Lunar Exploration Initiative
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1 Briefing Topic: Expanding BPLF Activity to the West David A. Kring November 2008
2 Contents: Regional Geologic Context 2 Location of Desert RATS Activities 10 Potential Expansion of Test Area to the West 12 Views & Geology of SP Mountain and Lava Flow 22 Views & Geology of Colton Crater 25 Additional Pictures of Rocks at SP and Colton 46
3 Lunar Analogue Training Sites Colton Crater, SP Crater, and Black Point Lava Flow Kring s Field Class Notes
4 Regional Geologic Context Outline of volcanic field that is visible in remote sensing images USGS DEM
5 Regional Geologic Context Outline of volcanic field that is visible in remote sensing images Black Point Lava Flow SP Mtn and Lava Flow Colton Crater USGS DEM
6 Types of Land Black Point Lava Flow SP Mtn and Lava Flow Colton Crater State Lands National Forest 50 km
7 Regional Geologic Context Portion of the area used during the Apollo era
8 Proposed Flagstaff-area Test Sites (1969) SP Crater & Lava Flow (including Colton Crater, then known as Crater 160) Cinder Lakes (& Crater Field) Black Point Lava Flow This is the map in the original 1969 test site proposal. Merriam Crater Flagstaff USGS 1969
9 Proposed Flagstaff-area Test Sites (1969) Colton Crater Modern DEM of the northeastern portion of The San Francisco Volcanic Field.
10 Proposed Flagstaff-area Test Sites (1969) Colton Crater Black Point Lava Flow area used to test four lunar surface mission scenarios, October Modern DEM of the northeastern portion of The San Francisco Volcanic Field.
11 Desert RATS Test Area Colton Crater Modern DEM
12 Extending the Test Area to the West ~ 50 km Modern DEM
13 Extending the Test Area to the West Mostly open range; a lot of the area is managed by Babbitt Ranches ~ 50 km Modern DEM
14 Potential Option for 2010 ~ 50 km Modern DEM
15 Potential Option for 2010 Navajo Nation Colton Crater 25 km Modern DEM
16 An Example of Possible LER-1 Traverse Navajo Nation Base Camp Excellent traficability Good roads for support vehicles Colton Crater 25 km Modern DEM
17 An Example of Possible LER-1 Traverse Navajo Nation Sample lava flow #4 Sample volcanic vent #3 Sample volcanic vent #2 Sample lava flow #3 Sample lava flow #2 Sample layered terrain #1 Sample lava flow #1 Base Camp Sample volcanic vent #1 Study fresh cinder cone Sample lava flow #5 Sample volcanic vent #4 Colton Crater Sample lava flow #6 25 km Modern DEM
18 An Example of Possible LER-2 Traverse Navajo Nation Sample layered terrain #1 Study margin of lava flow #1 Base Camp Explore Craters Sample lava flow #2 Sample layered terrains #1 & #2 Study margin of lava flow #1 Sample volcanic vent #2 Sample another lava flow lobe Colton Crater Study volcanic maar #1 Search for Xenoliths Sample volcanic vent #1 Sample lava flow #2 Sample volcanic vents #2, #3, & #4 25 km Modern DEM
19 Potential Rendezvous Points Navajo Nation Base Camp Potential LER rendezvous point w/ ATHLETE & other assets Colton Crater Potential rendezvous point for LER-1 & LER-2 25 km Modern DEM
20 Key Targets Provided in Test Area The spectacular SP Cinder Cone and Lava Flow More details will follow in the next set of slides The equally spectacular Colton Crater, an explosive Base Camp volcanic crater that mimics an impact crater and impact ejecta blanket More details will follow in the next set of slides At least 10 lava flows with different ages Over a dozen volcanic vents Slopes with boulder trains that mimic boulder trains on lunar massifs Potential rendezvous point for LER-1 & LER-2 Two types of layered terrains Two types of channeled terrains Structural elements like faults and folds
21 Operational Elements Provided by Test Area Longer traverse distances for LER Large enough acreage to support multiple LER traverses Base Camp Opportunity to test rendezvous scenarios with other assets (e.g., ATHLETE) The expanded area is open range (few fences and gates to navigate) Most of the area is managed by Babbitt Ranches Good surfaces for LER trafficability Potential rendezvous point for LER-1 & LER-2 Good gravel roads for support vehicles
22 SP Mountain (or SP Crater) Basaltic andesite pyroclastics Cone partially overlies older cone on west side 287 m (940 ft) high cone with 60 m (200 ft) deep crater
23 SP Mountain and Lava Flow Lava flow has a blocky surface and steep flow fronts Flow is 6 to 40 m (20 to 130 ft) thick Erupted 71,000 years ago
24 SP Lava Flow Lava contains xenoliths of the Grand Canyon sequence Flowed 6.5 km (4 mi) north over the Kaibab Formation and into local grabens
25 Crater 160 (now Colton Crater) Colton Crater A tuff ring or cone, related to explosive maar craters Rim diameter is 1.2 km The highest portion of the crater rim is ~450 m above surrounding landscape 0.2 to 0.8 Ma The crater floor is 80 m below the surrounding landscape View from the northwest to southeast. Mid-October. The crater walls contain mantle and crustal xenoliths
26 Colton Crater Satellite view
27 Colton Crater Aerial, south-facing view w/ winter snow Copyright Michael Collier
28 Colton Crater Precipitation can cause grasses to grow and bushes to leaf out. Hikearizona.com
29 Colton Crater Yet, the vegetation does not cover rock exposures on the upper crater wall in northeast and south; nor does it cover a basalt dike In the north crater wall. And elsewhere on the crater interior, the vegetation is very thin, so the geology is still easily seen.
30 Colton Crater Thus, vegetation will not affect crew training activities
31 Colton Crater Layered volcanic deposits Hikearizona.com
32 Colton Crater 15 m tuff 25 m cinders 7.5 m basalt flow 27.5 m cinders 75 m of total section measured by Cummings (1972)
33 Colton Crater Late stage cinder cone (6 m high) Hikearizona.com
34 Xenoliths within Colton Crater
35 Xenoliths within Colton Crater Xenoliths Most abundant varieties Clinopyroxenite Wehrlite Also present Dunite Lherzolite Websterite Gabbro Norite Anorthosite Granite Granulite Paleozoic sedimentary rocks
36 Ultramafic (Mantle) Lithologies
37 Basaltic Pyroclastic Bombs
38 Basaltic Pyroclastic Bombs
39 Basaltic Pyroclastic Bombs Meter-size bomb Scoria litters the surface Agglutinated spatter
40 Looking Ahead to DRATS 2010 View across Colton Crater towards the DRATS 2009 base camp on the Black Point Lava Flow.
41 Looking Ahead to DRATS 2010 SP Mtn DRATS 2009 View across Colton Crater towards the DRATS 2009 base camp on the Black Point Lava Flow.
42 Looking Ahead to DRATS 2010 Zoom view across Colton Crater towards the DRATS 2009 base camp on the Black Point Lava Flow.
43 References Billingsley, G.H., S.S. Priest, and T.J. Felger (2007) Geologic Map of the Cameron 30 x 60 Quadrangle, Coconino County, Northern Arizona. USGS Scientific Investigations Map Cummings, D. (1972) Mafic and ultramafic inclusions, Crater 160, San Francisco Volcanic Field, Arizona. Geological Survey Research 1972, USGS Professional Paper 800-B, B95-B104. Moore, R.B., G.E. Ulrich, and E.W. Wolfe (1974) Field guide to the geology of the eastern and northern San Francisco Volcanic Field, Arizona. In Geology of Northern Arizona w/ Notes on Archaeology and Paleoclimate, Part II Area Studies and Field Guides, for Geological Society of America Rocky Mountain Section Meeting, Flagstaff, Arizona, Ulrich, G.E., G.H. Billingsley, R. Hereford, E.W. Wolfe, L.D. Nealey, and R.L. Sutton (1984) Map Showing the Geology, Structure, and Uranium Deposits of the Flagstaff 1 x 2 Quadrangle, Arizona. Map I U.S. Geological Survey. USGS (1969) Appraisal of the San Francisco Volcanic Field as a Potential Field Test Area for Roving Vehicle and Traverse Research Studies.
44 Colton Crater Additional Images
45 Xenoliths within Colton Crater
46 Regional Geologic Context Final eruptive phase A 6 m high cinder cone grew on the crater floor.
47 Regional Geologic Context
48 Regional Geologic Context Xenoliths in lava flows Evidence of depth and source of magma SP Crater
49 Regional Geologic Context Aerodynamic bombs Particularly near vents SP Crater
50 Regional Geologic Context Flow features Like flow banding or schlieren SP Crater
51 Regional Geologic Context Variable oxidation particularly in deposits near vents SP Crater
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