An Introduction to Atmospheric Physics

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1 An Introduction to Atmospheric Physics David G. Andrews CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS

2 Contents Preface ix 1 Introduction The atmosphere as a physical System Atmospheric modeis Two simple atmospheric modeis A simple radiative model A simple model of the greenhouse effect Global warming Some atmospheric observations The mean temperature and wind fields Gravity waves Rossby waves Ozone Weather and climate Atmospheric thermodynamics The ideal gas law Atmospheric composition Hydrostatic balance Entropy and potential temperature Parcel concepts The available potential energy Moisture in the atmosphere The saturated adiabatic lapse rate The tephigram Cloud formation

3 3 Atmospheric radiation Basic physical concepts The Planck function Local thermodynamic equilibrium The radiative-transfer equation Radiometrie quantities Extinction and emission The diffuse approximation Basic spectroscopy of molecules Vibrational and rotational states Line shapes Transmittance Absorption by atmospheric gases The solar spectrum Infra-red absorption Ultra-violet absorption Heating rates Basic ideas Short-wave heating Long-wave heating and cooling Net radiative-heating rates The greenhouse effect revisited A simple model of scattering Basic fluid dynamics Mass conservation The material derivative An alternative form of the continuity equation The equation of State for the atmosphere The Navier-Stokes equation Rotating frames of reference Equations of motion in coordinate form Spherical coordinates Approximations to the spherical equations Tangent-plane geometry Geostrophic and hydrostatic approximations The thermal windshear equations A circular vortex: gradient-wind balance Pressure coordinates and geopotential The thermodynamic energy equation l

4 vii Further atmospheric fluid dynamics 5.1 Vorticity and potential vorticity 5.2 The Boussinesq approximation Linearised equations and energetics 5.3 Quasi-geostrophic motion 5.4 Gravity waves 5.5 Rossby waves 5.6 Boundary layers General considerations The laminar Ekman layer 5.7 Instability Baroclinic instability Barotropic instability Stratospheric chemistry 6.1 Thermodynamics of chemical reactions 6.2 Chemical kinetics 6.3 Bimolecular reactions 6.4 Photodissociation 6.5 Stratospheric ozone Chapman chemistry Catalytic cycles 6.6 The transport of chemicals 6.7 The Antarctic ozone hole Atmospheric remote sounding 7.1 Atmospheric observations 7.2 Atmospheric remote sounding from Space Thermal emission measurements Backscatter measurements 7.3 Atmospheric remote sounding from the ground The Dobson ozone spectrophotometer Radars Lidars Atmospheric modelling 8.1 The hierarchy of modeis 8.2 Numerical methods 8.3 Uses of complex numerical modeis

5 viii 8.4 Laboratory modeis Final remarks The height of the tropopause The middle-atmosphere temperature field The Antarctic ozone hole Appendix A Useful physical constants 215 Appendix B Derivation of the equations of motion in spherical coordinates 217 Appendix C Solutions and hints for selected problems 219 Bibliograph)/ 223 Index 227 -

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