Using analogue missions to develop Lunar exploration strategies. Marianne Mader Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada

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1 Using analogue missions to develop Lunar exploration strategies Marianne Mader Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada

2 Space fairing Nations are developing their plans for space exploration: US Vision for Space Exploration (2004) ESA Aurora Program New JAXA s Vision JAXA 2025 (2005) China manned space program as well as planned robotic missions to the Moon (Chang e-1, -2, -3) Russia revamped space program include the development of a new crew transportation as well as robotic missions to Moon and Mars moon; India s Chandrayan mission to Moon (launched October 22, 2008).

3 Global Exploration Strategy (2007) adopted by 14 Space Agencies ensures that this will be a global effort and encourages international collaboration

4 Target Destinations Moon as the next immediate target Focus is astronaut landing Mars remain important long-term destination with strong scientific case Focus is science Several robotic missions planned for Moon and Mars in next years Human landing mission to Moon starting 2020 Drivers Advance scientific knowledge Further economic interest Inspire Serve as stepping-stone for future exploration

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6 Analogue Site An environment on Earth, in nature or by simulation, for which there are, or could be, analogous characteristics on the planetary body in question, either at the present-day or sometime in the past. (Osinski et al., 2006).

7 Analogue Site An environment on Earth, in nature or by simulation, for which there are, or could be, analogous characteristics on the body in question, Moon either at the present-day or sometime in the past. (Osinski et al., 2006).

8 Main geological processes: volcanism, impact cratering Daily mean temperature 107 C to -153 C Negligible atmosphere Only weak gravity (1/6 th of Earth's gravity) Lack of volatile elements (except presence of hydrogen at the lunar poles) Electrostatically charged dust!

9 Cinder Lake, Flagstaff, Arizona

10 Cinder Lake, Flagstaff, Arizona

11 Cinder Lake Crater Field, Flagstaff, Arizona

12 Devon Island, Canadian High Arctic (39 Ma impact Structure) Mauna Kea, Hawaii (volcanic cinder cone)

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14 (An environment on Earth, with analogous characteristics of the Moon).

15 Laboratory Simulated Lunar yard/chamber Antarctic/desert Underwater Parabolic flights

16 An analog is an activity performed in a representative environment that is similar to a feature of the target mission

17 Astronauts investigating man-manned crater Cinder Lake Crater Field, Flagstaff, Arizona

18 Apollo 15 Astronaut James B. Irwin Hawaii Moon

19 Lunar Landing Research Vehicle Dryden Flight Centre Lunar Roving Vehicle Flagstaff, Arizona

20 Moses Lake, Washington Devon Island Hawaii

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23 Exploration Science Studies Train personnel Test operational parameters and instrumentation Encompasses: Psychology and Group Dynamics Instrument and Technology Testing Communications and Computing for Planetary Exploration Telemedicine and Operational Space Medicine Robot Human Interactions Mission Control Operations Science Operations Field Operations, including Training Astronauts

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25 Comparative planetology Difficult to visit and directly analyse lunar surfaces Learn from similar environments on Earth Process studies Characterization of analogue material E.g., properties of lunar dust

26 Lunar rille: over 120 km long, up to 1500 m across, and is over 300 m deep in places. (3.3 Ga). Mauna Loa braided lava channel. Lava channels on Hawaii are usually less than 10 km long and are only m wide.

27 Haughton Impact Structure Devon Island, Canada Barringer (Meteor Crater) Arizona, USA

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29 Outreach and Education Engage the public in lunar exploration NASA Spaceward Bound Students and Educators participate in exploration science in analog environments Axel Heiberg Island Canadian High Arctic 2008 CSA Educator s in the North Project (2008) Educators collaborated in the field with a team of scientists, to carry out scientific experiments, and learned more about Geology and Astrobiology on site

30 An Analogue Mission is an integrated set of space exploration activities, conducted by a team, at a site which offers multiple environmental conditions of a planetary target and results in system level interaction

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32 Analogue Missions: Integration Mechanism

33 Team work

34 What planetary mission does the analogue apply to? Which activities are you focused on? How will you record data systematically Quantitative (i.e. using metrics) Example: recording time, distance, mass, etc. Qualitative Example: Human factors survey Combination Example: How do you calculate work efficiency index?

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36 Preliminary human lunar missions: ~4 astronauts, short period of time Comparative planetology: Use analogue sites with lunar surface characteristics (e.g., remoteness, landscape, geology) Focus on geological mapping: adapting terrestrial mapping techniques to lunar environment Make use of portable geophysical instruments

37 How can students can get involved?

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42 Arctic field experience Interdisciplinary background Planetary geology interest Group work!

43 Government agencies Co-op terms, internships In Canada, several programs for student employment: FSWEP, Co-op, RAP Universities: Engineer design projects, co-op terms, honors projects Space Societies: Mars Society (MDRS) Outreach Programs: Spaceward Bound (for US students) Be creative..

44 Claire Samson, PhD supervisor, Carleton University Marie-Claude Williamson, PhD Supervisor, CSA Martin Lebeuf, CSA Matthew Bamsey, Guelph Universitiy

45 Battler, M., et al. (2008) Surface exploration metrics of a long duration polar analogue study: implications for future Moon and Mars missions, IAC-08-B Kobrick, R., et al. (2007) Operational monitoring and analysis of space, time, and schedule as part of a space analogue mission on Devon Island, IAC-07-A1.I.02. Lebeuf, M. and Williamson, M-C. (2008) Analogue Missions on Earth, A New Approach to Prepare Future Missions on the Moon, COSPAR abstract and presentation. Osinski, G.O. et al. (2006) Terrestrial analogues to Mars and the Moon: Canada's role, Geoscience Canada 33 (4),