What is Work? W = Fd. Whenever you apply a force to an object and the object moves in the direction of the force, work is done.

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1 Year 10 Physics

2 What is Work? Whenever you apply a force to an object and the object moves in the direction of the force, work is done. If force is measured in newtons (N) and distance moved in metres, work done is measured in units of newton metres (Nm). One Nm = 1 Joule (J). Which is also the unit for energy! W = Fd

3 Example of Work (Physics definition) When an athlete lifts weights, they apply an upward force to the mass and the weights move up. Note, that no work is being done on the weights when they are stationary. In order to do work therefore, the force being applied must cause the object to move (can confirm this by looking at the formula: W = Fd).

4 Contact Force or At a Distance Force In the previous example, the object on which the work is being done (the weights) is in contact with the object doing the work (the athlete). However, contact is not always necessary for work to be done. For example when you fall, the Earth s gravity does work on you. How many contact and at-a-distance forces can you think of? Make a list of both and provide examples

5 Working Out Work Calculate the work done by a person who pushes a shopping trolley 500 m with a force of 100 N. How much work is done to lift a mass of 20 kg to a height of 1.5 m? HINT: You will need to use F = mg to first find the force. If it takes 2500 Joules of energy (work) to push a large crate up a 5 m ramp and into the back of a truck, how much force will be required to accomplish this task?

6 Working Out Work a) How much work is done by 4 friends trying, and failing to push a bogged car out of the mud? b) A skydiver with a mass of 70 kg, jumps out of a plane from 3500 m. How much work is done on her by the force of gravity? HINT: See previous hint!

7 How much work can you do? Challenge Have a selection of masses (dumbbells are ideal) for 3-4 volunteers to select between. The task is to do as many squat thrust as possible in one minute, and then calculate the work done by each participant. It seems obvious that a lighter weight will mean more reps but will that pay off in the challenge to do the most work?

8 How much work can you do? Procedure Select required weights. Measure distance from lowest hand position to top (as shown). Calculate the force being applied, and subsequently the work done in one rep: W = mg d Start the timer and count the number of reps each participant achieves in 60 seconds. Total work done is work for one rep (as above) times the number of reps.

9 Work and Energy Recall that work is measured in Joules the same as Energy! Work therefore can be considered as a measure of change in energy. Doing work on an object means you are transferring energy to it! For example: If in lifting a 5 kg dumbbell above your head you do 98 J of work how much potential energy has the dumbbell gained? Because: work = energy Then simply the answer is 98 J!

10 Energy Transformations If you lift a 5 kg bowling ball with a force of 49 N through a height of 40 cm, the amount of work done is given by: W = Fd = 19.6 J By doing work on the bowling ball, you have transferred 19.6 J of energy to it. The additional energy is stored in the ball as gravitational potential energy

11 Energy Transformations The stored energy you have given the bowling ball, has the potential to be converted into other forms of energy or transferred to other objects. For example, if you drop the ball, the force of gravity can do work on the ball, increasing its kinetic (movement) energy. If your toe happens to be in the way when the bowling ball reaches floor level, the kinetic energy is transferred to your toe squashing it!

12 Energy Transformations Equally a falling object is gaining kinetic energy, due to the work being done on it by the Earth s gravity. As it loosed height, and therefore PE, it gains KE. PE at the top is equal to the KE at the bottom! The work done on an object therefore is equal to its change in energy.

13 Moving or Stored? All energy types can be classified as kinetic or potential! Kinetic energy is the energy associated with movement. Heat is a form of kinetic energy as it is a measure of the vibration of molecules. Potential energy is energy that is stored

14 Potential Energy Gravitational potential energy present in objects that are in a position from which they could fall as a result of the force of gravity. Elastic potential energy present in objects when then are stretched or compressed. Electrostatic potential energy present when positively and negatively charged particles are separated. Chemical potential energy is the energy which is contained molecular bonds. Nuclear energy is the energy stored in the bonds between protons and neutrons in an atomic nucleus.

15 Conservation of Energy Energy is never created or destroyed It is only converted from one form into another. This observation is known as the Law of Conservation of Energy. Think about (and list) the energy changes that would occur for a ball being kicked into the air, reaching a maximum height and falling back to Earth

16 Calculating Energy The kinetic energy of an object is directly proportional to the square of its speed. KE = ½ mv 2 Where: m = mass (kg) v = velocity (ms -1 ) Measured in Joules, Energy is a scalar Quantity. The gravitational potential energy of an object is directly proportional to it s height above the ground. PE = mgh Where: g = acceleration due to gravity (ms -2 ) h = height (m)

17 Energy Changes Recall that when an object falls from a given height, the PE energy it had at the top of the fall is ALL converted to KE at the bottom of the fall. PE at top = KE at bottom mgh = ½ mv 2 We can now use the equations to work out: a) How much PE does a 30 g mass have, when it is held 150 cm above the floor? b) How much KE does it have therefore when it hits the ground? c) From this work out its velocity on impact.

18 Check Your Understanding a) Determine the kinetic energy of a 650 kg light aircraft that is moving with a speed of 60 ms -1. b) If the aircraft in the above problem were moving with twice the speed, then what would be its new kinetic energy? c) In most cases if a light aircraft actually did this it would exceed V NE. Mini research task, what does this mean and what could happen? d) A skydiver has a kinetic energy of J just prior to opening their chute. If they have a mass of 70 kg, then what is their velocity?

19 Check Your Understanding a) The same skydiver form the previous question forgot to take his phone out of his pocket when he jumped. If it hit the floor with a velocity of 160 ms -1, how high was he when it fell out? b) Is this answer reasonable? What assumption did you make in your calculation? c) When the phone hits the floor, where does the KE go? d) If the skydiver wanted to gain J of PE. At what altitude would he need to ask the jump pilot to fly to?

20 Total Energy Because energy is a scalar quantity, if we want to know the total mechanic energy (TME) of an object, we can simply add up the constituent parts: For example, a light aircraft of mass 650 kg may be flying along at 60 ms -1, with an altitude of 1400 m. Its KE and PE respectively are: J, and J. Its TME therefore is: TME = KE + PE TME = TME = J That s 1o Mega Joules!

21 Task 10 Mega Joules may sound like a large value, but these numbers are typical for a small, single engine aircraft with just two people on board. What about that Boeing 747 you may have been on to Europe, Asia or America? What would its TME be? To work this out you will need to research the following Average mass of a 747 Average cruising altitude Average velocity

22 Acknowledgements Developed by Sci-Fly STEM Outreach, in conjunction with The Growing Tall Poppies Science Partnership Program, These resources are provided for educational use across Australia and beyond. Content is curriculum matched to the Australian Year 10 Physical Sciences. Several years of in school experience has been combined to produce the content. From profession reading and curriculum development to informal discussions and impromptu learning moments. We thus acknowledge everyone who may have contributed to this pool of knowledge. If for any reason you feel any content has been used unfairly please let us know and we will either immediately remove it, or add the correct acknowledgment upon notification. All images have been produced especially for this project by artist Saran Kim. They can be freely reproduced for educationally purposes only, where due credit to the original source is provided.

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