Peter Haggett Professor of Urban and Regional Geography, University of Bristol

Transcription

1 Locational Analysis in Human Geography 2008 AGI-Information Management Consultants May be used for personal purporses only or by libraries associated to dandelon.com network. Second Edition Peter Haggett Professor of Urban and Regional Geography, University of Bristol Andrew D. Cliff University Lecturer in Geography and Fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge Allan Frey Senior Lecturer in Geography, University of Bristol Edward Arnold

2 1 Preface Acknowledgements Page v ix xiii 1 On Geography Introduction Geography: the internal dialogue Geography: external relations Trends in geography Conclusions 24 Part One: Models of Locational Structure 25 2 Interaction Introduction Interaction and spatial form Elementary interaction models Interpretation of model components Maximum entropy models Interaction fields Interaction territories Conclusions 63 3 Networks Introduction Location of routes Network location Routes through networks Empirical studies of network structure Conclusions 96 1 A detailed contents list appears at the beginning of each of the chapters. Starred sections (*) indicate areas which demand a fuller statistical background than is assumed in the remainder of the book.

3 vi 4 Nodes Introduction Settlement patterns Size distribution of settlements Changes over time Relationship between size and spacing of settlements Impulse transmission between urban areas Conclusions 138 Hierarchies Introduction Functional hierarchies of settlements Periodic and evolving settlement hierarchies Specialized centres within the hierarchy Hierarchic distortion due to agglomeration Hierarchic distortion due to resource localization Conclusions 189 Surfaces Introduction Surfaces and gradients Movement-minimization models: statement Movement-minimization models: evaluation Distortion of regular gradients Surface change over time Conclusions 230 Diffusion Introduction The Hagerstrand model The logistic curve Central place diffusion Diffusion barriers and corridors Goodness-of-fit of diffusion models with reality Epidemic models* Conclusions 257 Part Two: Methods of Locational Analysis Data Collecting Introduction Geographical populations Spatial sampling procedures Data coverage problems Conclusions 290

4 vii Map Description Introduction Mapping and measurement levels Single component maps Multicomponent maps Probability mapping The shape of map distributions Maps as graphs Co-ordinate systems for map data Conclusions Hypothesis Testing Introduction Spatial independence: the problem Spatial independence: solutions Spatial stationarity Normality Irregular collecting areas Conclusions Spatial Autocorrelation Introduction Concepts of autocorrelation Testing, for autocorrelation* Autocorrelation in regression Autocorrelation and correlogram analysis Autocorrelation and hypothesis testing* Conclusions Scale Components Introduction Polynomial trend surface analysis Analysis of variance* Fourier and spectral analysis Space-time spectral analysis Conclusions Point Patterns Introduction Quadrat counts, I: Probability distributions Quadrat counts, II: Selection criteria Quadrat counts, III: A regional example Polygon techniques Distance-based methods Conclusions 446

5 viii Part Three: Regional Applications Region Building Introduction The regional concept Regions as combinatorial problems Regions as assignment problems Regions as districting problems Nodal regions as graphs Conclusions Allocating Introduction The transportation problem The transportation algorithm Extensions of the transportation problem Further programming models* Conclusions Forecasting Introduction The basic space-time autoregressive model (STAR) Integrated space-time models (STIMA and STARIMAR) Model identification* Parameter variation over time and space* Purely spatial forecasting* Conclusions 540 Postscript 541 Appendix 1 Glossary of notation Statistical tables 551 References and author index 559 Further reading 594 Subject index 597