UNIT FOUR SOLAR COLLECTORS
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1 ME 476 Solar Energy UNIT FOUR SOLAR COLLECTORS Flat Plate Collectors
2 Outline 2 What are flat plate collectors? Types of flat plate collectors Applications of flat plate collectors Materials of construction and their properties Thermal analysis of flat plate collectors
3 What Are Flat Plate Collectors? 3 A flat plate collector is a heat exchanger that uses solar irradiation to heat a working fluid. The working fluid is usually liquid or air. The collector is a black surface that is placed at a convenient path of the sun. In flat plate collectors there is no optical concentration of sunlight and they are generally stationary. The outlet temperature capability is below 100 C
4 What Are Flat Plate Collectors? 4 A typical flat plate collector is a metal box with a glass or plastic cover (called glazing) on top and a dark-colored absorber plate on the bottom. The sides and bottom of the collector are usually insulated to minimize heat loss.
5 Components of Flat Plate Collectors? 5 ABSORBER PLATE The plate is usually made of copper, steel, or plastic. The surface is covered with a black material of high absorptance. A selective coating can be used to maximize the absorptance of solar energy and minimizes the radiation emitted by plate.
6 Components of Flat Plate Collectors? 6 FLOW PASSAGES The flow passages carry the working fluid through the collector. If the working fluid is a liquid, the flow passage is usually a tube that is attached to, or is a part of absorber plate. If the working fluid is air, the flow passages can have different configurations.
7 Components of Flat Plate Collectors? 7 COVER PLATE (GLAZING) To reduce convective and radiative heat losses from the absorber, one or two transparent covers (glazing) are generally placed above the absorber plate. They usually be made from glass or plastic.
8 Components of Flat Plate Collectors? 8 INSULATION These are some materials such as fiberglass and they are placed at the back and sides of the collector to reduce heat losses.
9 Components of Flat Plate Collectors? 9 ENCLOSURE A box that encloses the collector to: Hold all the components together Protect them from weather Facilitate installation on a roof or appropriate frame.
10 Outline 10 What are flat plate collectors? Types of flat plate collectors Applications of flat plate collectors Materials of construction and their properties Thermal analysis of flat plate collectors
11 Types of Flat Plate Collectors 11 WATER SYSTEMS Glazing Tube Absorbing plate Glazing Tube Absorbing plate Insulation Insulation Glazing Tube Absorbing plate Glazing Tube Absorbing plate Insulation Insulation
12 Types of Flat Plate Collectors 12 AIR SYSTEMS Glazing Air passage Glazing Corrugated sheet Insulation Glazing Air flow Metal matrix Insulation Insulation
13 Outline 13 What are flat plate collectors? Types of flat plate collectors Applications of flat plate collectors Materials of construction and their properties Thermal analysis of flat plate collectors
14 Applications of Flat Plate Collectors 14 DOMESTIC HOT WATER
15 Applications of Flat Plate Collectors 15 WATER HEATING
16 Applications of Flat Plate Collectors 16 SPACE HEATING
17 Outline 17 What are flat plate collectors? Types of flat plate collectors Applications of flat plate collectors Materials of construction and their properties Thermal analysis of flat plate collectors
18 Materials of Construction 18 ABSORBER PLATE Material Absorptance ( ) Emittance ( ) Black silicon paint Black copper over copper Black chrome over nickel
19 Materials of Construction 19 GLAZING Polyvinly Polyethylene Polycarbonate Fiberglass floride terephthatalet or polyster reinforced plastics Solar Transmission, % Maximum operating temperature C Thermal expansion coefficient (x10-6 m/m.k)
20 Materials of Construction 20 INSULATION Material Density (kg/m 3 ) Thermal conductivity at 95 C (W/mK) Fiber glass with organic binder
21 Outline 21 What are flat plate collectors? Types of flat plate collectors Applications of flat plate collectors Materials of construction and their properties Thermal analysis of flat plate collectors
22 Energy Absorbed by a Flat Plate Collector 22 The irradiation incident on a collector (G t ) is not all absorbed. Once the irradiation penetrates the glass cover, part of it is absorbed by the collector, but another part is reflected back diffusely to the glass cover. The glass cover then reflects diffusely to the absorber, and so on.
23 Energy Absorbed by a Flat Plate Collector 23 The net energy absorbed by the collector can be expressed in terms of a quantity called (t ). Theoretically, the net energy absorbed by the collector per unit area is: S = G t (t ) av Where (t ) av is the average value of (t )
24 Energy Gain of a Flat Plate Collector 24 The useful energy gain of a flat plate collector is given by: Q u = S x A c Q loss Q loss can be due to energy loss through: Top of the collector Bottom of collector Edges of collector Q loss can be expressed as: Q loss = U L A c (T p T a ) where, T p : mean temperature of the absorber plate T a : ambient temperature U L : overall heat transfer coefficient based on collector area
25 Energy Loss of a Flat Plate Collector 25 U L consists of U t (top), U b (bottom), and U e (edges)
26 Energy Loss of a Flat Plate Collector 26 U t involves the calculation of: h c,p-g : convective heat transfer coefficient between plate and glazing h r,p-g : radiative heat transfer coefficient between plate and glazing h c,g-a : convective heat transfer coefficient between glazing and ambient air h r,g-a : radiative heat transfer coefficient between glazing and ambient air Calculations of all the components of U t is complicated.
27 Energy Loss of a Flat Plate Collector 27 A relatively simple alternative formula can be used: C = ( )
28 Energy Loss of a Flat Plate Collector 28 U b can be found from: Where,
29 Energy Loss of a Flat Plate Collector 29 U e can be found from: Where,
30 Energy Gain of a Flat Plate Collector 30 The useful energy gain of a flat plate collector is given by: Q u = S x A c Q loss Expanding all terms, The useful energy gained by the collector is transferred completely to the working fluid. Therefore, Where, T i : fluid inlet temperature T o : fluid outlet temperature
31 Heat Removal Factor 31 Calculating T p accurately is difficult. It is more convenient to express Q u in terms of the fluid temperatures. A useful definition is the heat removal factor (F R ):
32 Heat Removal Factor 32 By using the heat removal factor (F R ), the useful energy gain equation becomes: F R depends on many factors, and it can be found analytically. F R can also be found experimentally.
33 Collector Efficiency 33 Collector efficiency (h) is defined as the: h = useful energy gain / irradiation incident on the collector η = Q u G t A c This equation can be expressed in terms of F R :
34 Collector Efficiency 34 The efficiency equation can be rearranged as follows: η = F R τα F R U L T i T a G t If changes in F R and U L are small, the equation above represents a straight line, where: (T i T a ) / G t is the independent variable h is the dependent variable F R (t ) is the intercept (- F R U L ) is the slope
35 Collector Efficiency 35 η = F R τα F R U L T i T a G t
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