Course + Lectures notes + additional info
|
|
- Roland Black
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Course + Lectures notes + additional info Examination : oral 3 days (to be determined)
2 Week 1: Intro tu :45 15:30 dr.ir. L. Pel Introduction + porosity th :45 10:30 dr.ir. L. Pel Capillary forces I Week 2: Capillary forces + Darcy tu :45 15:30 dr.ir. L. Pel Capillary forces II th :45 10:30 dr.ir. L. Pel Darcy + Dupuit Week 3 tu :45 15:30 dr.ir. L. Pel Unsaturated absorption th :45 10:30 Public holiday Week 4 tu :45 15:30 dr.ir. H.Huinink Multiphase transport th :45 10:30 No course due to conference visit Week 5 tu :45 15:30 No course due to conference visit th :45 10:30 No course due to conference visit Special subjects Week 6 tu :45 15:30 T. Arends Moisture transport in wood th :45 10:30 dr.ir. L. Pel Drying + Fire spalling Week 7 tu :45 15:30 prof. H. van Duijn Density driven flow th :45 10:30 dr.ir. L. Pel Component transport
3
4 Porosity BE AWARE Transport Permeability Ability to hold water Ability to transmit water Size, Shape, Interconnectedness Porosity Permeability
5 How is the moisture distributed??
6 WHY?
7 SURFACE TENSION
8 What s going on at the surface of a liquid?
9 What s going on at the surface of a liquid? Let s take a look!
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29 Particles that make up a liquid are in constant random motion; they are randomly arranged.
30 You might expect the particles at the surface, at the micro level, to form a random surface, as shown below.
31
32 But how do intermolecular forces influence the surface? = intermolecular attractions COHESION
33 Under the surface, intermolecular attractions pull on = intermolecular attractions individual molecules in all directions COHESION
34 = intermolecular attractions COHESION
35
36 At the surface, pull on the molecules is laterally and downward; there is negligible intermolecular attractions above the molecules (from the medium above, such as air). SO, the net force on surface molecules is downward.
37 The result of this downward force is that surface particles are pulled down until counter-balanced by the compression resistance of the liquid:
38
39
40 Surface molecules are compressed more tightly together, forming a sort of skin on the surface, with less distance between them compared to the molecules below=surface skin
41 Surface molecules also form a much smoother surface than one would expect from randomly moving molecules.
42
43
44 This explains the characteristic rounded shape that liquids form when dropping through the air: The molecules are all being pulled toward the center.
45 This explains the characteristic rounded shape that liquids form when dropping through the air: The molecules are all being pulled toward the center.
46 The overall result of this asymmetric force on surface molecules is that: The surface of the liquid will rearrange until the least number of molecules are present on the surface In other words the surface area will be minimized A sphere has the smallest surface area to volume ratio The surface molecules will pack somewhat closer together than the rest of the molecules in the liquid The surface molecules will be somewhat more ordered and resistant to molecular disruptions Thus, the surface will seem to have a "skin" The "inward" molecular attraction forces, which must be overcome to increase the surface area, are termed the "surface tension"
47 Surface tension is the intensity of the molecular attraction per unit length along any line in the surface Surface tension = N/m
48 Zero gravity
49 Surface Tension Emperor penguin huddle, Antarctica Doug Allan/Naturepl.com
50 Thomas Young In 1804: founded the theory of capillary phenomena on the principle of surface tension. He also observed the constancy of the angle of contact of a liquid surface with a solid, and showed how to deduce from these two principles the phenomena of capillary action. The Young Laplace equation is the formula for capillary action independently discovered by Laplace in Born Thomas Young 13 June 1773 England Died 10 May 1829 (aged 55) Young was the first to define the term "energy" in the modern sense. Fields Religion Physics, Physiology, Egyptology Quaker
51 Formation of a Surface Separation of liquid to create a new surface requires work to overcome cohesion forces
52 Surface Energy of Liquids The work (w) required to create a new surface is proportional to the # molecules at the surface, and hence the area (A): δw = γ δa Where : γ is the proportionality constant defined as the specific surface free energy. It has units of (energy/unit area, J/m 2 ). γ acts as a restoring force to resist any increase in area, for liquids it is numerically equal to the surface tension.
53 Units of measurement Surface Tension Surface Energy (force/unit length) (energy/unit area) (N/m) (J/m 2 ) 1 Joule = 1 Nm (Nm/m 2 ) (N/m) For Liquid/Liquid Interface, usually termed For Gas/Liquid interface usually termed Interfacial Tension Surface Tension
54 γ = 2F l
55 DEMO movie
56 Surface Tension Measurement -- Drop-- Release of a Liquid drop from a capillary
57 Drop-weight Method Here the liquid is allowed to flow out from the bottom of a capillary tube. Drops are formed which detach when they reach a critical dimension, the weight of a drop falling out of a capillary is measured As long as the drop is still hanging at the end of the capillary, its weight is more than balanced by the surface tension A drop falls off when the gravitational force mg determined by the mass of the drop is no longer balanced by the surface tension mg = 2πr c γ
58 Surface Tension Measurement -- Wilhelmy Plate -- γ cos( θ) γ = surface tension θ = contact angle wt total = total weight = wt total (wt 2l plate b) wt plate = plate weight b = buoyancy force l = width of plate Normally platinum is used to have q 0 and plate just touches liquid so buoyancy is small
59 Surface Tension Measurement -- Ring--
60 W tot = W ring + 4πRγ F where W ring is the weight of the ring, R is the radius of the ring, and g the surface tension. 2R Still commonly used but values may be as much as 25% However, the shape of the liquid supported by the ring is complex and the direction of tension forces are non-vertical. The correction factor should be introduced.
61 The surface or interfacial tension F γ = βf 4πR 2R Oil oil r Where β is the correction factor, calculated from the equation of Zuidema and Waters water ( β ) 2 4b 1 F a = + c 2 2 π R 4πR ( ρ ρ ) Where ρ 1 and ρ 2 are the densities of the lower and upper phases; a=0.725, b= m -1 s 2 ; c= r/r 1 2 (Liquid-Vapor) (Liquid-Water) The first column shows the surface tension Between a liquid and its own vapor
62 Surface tension (10-3 Nm -1 ) alcohol 23 benzene 29 glycerol 62 mercury 500 milk 45 water 73 influence surfactants (soap) (often dynes/cm dyne=10-5 N)
63 Water high surface tension??? asymmetrical molecule: dipole moment hydrogen bonding: Water is polar so there are intermolecular forces (dipole-dipole interaction and H bonding) that must be overcome polar liquid
64 Floating paperclip DEMO
65 Water strider mass Mass: F=m 10 Surface tension F= mass,max~ 0.15 gram=150 mgr (~10 mgr)
66 Nature: all sizes
67 The relation between the maximum curvature force F s = γp and body weight F g = Mg for 342 species of water striders. P = 2(L1+L2+L3) is the combined lengths of the tarsal segments. Hu, Chan & Bush (Nature, 424, 2003).
68 42: above 38: feet slightly lower 35: feet lower 33: feet broken through surface, head & body still dry 31: feet & body even lower 30: feet & body under water
69 movie
70 Surface tension ships DEMO
71 Walking over water? movie
72 Pressure in droplet /soap bubble droplet ( Pi Po ) π r 2 = 2π r γ P i P o = 2γ r P o P i bubble P i P o = 4γ r
73 Balloons: what will happen?
74 Pressure in balloon versus time burst Valid model system
75 P out Pressure buble: P in P = 4γ r r
76
77 Porous material porosity Surface tension Contact angle
78 Droplets on materials One fluid wets the surfaces of the formation rock (wetting phase) in preference to the other (non-wetting phase). Gas is always the non-wetting phase in both oil-gas and water-gas systems. Oil is often the non-wetting phase in water-oil systems.
79 Cohesive and Adhesive Forces Water on: Water is said to wet glass Teflon Glass Adhesive attraction between water and teflon is low and the cohesive forces among the water molecules pull the water molecules into spheres Adhesive attraction between water and glass is high and water is pulled onto the glass TiO 2 -Silicone film before UV irradiation TiO 2 -Silicone film after UV irradiation
80 Liquid surface border equilibrium γ cosθ + γ = γ LG SL GS cosθ = γ γ γ GS LG SL
81 Contact angle cosθ = γ γ γ GS LG SL
82 Contact angle: θ cos θ Spreading Complete wett. Partial wetting γ SL = γ SV Negligible wett. Non-wett. (a) (b) (a) is the case of a liquid which wets a solid surface well, e.g. water on a very clean copper. Perfect wetting. (b) is the case of no wetting, contact angle =180 o. This represents water on teflon or mercury on clean glass.
83 Extremes
84 The lotus effect(~150 o ) Water droplet on lotus leaf, with adhering particles Contaminating stain powder removed by rinsing with water The Lotus Effect is based on surface roughness caused by different microstructures together with the hydrophobic properties of the epicuticular wax (~150 o )
85 Cassie Baxter model cos θ * = r f cosθ + f f y 1 Apparent contact angle
86 A droplet on an inclined superhydrophobic surface does not slide off; it rolls off. When the droplet rolls over a contamination, the particle is removed from the surface if the force of absorption of the particle is higher than the static friction force between the particle and the surface. Usually the force needed to remove a particle is very low due to the minimized contact area between the particle and the surface. As a result, the droplet cleans the leaf by rolling off the surface.
87 WATER-WET ROCK θ Water σ ow Oil σ os σ ws Solid σ os 0 < θ < 90 Adhesive tension between water and the rock surface exceeds that between oil and the rock surface.
88 OIL-WET ROCK Water σ ow Oil σ os 90 < θ < 180 The adhesion tension between water and the rock surface is less than that between oil and the rock surface. θ σ ws σ os Solid Reservoir rock is oil-wet if oil preferentially wets the rock surfaces.
89 Experimental setup for measuring contact angles
90 Contact angle hysteresis Young eq. predicts single value for intrinsic c. a. but Range of stable apparent an be measured experimentally: => hysteresis maximum - advancing minimum receding Advancing contact angle (θ A < θ R ) is always larger than or equal to the receding contact angle raindrop Roughness Θ r hysteresis Chemical contamination or heterogeneity of solid surface Θ a Solutes in the liquid (surfactants, polymers) may deposit a film on solid surface
91 Oil drop in water : lens
92 Oil drop in water γ WA γ OA Air Θ 3 Θ 1 Θ 2 Oil γ OW Water Force balance for both horizontal and vertical direction γ wa cosθ3 = γ oa cosθ1 + γ ow cos γ γ + γ wa < lens oa γ γ + γ wa oa ow ow θ > spreading 2
93
94 Porous material porosity Surface tension Contact angle Capillary pressure +
95 Pressure???? ds dn r 1 r 1 r 2 r 2 r 2 Small curved surface element
96 Forces: small curved surface element ds dn r 1 r 1 r 2 r 2 r 2
97 Forces: small curved surface element γ wn ds ds dn γ wn dn γ wn dn r 1 r 1 γ wn ds r 2 r 2 r 2
98 Pressure difference γ wn ds ds p w dsdn dn γ wn dn p n dsdn γ wn dn r 1 r 1 γ wn ds r 2 r 2
99 p w dsdn γ wn ds p n dsdn γ wn ds r 1 r 1
100 p w dsdn γ wn ds p n dsdn α ½dn? γ wn ds r 1 r 1 α
101 γ wn ds p w dsdn p n dsdn r 1 r 1 α α ½dn F? γ wn ds p p = tot sinα = = F A 2 2r = dn r 1 dn dsγ 1 r 1 1 = + r1 wn dn ds γ dn ds 1 r 2 γ wn wn
102 Water in a fine glass capillary tube Capillary Pressure? Water wets the surface of the glass, and is pulled upwards to form a curved surface, or meniscus. P = 2γ r Capillary tube R r Negative pressure : suction R=r 1 =r 2 =r
103 Better Capillary tube R r θ R=r 1 =r 2 =R/cosθ p c = p n p w = 2 γ cosθ wn r
104 Short cut Capillary tube R r Work: = γds = ( pn pw) dv p c = ( p p ) n w sphere p c = γ 2γ = r ds dv
105 EXAMPLE: Water in a fine glass capillary tube Because the pressure on the concave side is lower than that on the convex side (P in < P out ), water rises within the capillary tube. Fluid rises in the capillary until the pressure due to the weight of the column of fluid in the capillary is equal to the pressure difference across the meniscus: P meniscus = P water = ρgh Where: h = height of capillary rise g = force due to gravity ρ = density of water
106 EXAMPLE: Water in a fine glass capillary tube since: 2γ Pmeniscus = = r ρgh we get: h max = 2γ gρr Washburn equation
107 Washburn equation
108 Liquids in Contact with a Solid Surface The adhesive forces (liquid-glass) are greater than the cohesive forces (liquid-liquid) The liquid clings to the walls of the container The liquid wets the surface Cohesive forces (liquid-glass) are greater than the adhesive forces The liquid curves downward The liquid does not wet the surface
109 NOTE: The contact angle between the fluid and the capillary wall determines whether: (a) capillary rise (b) capillary depression P 2 γ = < 0 r P = 2 γ > 0 r
110 Definition water contact surface Hydrophillic Hydrophobic
111 example
112 Maximum height??? h max = 2γ gρr
113 Soil Type Capillary Rise (m) Clay >10 Fine Silt 7.5 Coarse Silt 3.0 Very Fine Sand 1.0 Fine Sand 0.50 Medium Sand 0.25 Coarse Sand 0.15 Very Coarse Sand 0.04 Fine Gravel 0.015
114 Cellular concrete Capillary rise Water level
115 Rising damp city of Venice
116 Capillary suction Capillary suction
117 Related phenomena
118 Sugar cube in coffee movie
119 Lungs It takes some effort to breathe in because these tiny balloons must be inflated, but the elastic recoil of the tiny balloons assists us in the process of exhalation Baby: The alveoli of the lungs are collapsed in the fetus and must be inflated in the process of inhalation
120 Wet Moist Dry
121 Water in porous material Underpressure => shrinkage soil, glass beads, dikes, beach
122 movie
123 10 x 10 cm 0.1 μm Hyundai Pony kg
124 Force of plates F = 2γ r S F = = 14600N > 9240N
125
126 Crystallization pressure limestone airflow Na 2 SO 4 solution Movie of Eric Doehne Getty Science 1 month in 52 secs movie
127 Gypsum crystals growing in a pore space
128 Crystallization pressure θ r p crystal P c pressure P c = 2γ cosθ cl r p
129 Surface tension crystal Na 2 CO 3 γ=0.09 Nm -1 Na 2 SO 4 7H 2 0 Damage crystal γ very low Na 2 SO 4 10H 2 0 γ=0.10 Nm -1 P = 0.04 r 0.0 P = r 0.06 P = r e.g. fired-clay brick :3 MPa [Pa [Pa [Pa m] m] m] damage < 12 nm non < 20 nm
130 MIP: Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry Non-wetting fluid Mercury θ=140 o, γ= Nm -1
131
132
133 MIP: Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry Assumes pores in porous material shaped like cylindrical tubes Working principle Assuming a cylindrical pore model, the relation between the pressure applied and the pore size is described by the Washburn equation: r = Where: r = radius of the pore intruded by the mercury, γ= surface tension of the mercury, θ= contact angle between the mercury and the material tested p= pressure applied 2 γ cosθ Hg P THIS IS A MODEL
134 Inject mercury into pores to measure pore size and pore size distribution. MIP cylindrical pores MODEL OF MATERIAL
135 cumulative r V = f ( r) dr o pore size distribution f ( r) = dv dr
136 cumulative r V = f ( r) dr o pore size distribution f ( r) = dv dr
137 Advantages Results obtained quickly (minutes,hours) Method is reasonably accurate Very high range of capillary pressures Disadvantages Ruins core / mercury disposal Hazardous testing material (mercury) Conversion required between mercury/air capillary data to reservoir fluid systems
138
139 Self study Capillary instability The force g = r forces fluid from the throat, decreasing r leading to collapse. Joseph Plateau, in 1873, observed experimentally that a falling stream of water of length greater than approximately 3.13 times its diameter will form droplets while falling.
140 Surface Tension with Temperature low T high T Weaker intermolecular forces Increase of surface area Lower Surface Tension Water molecule representative Surface tension decreases at approximately one percent per 4 o C
141 Temperature gradient T 1 < T 2 Water moves to lower temp
Course + Lectures notes + additional info
Transport in porous media 3MT130 Leo Pel, Henk Huinink, i David Smeulders, Bart Erich, Hans van Duijn Faculty of Applied Physics Mechanical Engineering Eindhoven University of Technology The Netherlands
More informationMicrofluidics 2 Surface tension, contact angle, capillary flow
MT-0.6081 Microfluidics and BioMEMS Microfluidics 2 Surface tension, contact angle, capillary flow 28.1.2017 Ville Jokinen Surface tension & Surface energy Work required to create new surface = surface
More informationCHAPTER 2. SOIL-WATER POTENTIAL: CONCEPTS AND MEASUREMENT
SSC107 Fall 2000 Chapter 2, Page - 1 - CHAPTER 2. SOIL-WATER POTENTIAL: CONCEPTS AND MEASUREMENT Contents: Transport mechanisms Water properties Definition of soil-water potential Measurement of soil-water
More informationFluid flow Pressure Bernoulli Principle Surface Tension
Lecture 9. Fluid flow Pressure Bernoulli Principle Surface Tension A v L A is the area Fluid flow Speed of a fluid in a pipe is not the same as the flow rate Relating: Fluid flow rate to Average speed
More informationFluid flow Pressure Bernoulli Principle Surface Tension
Lecture 9. Fluid flow Pressure Bernoulli Principle Surface Tension Fluid flow Speed of a fluid in a pipe is not the same as the flow rate Depends on the radius of the pipe. example: Low speed Large flow
More informationChapter -6(Section-1) Surface Tension
Chapter -6(Section-1) Surface Tension Free surface of the liquid tends to minimize the surface area. e.g.(1)if the small quantity of mercury is allowed to fall on the floor, it converted in to small spherical
More informationSurface chemistry. Liquid-gas, solid-gas and solid-liquid surfaces.
Surface chemistry. Liquid-gas, solid-gas and solid-liquid surfaces. Levente Novák & István Bányai, University of Debrecen Dept of Colloid and Environmental Chemistry http://kolloid.unideb.hu/~kolloid/
More informationP = 1 3 (σ xx + σ yy + σ zz ) = F A. It is created by the bombardment of the surface by molecules of fluid.
CEE 3310 Thermodynamic Properties, Aug. 27, 2010 11 1.4 Review A fluid is a substance that can not support a shear stress. Liquids differ from gasses in that liquids that do not completely fill a container
More informationVatna- og loftlagsfræði WATER PROPERTIES
Phases of water Vatna- og loftlagsfræði WATER PROPERTIES Þröstur Þorsteinsson Environment and Natural Resources, University of Iceland ThrosturTh@hi.is Solid Snow Ice Permafrost Liquid Ocean Lakes Rivers
More informationemulsions, and foams March 21 22, 2009
Wetting and adhesion Dispersions in liquids: suspensions, emulsions, and foams ACS National Meeting March 21 22, 2009 Salt Lake City Ian Morrison 2009 Ian Morrison 2009 Lecure 2 - Wetting and adhesion
More informationLotus leaf -Traditional, but smart pack from nature- Weon-Sun SHIN DEPT of FOOD & NUTRITION HANYANG UNIVERSITY
Lotus leaf -Traditional, but smart pack from nature- Weon-Sun SHIN DEPT of FOOD & NUTRITION HANYANG UNIVERSITY Learning from nature & tradition Rice culture Buhdism Traditional lunch-box The way of cooking
More informationChapter 13 States of Matter Forces of Attraction 13.3 Liquids and Solids 13.4 Phase Changes
Chapter 13 States of Matter 13.2 Forces of Attraction 13.3 Liquids and Solids 13.4 Phase Changes I. Forces of Attraction (13.2) Intramolecular forces? (forces within) Covalent Bonds, Ionic Bonds, and metallic
More informationDLVO interaction between the spheres
DLVO interaction between the spheres DL-interaction energy for two spheres: D w ( x) 64c π ktrϕ e λ DL 2 x λ 2 0 0 D DLVO interaction w ( x) 64πkTRϕ e λ DLVO AR /12x 2 x λd 2 0 D Lecture 11 Contact angle
More informationCHAPTER 1 Fluids and their Properties
FLUID MECHANICS Gaza CHAPTER 1 Fluids and their Properties Dr. Khalil Mahmoud ALASTAL Objectives of this Chapter: Define the nature of a fluid. Show where fluid mechanics concepts are common with those
More informationCohesion, Surface Tension, and Adhesion
Cohesion, Surface Tension, and Adhesion Content Objectives SWBAT describe how hydrogen bonding allows water molecules to maintain strong cohesion, adhesion, and surface tension. Van der Waals Forces The
More informationSurface Tension: Liquids Stick Together Teacher Version
Surface Tension: Liquids Stick Together Teacher Version In this lab you will learn about properties of liquids, specifically cohesion, adhesion, and surface tension. These principles will be demonstrated
More informationSurface Tension and its measurements
Surface Tension and its measurements Surface Tension Surface tension is a fundamental property by which the gas liquid interfaces are characterized. The zone between a gaseous phase and a liquid phase
More informationCHEMISTRY Matter and Change. Chapter 12: States of Matter
CHEMISTRY Matter and Change Chapter 12: States of Matter CHAPTER 12 States of Matter Section 12.1 Section 12.2 Section 12.3 Section 12.4 Gases Forces of Attraction Liquids and Solids Phase Changes Click
More informationSurface and Interfacial Tensions. Lecture 1
Surface and Interfacial Tensions Lecture 1 Surface tension is a pull Surfaces and Interfaces 1 Thermodynamics for Interfacial Systems Work must be done to increase surface area just as work must be done
More informationMost substances can be in three states: solid, liquid, and gas.
States of Matter Most substances can be in three states: solid, liquid, and gas. Solid Particles Have Fixed Positions The particles in a solid are very close together and have an orderly, fixed arrangement.
More informationProperties of Liquids Adapted from Flinn Scientific, Flinn ChemTopic Labs: Solids and Liquids Name. Introduction
Introduction Properties of Liquids Adapted from Flinn Scientific, Flinn ChemTopic Labs: Solids and Liquids Name Have you ever seen an insect or spider appear to walk on water? The ability of water bugs
More informationPhase Transitions. Ehrenfest Classification of Phase Transitions. Curved Surfaces Bubbles, cavities and droplets Nucleation
Phase Transitions Chapter 6 of Atkins Sections 6.7-6.10 Ehrenfest Classification of Phase Transitions Physical Liquid Surface Surface Tension Curved Surfaces Bubbles, cavities and droplets Nucleation Capillary
More informationChapter 10. Solids and Fluids
Chapter 10 Solids and Fluids Surface Tension Net force on molecule A is zero Pulled equally in all directions Net force on B is not zero No molecules above to act on it Pulled toward the center of the
More informationBFC FLUID MECHANICS BFC NOOR ALIZA AHMAD
BFC 10403 FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTER 1.0: Principles of Fluid 1.1 Introduction to Fluid Mechanics 1.2 Thermodynamic Properties of a Fluid: Density, specific weight, specific gravity, viscocity (kelikatan)berat
More informationPraktikum zur. Materialanalytik
Praktikum zur Materialanalytik Functionalized Surfaces B510 Stand: 20.10.2017 Table of contents Introduction 2 Basics 2 Surface tension 2 From wettability to the contact angle 4 The Young equation 5 Wetting
More informationThe Properties of Water
The Properties of Water Water has many unique properties that allow it to support life on earth. Water is so important to life that scientists look for water on other planets to determine if that planet
More informationLecture 7 Contact angle phenomena and wetting
Lecture 7 Contact angle phenomena and Contact angle phenomena and wetting Young s equation Drop on the surface complete spreading Establishing finite contact angle γ cosθ = γ γ L S SL γ S γ > 0 partial
More information8.2 Surface phenomenon of liquid. Out-class reading: Levine p Curved interfaces
Out-class reading: Levine p. 387-390 13.2 Curved interfaces https://news.cnblogs.com/n/559867/ 8.2.1 Some interesting phenomena 8.2.1 Some interesting phenomena Provided by Prof. Yu-Peng GUO of Jilin
More informationFluid Mechanics Introduction
Fluid Mechanics Introduction Fluid mechanics study the fluid under all conditions of rest and motion. Its approach is analytical, mathematical, and empirical (experimental and observation). Fluid can be
More informationChapter 11. Freedom of Motion. Comparisons of the States of Matter. Liquids, Solids, and Intermolecular Forces
Liquids, Solids, and Intermolecular Forces Chapter 11 Comparisons of the States of Matter The solid and liquid states have a much higher density than the gas state The solid and liquid states have similar
More informationSurface Tension: Liquids Stick Together Student Version
Surface Tension: Liquids Stick Together Student Version In this lab you will learn about properties of liquids, specifically cohesion, adhesion, and surface tension. These principles will be demonstrated
More informationThe Origins of Surface and Interfacial Tension
The Origins of Surface and Interfacial Tension Imbalance of intermolecular forces exists at the liquid-air interface γ la= the surface tension that exists at the liquid-air interface Suppose we have a
More informationReaction at the Interfaces
Reaction at the Interfaces Lecture 1 On the course Physics and Chemistry of Interfaces by HansJürgen Butt, Karlheinz Graf, and Michael Kappl Wiley VCH; 2nd edition (2006) http://homes.nano.aau.dk/lg/surface2009.htm
More informationNicholas J. Giordano. Chapter 10 Fluids
Nicholas J. Giordano www.cengage.com/physics/giordano Chapter 10 Fluids Fluids A fluid may be either a liquid or a gas Some characteristics of a fluid Flows from one place to another Shape varies according
More informationWhat s important: viscosity Poiseuille's law Stokes' law Demo: dissipation in flow through a tube
PHYS 101 Lecture 29x - Viscosity 29x - 1 Lecture 29x Viscosity (extended version) What s important: viscosity Poiseuille's law Stokes' law Demo: dissipation in flow through a tube Viscosity We introduced
More informationFrieder Mugele. Physics of Complex Fluids. University of Twente. Jacco Snoeier Physics of Fluids / UT
coorganizers: Frieder Mugele Physics of Comple Fluids Jacco Snoeier Physics of Fluids / UT University of Twente Anton Darhuber Mesoscopic Transport Phenomena / Tu/e speakers: José Bico (ESPCI Paris) Daniel
More informationMr. Bracken. Intermolecular Forces Notes #1
Mr. Bracken AP Chemistry Name Period Intermolecular Forces Notes #1 States of Matter: A gas expands to fill its container, has neither a fixed volume nor shape, and is easily compressible. A liquid has
More information2-2 Properties of Water
22 Properties of Water Polarity As for most molecules, the and charges in a water molecule are equal so that overall the molecule is neutral. However, note that the molecule is not linear. The water molecule
More informationPHYSICS OF FLUID SPREADING ON ROUGH SURFACES
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NUMERICAL ANALYSIS AND MODELING Volume 5, Supp, Pages 85 92 c 2008 Institute for Scientific Computing and Information PHYSICS OF FLUID SPREADING ON ROUGH SURFACES K. M. HAY AND
More informationSurface Tension: Liquids Stick Together Student Advanced Version
Surface Tension: Liquids Stick Together Student Advanced Version In this lab you will learn about properties of liquids, specifically cohesion, adhesion, and surface tension. These principles will be demonstrated
More informationCHAPTER 13. States of Matter. Kinetic = motion. Polar vs. Nonpolar. Gases. Hon Chem 13.notebook
CHAPTER 13 States of Matter States that the tiny particles in all forms of matter are in constant motion. Kinetic = motion A gas is composed of particles, usually molecules or atoms, with negligible volume
More informationUnsaturated Flow (brief lecture)
Physical Hydrogeology Unsaturated Flow (brief lecture) Why study the unsaturated zone? Evapotranspiration Infiltration Toxic Waste Leak Irrigation UNSATURATAED ZONE Aquifer Important to: Agriculture (most
More informationPhase Transitions & Interfaces
Phase Transitions & Interfaces Chapter 6 of Atkins, 7th Ed. Chapter 4 and 18, 8th Ed. Sections 6.7-6.10, 7th Ed.; 4.7, 18.7, 18.8 in 8th Ed. Ehrenfest Classification of Phase Transitions Physical Liquid
More informationMultiphase Flow and Heat Transfer
Multiphase Flow and Heat Transfer ME546 -Sudheer Siddapureddy sudheer@iitp.ac.in Surface Tension The free surface between air and water at a molecular scale Molecules sitting at a free liquid surface against
More information10 - FLUID MECHANICS Page 1
0 - FLUID MECHANICS Page Introduction Fluid is a matter in a state which can flow. Liquids, gases, molten metal and tar are examples of fluids. Fluid mechanics is studied in two parts: ( i ) Fluid statics
More informationINTERMOLECULAR FORCES LAB STATION 1 SURFACE TENSION
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES LAB STATION 1 SURFACE TENSION LEARNING TARGET: You should be able to identify the comparative strength of intermolecular forces through observations of the surface tension in droplets.
More information8.2 Surface phenomena of liquid. Out-class reading: Levine p Curved interfaces
Out-class reading: Levine p. 387-390 13.2 Curved interfaces 8.2.1 Some interesting phenomena Evolution of bubbles on porous surface. 8.2.1 Some interesting phenomena Addition of a seed in Supersaturated
More informationChapter 11. Intermolecular Forces, Liquids, and Solids
Chapter 11. Intermolecular Forces, Liquids, and Solids A Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids Physical properties of substances are understood in terms of kinetic-molecular theory: Gases
More informationCapillarity and Wetting Phenomena
? Pierre-Gilles de Gennes Frangoise Brochard-Wyart David Quere Capillarity and Wetting Phenomena Drops, Bubbles, Pearls, Waves Translated by Axel Reisinger With 177 Figures Springer Springer New York Berlin
More informationChapters 11 and 12: Intermolecular Forces of Liquids and Solids
1 Chapters 11 and 12: Intermolecular Forces of Liquids and Solids 11.1 A Molecular Comparison of Liquids and Solids The state of matter (Gas, liquid or solid) at a particular temperature and pressure depends
More informationAsk the Professor. Michael Patrick, Ph.D. University of Wisconsin - Madison. Mary Gruhl, Ph.D. University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee
Ask the Professor If you have questions about water or other molecules, be sure to contact us through our Ask the Professor link on the Water Resource pages of the 3D Molecular Designs website 3dmoleculardesigns.com.
More informationLECTURE 11 FRICTION AND DRAG
LECTURE 11 FRICTION AND DRAG 5.5 Friction Static friction Kinetic friction 5.6 Drag Terminal speed Penguins travel on ice for miles by sliding on ice, made possible by small frictional force between their
More informationChapter 10. Lesson Starter. Why did you not smell the odor of the vapor immediately? Explain this event in terms of the motion of molecules.
Preview Lesson Starter Objectives The Kinetic-Molecular Theory of Gases The Kinetic-Molecular Theory and the Nature of Gases Deviations of Real Gases from Ideal Behavior Section 1 The Kinetic-Molecular
More informationCHAPTER 10. States of Matter
CHAPTER 10 States of Matter Kinetic Molecular Theory Kinetikos - Moving Based on the idea that particles of matter are always in motion The motion has consequences Explains the behavior of Gases, Liquids,
More informationCHAPTER 10. Kinetic Molecular Theory. Five Assumptions of the KMT. Atmospheric Pressure
Kinetic Molecular Theory CHAPTER 10 States of Matter Kinetikos - Moving Based on the idea that particles of matter are always in motion The motion has consequences Explains the behavior of Gases, Liquids,
More informationIntermolecular Forces of Attraction. Attractive forces that cause atoms or molecules to stick together
Intermolecular Forces of Attraction Attractive forces that cause atoms or molecules to stick together Types of IMF s 1. London (dispersion) forces all molecules weakest interaction 2. dipole-dipole forces
More informationColloidal Particles at Liquid Interfaces: An Introduction
1 Colloidal Particles at Liquid Interfaces: An Introduction Bernard P. Binks and Tommy S. Horozov Surfactant and Colloid Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK 1.1 Some Basic
More informationInterfaces and interfacial energy
Interfaces and interfacial energy 1/14 kinds: l/g }{{ l/l } mobile s/g s/l s/s Example. Estimate the percetage of water molecules on the surface of a fog droplet of diameter (i) 0.1 mm (naked eye visibility
More informationrelatively narrow range of temperature and pressure.
1) Of solids, liquids, and gases, the least common state of matter is the liquid state. a) Liquids can exist only within a relatively narrow range of temperature and pressure. 2) The kinetic-molecular
More informationLesson 1 Solids, Liquids, and Gases
Lesson 1 Student Labs and Activities Page Launch Lab 8 Content Vocabulary 9 Lesson Outline 10 MiniLab 12 Content Practice A 13 Content Practice B 14 School to Home 15 Key Concept Builders 16 Enrichment
More informationTOPICS. Density. Pressure. Variation of Pressure with Depth. Pressure Measurements. Buoyant Forces-Archimedes Principle
Lecture 6 Fluids TOPICS Density Pressure Variation of Pressure with Depth Pressure Measurements Buoyant Forces-Archimedes Principle Surface Tension ( External source ) Viscosity ( External source ) Equation
More informationWater and Aqueous Systems
Water and Aqueous Systems Chemistry CP http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/ propertiesofwater/water.html The Water Molecule Bent Two lone electron pairs Polar molecule Considered to
More informationCHM The Liquid State (r15) Charles Taylor 1/7
CHM 111 - The Liquid State (r15) - 2015 Charles Taylor 1/7 Introduction We have discussed solids and liquids in general. We're now going to discuss the liquid phase in greater detail. We will discuss properties
More informationLet s Review Bonding. Chapter 3 Water and Life 7/19/2016 WATER AND SOLUTIONS. Properties of Water
Let s Review Bonding Chapter 3 Water and Life Covalent Ionic Hydrogen Van der Waals Interactions Between nonmetals Between metal and non-metal All important to life H bonds to other electronegative atoms
More informationRed Beryl, Be 3 Al 2 Si 6 O 18. Liquids and
Red Beryl, Be 3 Al 2 Si 6 O 18 - Liquids and Solids Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16a 2 A Molecular Comparison of Liquids and Solids Figure 16.47: The number of molecules in
More informationThe Wilhelmy balance. How can we measure surface tension? Surface tension, contact angles and wettability. Measuring surface tension.
ow can we measure surface tension? Surface tension, contact angles and wettability www.wikihow.com/measure-surface-tension Measuring surface tension The Wilhelmy balance F Some methods: Wilhelmy plate
More informationGeneral Chemistry I. Dr. PHAN TẠI HUÂN Faculty of Food Science and Technology Nong Lam University. Module 3: The Three States of Matter
General Chemistry I Dr. PHAN TẠI HUÂN Faculty of Food Science and Technology Nong Lam University Module 3: The Three States of Matter Gas state (Equation of state: ideal gas and real gas). Liquid state
More informationLecture 8 Equilibrium and Elasticity
Lecture 8 Equilibrium and Elasticity July 19 EQUILIBRIUM AND ELASTICITY CHAPTER 12 Give a sharp blow one end of a stick on the table. Find center of percussion. Baseball bat center of percussion Equilibrium
More informationLiquids & Solids. For the condensed states the ave KE is less than the attraction between molecules so they are held together.
Liquids & Solids Intermolecular Forces Matter exists in 3 states. The state of matter is influenced by the physical properties of a substance. For liquids & solids, the condensed states, many of the physical
More informationSolid-liquid interface
Lecture Note #9 (Spring, 2017) Solid-liquid interface Reading: Shaw, ch. 6 Contact angles and wetting Wetting: the displacement from a surface of one fluid by another. A gas is displaced by a liquid at
More informationCh. 11: Liquids and Intermolecular Forces
Ch. 11: Liquids and Intermolecular Forces Learning goals and key skills: Identify the intermolecular attractive interactions (dispersion, dipole-dipole, hydrogen bonding, ion-dipole) that exist between
More informationChapter 7 Permeability and Seepage
Permeability and Seepage - N. Sivakugan (2005) 1 7.1 INTRODUCTION Chapter 7 Permeability and Seepage Permeability, as the name implies (ability to permeate), is a measure of how easily a fluid can flow
More informationChapter 10. Intermolecular Forces II Liquids and Phase Diagrams
Chapter 10 Intermolecular Forces II Liquids and Phase Diagrams Liquids Properties & Structure Vaporization and Condensation Kinetic Energy and Temperature Molecules in a liquid are constantly in motion
More informationChapter 11. Liquids and Intermolecular Forces
Chapter 11. Liquids and Intermolecular Forces 11.1 A Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids Gases are highly compressible and assume the shape and volume of their container. Gas molecules are
More informationChapter 9: Solids and Fluids
Chapter 9: Solids and Fluids State of matters: Solid, Liquid, Gas and Plasma. Solids Has definite volume and shape Can be crystalline or amorphous Molecules are held in specific locations by electrical
More informationStation 1 Surface Tension & Adhesion
Station 1 Surface Tension & Adhesion Water has a simple molecular structure: H2O. Each molecule of water is made up of two atoms of hydrogen connected to one atom of oxygen. The way that these atoms are
More informationKinetic Theory (Kinetikos - Moving ) Based on the idea that particles of matter are always in motion
Chapter 10 Kinetic Theory (Kinetikos - Moving ) Based on the idea that particles of matter are always in motion The motion has consequences Behavior of Gases Physical Properties of Gases Ideal Gas an imaginary
More informationCHAPTER 3: SURFACE AND INTERFACIAL TENSION. To measure surface tension using both, the DuNouy ring and the capillary tube methods.
CHAPTER 3: SURFACE AND INTERFACIAL TENSION Objective To measure surface tension using both, the DuNouy ring and the capillary tube methods. Introduction In a fluid system, the presence of two or more phases
More informationPROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS
PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS Properties of liquids are related to the INTERMOLECULAR FORCES OF ATTRACTION in various liquids. I. SURFACE TENSION Molecule attracted toward the interior of the liquid Molecule:
More informationChapter 10 - Mechanical Properties of Fluids. The blood pressure in humans is greater at the feet than at the brain
Question 10.1: Explain why The blood pressure in humans is greater at the feet than at the brain Atmospheric pressure at a height of about 6 km decreases to nearly half of its value at the sea level, though
More informationExperimental measurement of parameters governing flow rates and partial saturation in paper-based microfluidic devices
Experimental measurement of parameters governing flow rates and partial saturation in paper-based microfluidic devices Dharitri Rath 1, Sathishkumar N 1, Bhushan J. Toley 1* 1 Department of Chemical Engineering
More informationWhy Water Is Your Friend
Why Water Is Your Friend Water has several properties which make life possible. Transparency Cohesion Capillary action Surface tension: watch this Fluid nature Temperature buffer Solvent ability 2.A.3.a.3.
More informationGeneral Chemistry A
General Chemistry 1140 - A May 5, 2005 (6 Pages, 48 Questions) ame 1. Which of the following properties is a general characteristic of solids? (A) Solids have a rigid shape and fixed volume (B) Solids
More informationGeology and Soil Mechanics /1A ( ) Mark the best answer on the multiple choice answer sheet.
Geology and Soil Mechanics 55401 /1A (2003-2004) Mark the best answer on the multiple choice answer sheet. 1. Soil mechanics is the application of hydraulics, geology and mechanics to problems relating
More informationChapter 8 Surface phenomena and dispersion system 8.1 Surface tension
Chapter 8 Surface phenomena and dispersion system Levine p. 384-387 13.1 he interphase region 1.1 Some important concepts and phenomena (1) Surface and Interface Surface: he boundary between non-gaseous
More informationLiquids & Solids: Section 12.3
Liquids & Solids: Section 12.3 MAIN IDEA: The particles in and have a range of motion and are not easily. Why is it more difficult to pour syrup that is stored in the refrigerator than in the cabinet?
More informationA drop forms when liquid is forced out of a small tube. The shape of the drop is determined by a balance of pressure, gravity, and surface tension
A drop forms when liquid is forced out of a small tube. The shape of the drop is determined by a balance of pressure, gravity, and surface tension forces. 2 Objectives 3 i i 2 1 INTRODUCTION Property:
More informationBuilding Science. Some Interesting Stuff on Slabs. Water Flow Through Slab. Mechanisms of Flow. buildingscience.com 9/25/09
Water Flow Through Slab Joseph Lstiburek, Ph.D., P.Eng Building Science Some Interesting Stuff on Slabs From under the slab From the edge of the slab From the slab itself presented by www.buildingscience.com
More informationAP* Chapter 10. Liquids and Solids. Friday, November 22, 13
AP* Chapter 10 Liquids and Solids AP Learning Objectives LO 1.11 The student can analyze data, based on periodicity and the properties of binary compounds, to identify patterns and generate hypotheses
More informationch 12 acad.notebook January 12, 2016 Ch 12 States of Matter (solids, liquids, gases, plasma, Bose Einstein condensate)
Ch 12 States of Matter (solids, liquids, gases, plasma, Bose Einstein condensate) BIG IDEA The kinetic molecular theory explains the different properties of solids, liquids and gases. I CAN: 1) use the
More informationScience Wednesday - Friday September 21st - 23rd EQ: How is water important? What gives water its unique properties?
Science Wednesday - Friday September 21st - 23rd EQ: How is water important? What gives water its unique properties? On your desk: Paper Pencil for notes Assignments: Thirsty Abe Climbing Water Water Metal
More informationProperties of Liquids *
OpenStax-CNX module: m51078 1 Properties of Liquids * OpenStax This work is produced by OpenStax-CNX and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 By the end of this section, you will
More informationWe may have a general idea that a solid is hard and a fluid is soft. This is not satisfactory from
Chapter 1. Introduction 1.1 Some Characteristics of Fluids We may have a general idea that a solid is hard and a fluid is soft. This is not satisfactory from scientific or engineering point of view. In
More informationChapter 12 Intermolecular Forces and Liquids
Chapter 12 Intermolecular Forces and Liquids Jeffrey Mack California State University, Sacramento Why? Why is water usually a liquid and not a gas? Why does liquid water boil at such a high temperature
More informationChapter 11. Liquids, Solids, and Intermolecular Forces. Water, No Gravity. Lecture Presentation
Lecture Presentation Chapter 11 Liquids, Solids, and Intermolecular Forces Water, No Gravity In the space station there are no spills. Rather, the water molecules stick together to form a floating, oscillating
More informationChapter 13. liquids. gases. 1) Fluids exert pressure. a) because they're made up of matter with forces applied between (I.M.F.)
\ Chapter 13 Fluids 1) Fluids exert pressure a) because they're made up of matter with forces applied between (I.M.F.) liquids gases b) they are made of matter in constant motion colliding with other matter
More informationChapter 11. Liquids and Intermolecular Forces
Chapter 11 Liquids and Intermolecular Forces States of Matter The three states of matter are 1) Solid Definite shape Definite volume 2) Liquid Indefinite shape Definite volume 3) Gas Indefinite shape Indefinite
More informationWater is one of the few compounds found in a liquid state over most of Earth s surface.
The Water Molecule Water is one of the few compounds found in a liquid state over most of Earth s surface. Like other molecules, water (H2O) is neutral. The positive charges on its 10 protons balance out
More informationChapter 10. Liquids and Solids
Chapter 10 Liquids and Solids Section 10.1 Intermolecular Forces Section 10.1 Intermolecular Forces Section 10.1 Intermolecular Forces Section 10.1 Intermolecular Forces Metallic bonds Covalent bonds Ionic
More informationChapter 11: Liquids, Solids, and Intermolecular Forces. Mrs. Brayfield
Chapter 11: Liquids, Solids, and Intermolecular Forces Mrs. Brayfield 11.1: Intermolecular Forces Intermolecular forces are attractive forces that exist between all molecules and atoms The state of matter
More information