Energy Simulation in Building Design

Transcription

1 Energy Simulation in Building Design 2nd Edition J A Clarke Professor of Environmental Engineering University of Strathclyde Glasgow, Scotland TTERWORTH E I N E M A N N Oxford Auckland Boston Johannesburg Melbourne New Delhi

2 Preface ix 1 Introduction A brief history of simulation Simulation overview Integrative modelling Energy fiowpaths and causal effects P The need for accuracy and flexibility Energy modelling techniques References and further reading 19 2 Integrative modelling methods Response function methods Time-domain response functions Multi-layered constructions Zone energy balance Response function application Frequency domain response functions Multi-layered constructions Zone energy balance Response function application Numerical methods Taylor series expansion Control volume heat balance Numerical solution techniques Which method? References and further reading 61 3 Building simulation System discretisation Finite volume energy equation formulation Capacity/insulation systems Exposed surface layers Fluid volumes Equation structuring References and further reading 98

3 vi 4 Processing the building energy equations Establishing the energy matrix equation Single zone formulation Zone contents and plant interaction Multi-zone systems Treatment of time-dependent properties Adiabatic boundaries Matrix partitioning for fast simultaneous solution Single zone solution Multi-zone solution Solution on the basis of complex criteria Treatment of non-linear systems Mixed frequency inversion References and further reading Fluid flow The nodal network method Boundary conditions Node definition Buoyancy effects Component flow models Iterative solution procedure Computational fluid dynamics Domain discretisation Conserving energy, mass, momentum and species concentration Initial and boundary conditions Iterative solution procedure Results interpretation Moisture flow within porous media Linking the building and flow domains References and further reading HVAC, renewable energy conversion and control systems Approaches to systems simulation HVAC systems Air conditioning Component process models: algorithmic Component process models: numerical Modelling by'primitiveparts' Active solar Wet central heating New and renewable energy conversion systems Electrical power flow Electrical component models Control systems Linking the building, flow and systems models References and further reading ' 198

4 vii 7 Energy-related sub-systems Weather Availability of weather data Weather collection classification Climate severity assessment Geometrical considerations Shading and insolation Insolation transformation equations The complete translation, rotation and projection equations An insolation algorithm Shortwave radiation processes Solar position Solar radiation prediction Inclined surface irradiance Reflection, absorption and transmission within transparent media Intra-zone shortwave distribution Longwave radiation processes p Exchange between internal surfaces View factor determination Linearised longwave radiation coefficients Exchange between external surfaces Surface convection Natural convection at internal surfaces Forced convection at internal and external surfaces Casual heat sources Daylight prediction Sky luminance distribution Internal illuminance distribution: analytical method Internal illuminance distribution: numerical method Photocell response Mould growth References and further reading Use in practice Validation User interface Performance assessment method Uncertainty Large scale considerations Support mechanisms Example applications References and further reading Future trends Design process integration Integrated product models Intelligent interfaces Virtual construction Concluding remark 323

5 viii 9.4 References and further reading 323 Appendix A Thermophysical properties 325 Appendix B Deficiencies of simplified methods 340 Appendix C Fourier heat equation and construction time constant 342 Appendix D Admittance method: worked example 345 Appendix E Point containment algorithm 348 Appendix F * Radiosity based lighting simulation 349 Appendix G The ESP-r system 355 Index 357