Example 1A: Media Application
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1 Deductive reasoning is the process of using logic to draw conclusions from given facts, definitions, and properties. Example 1A: Media Application Is the conclusion a result of inductive or deductive reasoning? There is a myth that you can balance an egg on its end only on the spring equinox. A person was able to balance an egg on July 8, September 21, and December 19. Therefore this myth is false. Since the conclusion is based on a pattern of observations, it is a result of inductive reasoning. 1
2 Example 1B: Media Application Is the conclusion a result of inductive or deductive reasoning? There is a myth that the Great Wall of China is the only man made object visible from the Moon. The Great Wall is barely visible in photographs taken from 180 miles above Earth. The Moon is about 237,000 miles from Earth. Therefore, the myth cannot be true. The conclusion is based on logical reasoning from scientific research. It is a result of deductive reasoning. Check It Out! Example 1 There is a myth that an eelskin wallet will demagnetize credit cards because the skin of the electric eels used to make the wallet holds an electric charge. However, eelskin products are not made from electric eels. Therefore, the myth cannot be true. Is this conclusion a result of inductive or deductive reasoning? The conclusion is based on logical reasoning from scientific research. It is a result of deductive reasoning. 2
3 In deductive reasoning, if the given facts are true and you apply the correct logic, then the conclusion must be true. The Law of Detachment is one valid form of deductive reasoning. The second statement must "match" the hypothesis of the first statement. Example 2A: Verifying Conjectures by Using the Law of Detachment of Detachment. Given: If the side lengths of a triangle are 5 cm, 12 cm, and 13 cm, then the area of the triangle is 30 cm 2. The area of PQR is 30 cm 2. Conjecture: The side lengths of PQR are 5cm, 12 cm, and 13 cm. 3
4 Example 2B: Verifying Conjectures by Using the Law of Detachment of Detachment. Given: In the World Series, if a team wins four games, then the team wins the series. The Red Sox won four games in the 2004 World Series. Conjecture: The Red Sox won the 2004 World Series. Check It Out! Example 2 of Detachment. Given: If a student passes his classes, the student is eligible to play sports. Ramon passed his classes. Conjecture: Ramon is eligible to play sports. 4
5 Another valid form of deductive reasoning is the Law of Syllogism. It allows you to draw conclusions from two conditional statements when the conclusion of one is the hypothesis of the other. The conclusion in one statement becomes the hypothesis of the other statement. Example 3A: Verifying Conjectures by Using the Law of Syllogism of Syllogism. Given: If a figure is a kite, then it is a quadrilateral. If a figure is a quadrilateral, then it is a polygon. Conjecture: If a figure is a kite, then it is a polygon. Conjecture is valid. 5
6 Example 3B: Verifying Conjectures by Using the Law of Syllogism of Syllogism. Given: If a number is divisible by 2, then it is even. If a number is even, then it is an integer. Conjecture: If a number is an integer, then it is divisible by 2. Conjecture is invalid. Check It Out! Example 3 of Syllogism. Given: If an animal is a mammal, then it has hair. If an animal is a dog, then it is a mammal. Conjecture: If an animal is a dog, then it has hair. Conjecture is valid. 6
7 Example 4: Applying the Laws of Deductive Reasoning Draw a conclusion from the given information. A. Given: If 2y = 4, then z = 1. If x + 3 = 12, then 2y = 4. x + 3 = 12 Conclusion: z = 1. B. If the sum of the measures of two angles is 180, then the angles are supplementary. If two angles are supplementary, they are not angles of a triangle. m A= 135, and m B= 45. Conclusion: A and B are not angles of a triangle. Check It Out! Example 4 Draw a conclusion from the given information. Given: If a polygon is a triangle, then it has three sides. If a polygon has three sides, then it is not a quadrilateral. Polygon P is a triangle. Conclusion: Polygon P is not a quadrilateral. 7
8 Assignment (p. 77) 10, 18, 24, 26 (p. 85) 14, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28 (p. 91) 2 12 even, 28 Aug 24 12:13 AM 8
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