt(n(i)); >> end Copyright by Dr. Hui Iowa State University. ll Rights Reserved!
3 Function of Wind Tunnels and Water Tunnels Producing the desired flow field with controlled conditions Copyright by Dr. Hui Iowa State University. ll Rights Reserved!
4 Function of Wind Tunnels and Water Tunnels Wind tunnel vs water tunnel testing Ud Re ir: kg -5 1., Pa s 3 m -5 m s Water: kg , Pa s 3 m -6 m s Force: F U C F Power: 3 P U C P Copyright by Dr. Hui Iowa State University. ll Rights Reserved!
5 Types of Wind Tunnels Based on Flow Speed: Subsonic or low speed wind tunnels (M<<1.0) Transonic wind tunnels (M1.0) Supersonic wind tunnels (1.0 <M<5.0) Hypersonic wind tunnels (M>5.0) Based on Shape: Open circuit wind tunnel Closed circuit wind tunnel Copyright by Dr. Hui Iowa State University. ll Rights Reserved!
6 Open Circuit Wind Tunnel Suction wind tunnel: With the inlet open to atmosphere, axial fan or centrifugal blower is installed after test section. Blow down wind tunnel: blower is installed at the inlet of wind tunnel which throws the air into wind tunnel. Copyright by Dr. Hui Iowa State University. ll Rights Reserved!
7 Closed circuit wind tunnel Copyright by Dr. Hui Iowa State University. ll Rights Reserved!
8 Components of a Wind Tunnel Test section Contraction section Diffuser section Setting chamber Screens and similar structures Cooling system/radiators Motor/fans Copyright by Dr. Hui Iowa State University. ll Rights Reserved!
9 Function of Contraction a b V a c ΔV a ~10% b ΔV b =? a V b Copyright by Dr. Hui Iowa State University. ll Rights Reserved!
10 Function of Contraction V a a b Mass cons: V a a b b V b V cv a c a b ΔV b =? ΔV b Bernoulli: ΔV a 1 px Vx const 1 1 pa Va pb Vb 1 pb pa Va ( c 1) t the perturbation: p ( V V ) p V ( c 1) ( V V ) 1 1 ( c Va VaVa ) ( Vb VbVb ) c V V V c V cv V a a a a a b b p b a a a a a b Copyright by Dr. Hui Iowa State University. ll Rights Reserved!
11 Function of Contraction V a a b Mass cons: V a a b b V b V cv a c a b ΔV b =? ΔV b Bernoulli: ΔV a 1 px Vx const 1 1 pa Va pb Vb 1 pb pa Va ( c 1) t the perturbation: c V V V c V cv V a a a a a b V V cv V a a a b V V cv V 1 V V a a a b a b cva Vb c Va Vb Copyright by Dr. Hui Iowa State University. ll Rights Reserved!
12 Function of Contraction a b V a c ΔV a ~10% b ΔV b =? a V b if V V b a 0.1 V 1 V b a Vb c Va V V 1 a b c Va Vb Copyright by Dr. Hui Iowa State University. ll Rights Reserved!
13 Water Tunnels Copyright by Dr. Hui Iowa State University. ll Rights Reserved!
14 Towing Tank Copyright by Dr. Hui Iowa State University. ll Rights Reserved!
15 Total pressure: t points and E: Lab#0: Wind Tunnel Calibration Here, pressure at and E related by loss coefficient C 1 : Mass conservation: 1 p V P p 1 1 V P, p V P P P 0 E E 0E 0E p p V V C V P0 P0E C1 1 VE E E E 1 V V V E E E T T T Settling chamber Can write: Contraction section E V Test section, T V V V E E E T T T ssume: E T Then: V V V E E T T Copyright by Dr. Hui Iowa State University. ll Rights Reserved!
16 Lab#0: Wind Tunnel Calibration For dynamic pressure q, e.g., rewrite: as T rrange as and. Define q E T, C such that E T 3 1 V V V V E E E T T T q q q E E T T C E q qe 3 E q E qt E q q C Settling chamber q q C q C C, E T 3 Contraction section E V Test section Then Becomes p p q q C q E E E 1 p p q C q C C q C C E T 3 T 3 1 T 3 p q C (1 C C ) E T 3 1 p p E p C * q T 1 C * V Copyright by Dr. Hui Iowa State University. ll Rights Reserved!
17 Lab#0: Wind Tunnel Calibration E Settling chamber Contraction section V Test section, T q =0.5*V 80 p p E p C * q T 1 C * V Linear curve fitting Experimental data P = P -P E (Pa) Copyright by Dr. Hui Iowa State University. ll Rights Reserved!
18 Before you do the Labs Choose 1~ member as the Lead Operators Bring you own flash drive for the data storage. Do not touch other research equipment in the wind tunnel laboratory. Keep the wind tunnel laboratory clean and organized. Copyright by Dr. Hui Iowa State University. ll Rights Reserved!
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