Collected Works of Charles Dickens
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1 Collected Works of Charles Dickens
2 A Random Dickens Quote If there were no bad people, there would be no good lawyers.
3
4 Original Sentence It was a dark and stormy night; the night was dark except at sunny intervals, when it was checked by a stormy gust of wind which made the night darker in the streets, fiercely agitating the scanty flame of the lamps that struggled against the darkness.
5 Problem Are similar phrases present in the sentence? Where, in the Sentence, are these similar phrases? Very Important: How will you help the user visualize this similarity? Not important: How similar are they, exactly? What is the extent of similarity?
6 Dark and Stormy Night It was a dark and stormy night; the night was dark except at sunny intervals, when it was checked by a stormy gust of wind which made the night darker in the streets, fiercely agitating the scanty flame of the lamps that struggled against the darkness.
7 Visualizing Similarities Window = 1 Window = 4 Threshold = 4 Sentence It was a dark and stormy night; the night was dark except at sunny intervals Sentence It was a dark and stormy night; the night was dark except at sunny intervals d a r k a n d s t o r m y n i g h t Phrase d a r k a n d s t o r m y n i g h t Phrase
8 Dot Plots To visualize similarity between sequences Window = 200bp
9 Unit Outline Dot Plots Simple Alignments Gaps Scoring Matrices Needleman and Wunsch Algorithm Databases Searches
10 Simple Alignment Pairwise match Match score (1) and Mismatch score (0) Seq 1: AAGATA, Seq 2: AATCTATA Alignments: A G T C T C T A A G G C T A A G T C T C T A A G G C T A A G T C T C T A A G G C T A Scores? n i =1 match score ; seq1 { i =seq2 i } mismatch score ; seq1 i!=seq2 i Substring Problem in rosalind.info: SUBS
11 Gaps All possible 2 consecutive gaps alignments A G T C T C T A - - A G G C T A A - - G G C T A A G - - G C T A A G G - - C T A A G G C - - T A A G G C T - - A A G G C T A - - n i =1 gap penalty ;if seq1 i =' ' seq2 i =' ' { match score ;if no gaps seq1 i =seq2 i } mismatch score ;if no gaps seq1 i!=seq2 i Match = 1, Mismatch = 0, Gap penalty = -1 AGG CT A, AG GCT A, AG GCTA
12 Homologs Terms Sequences that share a common ancestor Point Mutations indel events Contiguous indels of nucleotides are more likely AGG CTA vs. AG G CTA Origination Penalty (-2) and Length Penalty (-1) Calculate scores now. Counting Point Mutations Problem: HAMM
13 Likely Substitutions In a nucleotide mismatch, which substitutions are more likely to occur? A G T C T C A G G C T C A G T C T C A G C C T C Transitions and Transversions Problem: TRAN
14 For DNA Sequences: Scoring Matrices A T C G A T C G BLAST Matrix A T C G A T C G Transition-Transversion Matrix Amino Acids: Polar, Non-polar, Acidic, Basic Residues Hydrophobicity, Charge, Electronegativity, and size Based on observations
15 Needleman and Wunsch Algorithm A C T C G A -1 C -2 A -3 G -4 T -5 A -6 G -7 Gap Penalty = -1 Match Score = +1 Mismatch Score = 0
16 Needleman and Wunsch Algorithm A C T C G A C -2 A -3 G -4 T -5 A -6 G -7 Gap Penalty = -1 Match Score = +1 Mismatch Score = 0
17 Needleman and Wunsch Algorithm A C T C G A C A -3 G -4 T -5 A -6 G -7 Gap Penalty = -1 Match Score = +1 Mismatch Score = 0
18 Needleman and Wunsch Algorithm A C T C G A C A G T A G Gap Penalty = -1 Match Score = +1 Mismatch Score = 0
19 Needleman and Wunsch Algorithm A C T C G A C A G T A G Gap Penalty = -1 Match Score = +1 Mismatch Score = 0 A C A G T A G A C T C G
20 Semi-Global Alignment Terminal gaps are not penalized T A G C 0 A 0 G 0 T 0 A 0 G 0 C 0 A 0 C A G T A G C A T A G Gap Penalty = -1 Match Score = +1 Mismatch Score = 0 No Gap Penalty in the last row and column
21 Semi-Global Alignment Terminal gaps are not penalized T A G C A G T A G C A C A G T A G C A T A G Gap Penalty = -1 Match Score = +1 Mismatch Score = 0 No Gap Penalty in the last row and column
22 Semi-Global Alignment Terminal gaps are not penalized T A G C A G T A G C A C A G T A G C A T A G Gap Penalty = -1 Match Score = +1 Mismatch Score = 0 No Gap Penalty in the last row and column
23 Use the Semi-Global Alignment AACCTATAGCT and GCGATATA A A C C T A T A G C T G C G A T A T A Modify the previous method: Replace negative values with zero
24 Smith and Waterman Algorithm A A C C T A T A G C T G C G A T A T A
25 Databases and Multiple Sequences BLAST BLASTP, BLASTN, BLASTX, PSI-BLAST FASTA FASTX Multiple Sequence Alignments CLUSTAL Algorithm
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