High-temperature fracture of magma
|
|
|
- Deirdre Isabella Briggs
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 High-temperature fracture of magma Hugh Tuffen Peter Sammonds Rosanna Smith Harry Pinkerton Don Dingwell Jon Castro Cracks, Fractures and Faults in the Earth Thursday 19 th June 2008
2 Montserrat (Sparks et al Terra Nova) Lava dome extrusion on shear zones Mt St Helens (Iverson et al 2006)
3 Explosive eruptions: foam fragmentation due to shear fracture in conduit Marti et al Nature
4 Basaltic lava flows: surface fracturing controls emplacement a ā Kilburn 2004 JVGR pahoehoe
5 Fractures related to cooling and external fluids Lescinsky and Fink 2000 JGR Used to reconstruct palaeo-environments Control heat flux and melting rate of ice, lava stability Little understood about why different fracture types form
6 Brittle-ductile fracture of melt + crystals + bubbles: strain-rate rate-dependent Higher strain rates, temperatures, smaller scale than tectonic faulting Fluids play key role in fracture process
7 Faulting of magma during lava dome eruptions brittle degassing + crystallisation, pressurisation (Sparks 1997 EPSL) ductile
8 What do fault zones look like? Tuffen et al 2003 Geology, Tuffen & Dingwell 2005 Bull. Volcanol. ~5 m fault zones in Icelandic obsidian (90 % melt) GAS FLOW THROUGH FRACTURES Nucleation: shear-tensile fracture networks, gas flow
9 What do fault zones look like? Tuffen et al 2003 Geology, Tuffen & Dingwell 2005 Bull. Volcanol. ~5 m fault zones in Icelandic obsidian (90 % melt) Fault maturation: rotation, cataclasis, creep-slip
10 Fault healing, cyclicity Thorough sintering and welding completely healed Cohesive viscous deformation of healed cataclasite Multiple, overprinted brittle- ductile textures Analogous to lower crustal rocks mixed brittle-ductile deformation (e.g. Stel 1986) Reflects pulsatory strain rate
11 Fault zone in crystalline dome lava More cataclasis (greater slip) Healing less effective (melt-poor) Large slip planes 10s of m Mt St Helens, Cashman et al. in press
12 Seismicity during lava dome eruptions Shallow seismicity during lava dome growth: Low frequency events M<3, <2 km depth, most energy Hz Repetitive, stationary sources in/near conduit & dome. Precede dome collapses: potentially key monitoring tool Are faults geological record of trigger mechanism? Montserrat
13 Volcanic earthquakes during lava dome growth Source models controversial Resonance of gas-filled crack (Chouet) or magma-filled conduit (Neuberg)? Or straightforward brittle rupture? (e.g( Harrington and Brodsky 2007)
14 What are conditions for shear fracture? Silicate melt condition for fracture: ηε >10 8 Pa (Webb & Dingwell, non-newtonian behaviour of glass fibres) Shear strength of magma unknown (use Maxwell criterion assume 100 MPa) Currently being investigated in lab (UCL, Munich, Zurich)
15 Is fracture of hot magma seismogenic? Break magma in lab at high T, high P Similar conditions to nature Record acoustic emissions Tuffen, Smith, Sammonds 2008 Nature Lavallee et al 2008 Nature
16 Seismogenic fracture of crystal-free obsidian at 645 C AE swarms correlate with stress drops Demonstrates that cracking is seismogenic [Drop in b value: fracture coalescence]
17 Characteristics of high-t seismicity Frequency content and size of AE events: scale to volcanic earthquakes AE at 650 C obsidian equivalent to 15 Hz EQ: high-frequency (volcano-tectonic), not low frequency events. Tuffen, Smith, Sammonds 2008 Low-frequency events 1-5 Hz dominant energy: slower rupture of hotter material? Work in progress at UCL
18 Tuffen, Smith, Sammonds 2008
19 Trigger model applied to Montserrat Neuberg et al 2006 JVGR Montserrat lava dome 2D finite element conduit flow model Accounts for degassing, cooling & crystallisation - stresses: where will magma fracture in conduit? earthquakes stresses in conduit Problem why a seismogenic window and aseismic plug flow above? What determines whether slip seismogenic? shear at conduit wall
20 Seismicity during lava dome eruptions Link between seismicity and pressurisation: why? High strain rates failure? High gas pressure slip? Slip gas escape, pressure decrease? Montserrat Neuberg et al 2006
21 Characteristics of high-t seismicity Lavallee et al 2008 Crystalline lava appears to follow subcritical failure forecast model
22 Hot fracture questions What are conditions for shear fracture? Does such high-t fracture trigger seismicity? Is it distinctive? If so, what might the seismicity tell us about the state of the fault zone/lava dome? How does permeability change during stick-slip cycles? What about healing?
23 Fault valve behaviour? Fracture and volcanic gases What are permeability changes during brittle-ductile faulting and consequences for release of volcanic gases? Santiaguito, Guatemala (Bluth & Rose 2004 JVGR)
Fracture of andesite in the brittle and brittleductile transition regimes
Fracture of andesite in the brittle and brittleductile transition regimes R. Smith 1,*, P.R. Sammonds 1, C.R.J. Kilburn 1, H. Tuffen 2,1 1. Department of Earth Sciences, UCL, Gower Street, London, WC1E
ERTH 456 / GEOL 556 Volcanology. Lecture 06: Conduits
1 / 28 ERTH 456 / GEOL 556 Volcanology Lecture 06: Conduits Ronni Grapenthin rg@nmt.edu MSEC 356, x5924 hours: TR 3-4PM or appt. September 12, 2016 2 / 28 How does magma get from source to surface? What
Advanced Workshop on Evaluating, Monitoring and Communicating Volcanic and Seismic Hazards in East Africa.
2053-11 Advanced Workshop on Evaluating, Monitoring and Communicating Volcanic and Seismic Hazards in East Africa 17-28 August 2009 Seismic monitoring on volcanoes in a multi-disciplinary context Jürgen
Why do volcanoes (only sometimes) erupt explosively?
Why do volcanoes (only sometimes) erupt explosively? 2004-2008, effusive 1980, explosive Michael Manga Gonnermann and Manga, Annual Reviews of Fluids Mechanics, 2007 Why do volcanoes erupt explosively?
How does magma reach the surface?
How does magma reach the surface? 2004-2008, effusive 1980, explosive Michael Manga Why do volcanoes (only sometimes) erupt explosively? 2004-2008, effusive 1980, explosive Michael Manga Gonnermann and
The trigger mechanism of low-frequency earthquakes on Montserrat
Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 153 (2006) 37 50 www.elsevier.com/locate/jvolgeores The trigger mechanism of low-frequency earthquakes on Montserrat J.W. Neuberg a, *, H. Tuffen b, L. Collier
On the feasibility of magma fracture within volcanic conduits: Constraints from earthquake data and empirical modelling of magma viscosity
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 38,, doi:10.1029/2011gl049297, 2011 On the feasibility of magma fracture within volcanic conduits: Constraints from earthquake data and empirical modelling of magma viscosity
Incorporating seismic observations into 2D conduit flow modeling
Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 152 (2006) 331 346 www.elsevier.com/locate/jvolgeores Incorporating seismic observations into 2D conduit flow modeling L. Collier, J. Neuberg * Department
Fault textures in volcanic conduits: evidence for seismic trigger. mechanisms during silicic eruptions
Fault textures in volcanic conduits: evidence for seismic trigger mechanisms during silicic eruptions Hugh Tuffen*, Don Dingwell Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Munich, Theresienstraße
The Nature of Igneous Rocks
The Nature of Igneous Rocks Form from Magma Hot, partially molten mixture of solid liquid and gas Mineral crystals form in the magma making a crystal slush Gases - H 2 O, CO 2, etc. - are dissolved in
EAS 116 Earthquakes and Volcanoes
EAS 116 Earthquakes and Volcanoes J. Haase Forecasting Volcanic Eruptions Assessment of Volcanic Hazard Is that volcano active? Mount Lassen: 12000 BP and 1915 Santorini, IT: 180,000 BP, 70,000 BP, 21000
Supplementary material: The relation between viscosity and acoustic emissions as a laboratory analogue for volcano seismology
GSA Data Repository 1918 Supplementary material: The relation between viscosity and acoustic emissions as a laboratory analogue for volcano seismology James Clarke*, Ludmila Adam*, Joel Sarout, Kasper
Earth and Planetary Science Letters
Earth and Planetary Science Letters 280 (2009) 211 219 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Earth and Planetary Science Letters journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/epsl Fracturing of volcanic
Volcano Seismicity and Tremor. Geodetic + Seismic
Volcano Seismicity and Tremor Seismic Imaging Geodetic + Seismic Model based joint inversion Geodetic Monitoring How is magma stored in the crust? geometry, volume and physical state of crustal melts.
4-D seismology at volcanoes: Probing the inside of volcanoes. Florent Brenguier
4-D seismology at volcanoes: Probing the inside of volcanoes Florent Brenguier INTRODUCTION The origin of volcanic activity Volcanoes are clustered in active tectonic regions Large historical eruptions
Forecasting volcanic eruptions and other material failure phenomena: An evaluation of the failure forecast method
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 38,, doi:10.1029/2011gl048155, 2011 Forecasting volcanic eruptions and other material failure phenomena: An evaluation of the failure forecast method Andrew F. Bell,
1 Introduction. 1.1 Aims. 1.2 Rock fractures
1 Introduction 1.1 Aims Rock fractures occur in a variety of geological processes and range in size from plate boundaries at the scale of hundreds of kilometres to microcracks in crystals at the scale
Rheology III. Ideal materials Laboratory tests Power-law creep The strength of the lithosphere The role of micromechanical defects in power-law creep
Rheology III Ideal materials Laboratory tests Power-law creep The strength of the lithosphere The role of micromechanical defects in power-law creep Ideal materials fall into one of the following categories:
Topics: The Layers of the Earth and its Formation Sources of Heat Volcanos and Earthquakes Rock Cycle Rock Types Carbon Tax
Topics: The Layers of the Earth and its Formation Sources of Heat Volcanos and Earthquakes Rock Cycle Rock Types Carbon Tax Essay Question on Carbon Tax 1. Drilling 2. Volcanic Activity 3. Laboratory experiments
GEOS 606 Physical Volcanology GEOS 606 CRN credits
GEOS 606 Physical Volcanology GEOS 606 CRN 74060 3 credits September 1th December 17 th, 2011 Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays MWF 10:30-11:30 Irving 208 and Elvey 101 Dr. Jonathan Dehn office: WRRB 108G,
Introduction to Volcanic Seismology
Introduction to Volcanic Seismology Second edition Vyacheslav M. Zobin Observatorio Vulcanolo'gico, Universidad de Colima, Colima, Col., Mexico ELSEVIER AMSTERDAM BOSTON HEIDELBERG LONDON * NEW YORK OXFORD
Physics and Chemistry of the Earth and Terrestrial Planets
MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu 12.002 Physics and Chemistry of the Earth and Terrestrial Planets Fall 2008 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms.
Volcanic Eruptions: Cyclicity During Lava Dome Growth
Volcanic Eruptions: Cyclicity During Lava Dome Growth Oleg Melnik a,b, R. Stephen J. Sparks b, Antonio Costa b,c, Alexei A. Barmin a a Institute of Mechanics, Moscow State University, Russia b Earth Science
GEOL1 Physical Geology Laboratory Manual College of the Redwoods Lesson Five: Volcanoes Background Reading: Volcanoes Volcanic Terms: Silca:
Name: Date: GEOL1 Physical Geology Laboratory Manual College of the Redwoods Lesson Five: Volcanoes Background Reading: Volcanoes Volcanic Terms: Silca: SiO 2 silicon dioxide. This is quartz when it crystallizes.
Final Report on EQC Grant for project: Porosity and Permeability variations in volcanic conduits
Final Report on EQC Grant for project: Porosity and Permeability variations in volcanic conduits Paul Ashwell, PhD candidate, University of Canterbury Collaborators: Dr. Ben Kennedy & Prof. Jim Cole 1
Subaerial Felsic Lava Flows and Domes
Subaerial Felsic Lava Flows and Domes Occurrence Alone or in linear and arcuate chains up to 20 km long Margins of calderas or volcanic depressions. Feeder occupies synvolcanic fault (ring fracture). Extrusion
GSA Data Repository
GSA Data Repository 2014300 Permeability reduction of fractured rhyolite in volcanic conduits and its control on eruption cyclicity Satoshi Okumura & Osamu Sasaki Typical Displacement During Compression
Part A GEOLOGY 12 CHAPTER 4 WORKSHEET VOLCANOES. Name
GEOLOGY 12 CHAPTER 4 WORKSHEET VOLCANOES Name Part A 1. The rough, jumbled blocky or jagged surface of a lava flow is called a. pahoehoe b. lahar c. aa d. phreatic 2. The Cascade volcanoes like Mt. St.
WHAT IS A MAGMA. Magma is a mixture of molten rock, volatiles and solids that is found beneath the surface of the Earth.
UNIT - 8 VOLCANOES WHAT IS A MAGMA Magma is a mixture of molten rock, volatiles and solids that is found beneath the surface of the Earth. In some instances, it solidifies within the crust to form plutonic
Engineering Geology ECIV 2204
Engineering Geology ECIV 2204 2017-2016 Chapter (4) Volcanoes Chapter 4: Volcanoes and Other Igneous Activity cataclysmic relating to or denoting a violent natural even Eventually the entire
Foundations of Earth Science, 6e Lutgens, Tarbuck, & Tasa
Foundations of Earth Science, 6e Lutgens, Tarbuck, & Tasa Fires Within: Igneous Activity Foundations, 6e - Chapter 7 Stan Hatfield Southwestern Illinois College The nature of volcanic eruptions Characteristics
Chapter Introduction Lesson 1 Earthquakes Lesson 2 Volcanoes Chapter Wrap-Up
Chapter Introduction Lesson 1 Earthquakes Lesson 2 Volcanoes Chapter Wrap-Up What causes earthquakes and volcanic eruptions? What do you think? Before you begin, decide if you agree or disagree with each
Geomorphology Final Exam Study Guide
Geomorphology Final Exam Study Guide Geologic Structures STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY concerned with shapes, arrangement, interrelationships of bedrock units & endogenic (within) forces that cause them. Tectonic
Physical Geology, 15/e
Lecture Outlines Physical Geology, 15/e Plummer, Carlson & Hammersley Copyright McGraw-Hill Education, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Volcanism and Extrusive Rocks Physical Geology
How mountains are made. We will talk about valleys (erosion and weathering later)
How mountains are made We will talk about valleys (erosion and weathering later) http://www.ilike2learn.com/ilike2learn/mountainmaps/mountainranges.html Continent-continent plate convergence Less dense,
Lecture 6 - Igneous Rocks and Volcanoes
Lecture 6 - Igneous Rocks and Volcanoes Learning objectives Understand and be able to predict where and why magma will be forming at different tectonic settings Understand the factors controlling magma
Dynamic analysis. 1. Force and stress
Dynamic analysis 1. Force and stress Dynamics is the part of structural geology that involves energy, force, stress, and strength. It's very important to distinguish dynamic concepts from kinematic ones.
Imagine the first rock and the cycles that it has been through.
A rock is a naturally formed, consolidated material usually composed of grains of one or more minerals The rock cycle shows how one type of rocky material gets transformed into another The Rock Cycle Representation
Igneous Rocks. Magma molten rock material consisting of liquid rock and crystals. A variety exists, but here are the end members:
Igneous Rocks Magma molten rock material consisting of liquid rock and crystals. A variety exists, but here are the end members: Types of Magma Basaltic, Basic or Mafic very hot (900-1200 C) very fluid
Earth and Planetary Science Letters
Earth and Planetary Science Letters 279 (2009) 185 196 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Earth and Planetary Science Letters journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/epsl Dynamics of magma flow
Layers of the Earth Date: SWABT: Identify and describe the layers of the Earth and their characteristics
Layers of the Earth SWABT: Identify and describe the layers of the Earth and their characteristics CRUST Composition: Thickness: State of Matter: : Mostly Basalt : Mostly Granite : Crust and Upper Mantle
Engineering Geology. Igneous rocks. Hussien Al - deeky
Igneous rocks Hussien Al - deeky 1 The Geology Definition of Rocks In Geology Rock is defined as the solid material forming the outer rocky shell or crust of the earth. There are three major groups of
This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and
This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution
Charles Young Drive East, 3806 Geology Building, Los Angeles, CA , Ph: (310) , Fax: (310)
Volcanic Hybrid Earthquakes that are Brittle-Failure Events Rebecca M. Harrington 1 and Emily E. Brodsky 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of California, Los
Chapter 4 Earthquakes and Tsunamis
Geology of the Hawaiian Islands Class 21 30 March 2004 100 100 100 96 A B C D F Exam Scores 95 94 94 90 85 83 83 83 Mean 72 67 61 59 59 55 54 41 Mean = 78.5 Median = 83 Any Questions? Chapter 4 Earthquakes
Chapter 4 Earthquakes and Tsunamis. Geology of the Hawaiian Islands. Any Questions? Class March Mean = 78.
Geology of the Hawaiian Islands Class 21 30 March 2004 Any Questions? 100 100 100 96 A B C D F Exam Scores 95 94 94 90 85 83 83 83 Mean 72 67 61 59 59 55 54 41 Mean = 78.5 Median = 83 Chapter 4 Earthquakes
GEOLOGY MEDIA SUITE Chapter 12
UNDERSTANDING EARTH, SIXTH EDITION GROTZINGER JORDAN GEOLOGY MEDIA SUITE Chapter 12 Volcanoes 2010 W.H. Freeman and Company Plate tectonics explains the global pattern of volcanism. Key Figure 12.20 (page
Name Class Date. Study Guide for 7 th Grade Final Exam (Semester One)
Name Class Date Study Guide for 7 th Grade Final Exam (Semester One) 1. What are the steps of the scientific method? Define the problem or question Form a hypothesis (MUST BE TESTABLE) o (identify variables)
Influence of conduit flow mechanics on magma rheology and the growth style of lava domes
Influence of conduit flow mechanics on magma rheology and the growth style of lava domes Taha Husain, Derek Elsworth Energy and Mineral Engineering, G3 Center and EMS Energy Institute, The Pennsylvania
Physical Geography. Tectonics, Earthquakes, and Volcanism. Chapter 12 GEOGRAPHY Earthquakes and Volcanoes. What are Earthquakes?
Physical Geography GEOGRAPHY 1710 DAVID R. SALLEE Tectonics, Earthquakes, and Chapter 12 Earthquakes and Volcanoes Earthquakes? The shaking or trembling caused by the sudden release of energy Usually associated
What allows seismic events to grow big?: Insights from fault roughness and b-value analysis in stick-slip experiments
What allows seismic events to grow big?: Insights from fault roughness and b-value analysis in stick-slip experiments T. H. W. Goebel 1, G. Kwiatek 2, T. W. Becker 3, G. Dresen 2, E.E. Brodsky 1 1 UC Santa
Volcanic Eruptions and Hydrovolcanism
Find the Face Volcanic Eruptions and Hydrovolcanism Ocean Ridges Continental Rifts Subduction Zones: Continental Oceanic Back Arc Basins Hot Spots Plumes Cinder Cones Composite Volcanoes Shield VolcanoesCinder
UGRC 144 Science and Technology in Our Lives/Geohazards
UGRC 144 Science and Technology in Our Lives/Geohazards Session 5 Magma and Volcanism Lecturer: Dr. Patrick Asamoah Sakyi Department of Earth Science, UG Contact Information: pasakyi@ug.edu.gh College
Brittle Deformation. Earth Structure (2 nd Edition), 2004 W.W. Norton & Co, New York Slide show by Ben van der Pluijm
Lecture 6 Brittle Deformation Earth Structure (2 nd Edition), 2004 W.W. Norton & Co, New York Slide show by Ben van der Pluijm WW Norton, unless noted otherwise Brittle deformation EarthStructure (2 nd
Prentice Hall EARTH SCIENCE
Prentice Hall EARTH SCIENCE Tarbuck Lutgens Chapter 10 Volcanoes and Other Igneous Activity 10.1 The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions Factors Affecting Eruptions Factors that determine the violence of an eruption
Topics. Magma Ascent and Emplacement. Magma Generation. Magma Rise. Energy Sources. Instabilities. How does magma ascend? How do dikes form?
Magma Ascent and Emplacement Reading: Encyclopedia of Volcanoes: Physical Properties of Magmas (pp. 171-190) Magma Chambers (pp. 191-206) Plumbing Systems (pp. 219-236) Magma ascent at shallow levels (pp.237-249)
How to Build a Mountain and other Geologic Structures. But first, questions
How to Build a Mountain and other Geologic Structures But first, questions Questions your students might ask How were Montana s mountains formed? How old are the mountains? What are the different ways
When you are standing on a flat surface, what is the normal stress you exert on the ground? What is the shear stress?
When you are standing on a flat surface, what is the normal stress you exert on the ground? What is the shear stress? How could you exert a non-zero shear stress on the ground? Hydrostatic Pressure (fluids)
Lecture 3 Rocks and the Rock Cycle Dr. Shwan Omar
Rocks A naturally occurring aggregate of one or more minerals (e.g., granite), or a body of non-crystalline material (e.g., obsidian glass), or of solid organic material (e.g., coal). Rock Cycle A sequence
Igneous Rock Notes. Page #:
Page #: Igneous Rock Notes Magma and lava form very different types of igneous rocks. Igneous rocks form from molten rock, but where does molten rock come from? The temperature inside Earth with depth.
Erupted and killed approximately 15,000 people 200 years ago
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Introduction to Environmental Geology, 5e Chapter 8 Volcanic Activity Volcanoes: summary in haiku form A volcano forms. Magma comes to the surface - explodes, if felsic. Case History: Mt.
A R O U N D W E G O COLOR CODE THE PATHWAY TO IGNEOUS ROCKS!
COLOR CODE THE PATHWAY TO IGNEOUS ROCKS! A R O U N D W E G O VOCABULARY FOR IGNEOUS ROCKS IGNEOUS ORIGINS volcanoes active volcano dormant volcano magma plutonic rocks intrusives lava volcanic rocks extrusives
CHARACTERIZING DEVELOPMENT OF CHANNELIZED LAVA FLOWS AT KRAFLA VOLCANO, ICELAND
Published by Keck Geology Consortium Short Contributions 29th Annual Symposium Volume 23rd April, 2016 ISBN: 1528-7491 CHARACTERIZING DEVELOPMENT OF CHANNELIZED LAVA FLOWS AT KRAFLA VOLCANO, ICELAND ESME
Magma Formation and Behavior
Magma Formation and Behavior Introduction: The study of body waves as they pass through Earth's interior provides strong evidence that the Earth's mantle is composed almost entirely of solid ultramafic
The role of bubble formation in volcanic eruption
The role of bubble formation in volcanic eruption Eyal Goldmann Division of Natural Sciences, El Camino College, Torrance, CA, 90506 Prepared for Geology 1 at El Camino College Fall 2009 1 1. Introduction
Heidy Mader, Michael Burton, Margherita Polacci. A combined physico-chemical model for passive degassing from Stromboli volcano.
Heidy Mader, Michael Burton, Margherita Polacci A combined physico-chemical model for passive degassing from Stromboli volcano. 2 Degassing at Stromboli Degassing from basaltic volcanoes is the most common
Mt St Helens was know to have entered into active periods that lasted from years once every years over the last 500 years, (Figure 5).
Lecture #8 notes; Geology 3950, Spring 2006; CR Stern May 1980 eruption of Mt St Helens volcano (text pages 183-192 in the 4 th edition and 206-222 in the 5 th edition) Mt St Helens in southwest Washington
Volcanology. The study of volcanoes
Volcanology The study of volcanoes Magma forms wherever temperature and pressure are high enough to melt rock. Some magma forms at the aesthenosphere Magma also forms at plate boundaries, where intense
Dike induced Faults. Thomas Heinig. TU Bergakademie Freiberg, B. v. Cotta-Straße 2
Dike induced Faults Thomas Heinig TU Bergakademie Freiberg, B. v. Cotta-Straße 2 Abstract. The preferred region of dike induced faults can be found in rifts. They develop because of the extensional forces
The Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting
The Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting Christopher H. Scholz Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory and Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University 2nd edition CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY
Material is perfectly elastic until it undergoes brittle fracture when applied stress reaches σ f
Material is perfectly elastic until it undergoes brittle fracture when applied stress reaches σ f Material undergoes plastic deformation when stress exceeds yield stress σ 0 Permanent strain results from
Deformation of Rocks. Orientation of Deformed Rocks
Deformation of Rocks Folds and faults are geologic structures caused by deformation. Structural geology is the study of the deformation of rocks and its effects. Fig. 7.1 Orientation of Deformed Rocks
From Punchbowl to Panum: Long Valley Volcanism and the Mono-Inyo Crater Chain
From Punchbowl to Panum: Leslie Schaffer E105 2002 Final Paper Long Valley Volcanism and the Mono-Inyo Crater Chain Figure 1. After a sequence of earthquakes during the late 1970 s to the early 1980 s
INSIGHTS INTO EARTHQUAKE RUPTURE AND RECOVERY FROM STUDIES OF PALEOSEISMIC FAULTS CHRISTIE ROWE, MCGILL UNIVERSITY
INSIGHTS INTO EARTHQUAKE RUPTURE AND RECOVERY FROM STUDIES OF PALEOSEISMIC FAULTS CHRISTIE ROWE, MCGILL UNIVERSITY DEFINITION OF AN EARTHQUAKE 1.Fast fault slip (~1 m/s) generates heat 2.Slip propagates
Volcanoes. Environmental Geology, Mr. Paul Lowrey Stacey Singleton, Cassandra Combs, Dwight Stephenson, Matt Smithyman
Volcanoes Environmental Geology, Mr. Paul Lowrey Stacey Singleton, Cassandra Combs, Dwight Stephenson, Matt Smithyman EMPACTS Project, Spring 2017 Northwest Arkansas Community College, Bentonville, AR
Critical Thinking 1. Contrast How could you tell the difference between a mafic rock and a felsic rock by looking at them?
CHAPTER 13 2 SECTION Volcanoes Volcanic Eruptions KEY IDEAS As you read this section, keep these questions in mind: How does the composition of magma affect volcanic eruptions and lava flow? What are the
Images from: Boston.com
Images from: Boston.com Ireland in the shadow of a volcano: Understanding the 2010 eruption at Eyjafjallajökull, Iceland. Chris Bean, School of Geological Sciences, UCD. World Quakes and Volcanoes 1960-2010
Geology 101. Reading Guide for Chapters 1, 4, and 5
Geology 101 Name Reading Guide for Chapters 1, 4, and 5 The purpose of the Reading Guides is to help you sort out the most important ideas in the text. I recommend answering the questions as you read the
How to Build a Mountain and other Geologic Structures. But first a short review
How to Build a Mountain and other Geologic Structures But first a short review Where do we see deep earthquakes? What is happening there? What can happen at a plate boundary? 1. Plates can move apart
How Do We Estimate Magma Viscosity?
SSAC-pv007.QE5.CC.7 How Do We Estimate Magma Viscosity? How does the viscosity of a silicate magma vary with temperature, water content, and crystal content? Using a best-fit regression model to estimate
Plate Tectonics. entirely rock both and rock
Plate Tectonics I. Tectonics A. Tectonic Forces are forces generated from within Earth causing rock to become. B. 1. The study of the origin and arrangement of Earth surface including mountain belts, continents,
LECTURE #11: Volcanoes: Monitoring & Mitigation
GEOL 0820 Ramsey Natural Disasters Spring, 2018 LECTURE #11: Volcanoes: Monitoring & Mitigation Date: 15 February 2018 I. What is volcanic monitoring? the continuous collection of one or more data sources
PUBLICATIONS. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. Permeability of compacting porous lavas RESEARCH ARTICLE 10.
PUBLICATIONS Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth RESEARCH ARTICLE P. A. Ashwell and J. E., Kendrick contributed equally. Key Points: Porous lavas compact by pore wall failure and viscous flow
Calc-alkaline Volcanic Rocks. Calc-alkali Volcanics. Fabric. Petrography. Compositional Classification. Petrography. Processes.
Calc-alkaline Volcanic Rocks Calc-alkali Volcanics Winter Chapters 16 & 17 Petrography Processes Field relations Volcanic arcs Petrogenesis Petrography Fabric Classification Alteration Fabric Aphanitic
L wave Lahar Lava Magma
Very large collapsed volcanic crater, often containing a lake eg. Lake Taupo The process which provides the force to move the tectonic plates Innermost part of the Earth, made of a liquid outer core and
MIGRATING SWARMS OF BRITTLE-FAILURE EARTHQUAKES IN THE LOWER CRUST BENEATH MAMMOTH MOUNTAIN, CALIFORNIA
MIGRATING SWARMS OF BRITTLE-FAILURE EARTHQUAKES IN THE LOWER CRUST BENEATH MAMMOTH MOUNTAIN, CALIFORNIA David Shelly and David Hill GRL, October 2011 Contents Tectonic Setting Long Valley Caldera Mammoth
Section Forces Within Earth. 8 th Grade Earth & Space Science - Class Notes
Section 19.1 - Forces Within Earth 8 th Grade Earth & Space Science - Class Notes Stress and Strain Stress - is the total force acting on crustal rocks per unit of area (cause) Strain deformation of materials
LECTURE #11: Volcanic Disasters: Lava Properties & Eruption Types
GEOL 0820 Ramsey Natural Disasters Spring, 2018 LECTURE #11: Volcanic Disasters: Lava Properties & Eruption Types Date: 13 February 2018 I. Exam I grades are posted on the class website (link at the bottom
UNIT SIX: Earth s Structure. Chapter 18 Earth s History and Rocks Chapter 19 Changing Earth Chapter 20 Earthquakes and Volcanoes
UNIT SIX: Earth s Structure Chapter 18 Earth s History and Rocks Chapter 19 Changing Earth Chapter 20 Earthquakes and Volcanoes Chapter Twenty: Earthquakes and Volcanoes 20.1 Earthquakes 20.2 Volcanoes
1. minerals - A naturally occurring substance that takes a solid Crystal form and is made of only a single (one) type of compound
Science Name: Mr. G/Mrs. Kelly KEY Date: Study Guide - Lessons 5 and 6 Test Define the following terms: 1. minerals - A naturally occurring substance that takes a solid Crystal form and is made of only
Section 10.1 The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions This section discusses volcanic eruptions, types of volcanoes, and other volcanic landforms.
Chapter 10 Section 10.1 The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions This section discusses volcanic eruptions, types of volcanoes, and other volcanic landforms. Reading Strategy Previewing Before you read the section,
Igneous and Metamorphic Rock Forming Minerals. Department of Geology Mr. Victor Tibane SGM 210_2013
Igneous and Metamorphic Rock Forming Minerals Department of Geology Mr. Victor Tibane 1 SGM 210_2013 Intrusive and Effusive Rocks Effusive rocks: rapid cooling small crystalls or glas Lava & ash Magmatic
EARTH SCIENCE KESSEL
EARTH SCIENCE KESSEL Bell Ringer List everything you KNOW about a volcano (at least 3 things). Then list everything you WANT to know about volcanoes (at least 2 things). Bell Ringer What evidence might
Volcano - A Volcano is an opening in the Earth s surface through which molten material or volcanic gases are erupted.
What is a Volcano? Volcano - A Volcano is an opening in the Earth s surface through which molten material or volcanic gases are erupted. A volcano can either be a classic volcanic cone.. Mt. St. Helens,
The Frictional Regime
The Frictional Regime Processes in Structural Geology & Tectonics Ben van der Pluijm WW Norton+Authors, unless noted otherwise 1/25/2016 10:08 AM We Discuss The Frictional Regime Processes of Brittle Deformation
Earthquakes and Seismotectonics Chapter 5
Earthquakes and Seismotectonics Chapter 5 What Creates Earthquakes? The term Earthquake is ambiguous: Applies to general shaking of the ground and to the source of the shaking We will talk about both,
When Mount St. Helens erupted, trapped gases caused the north side of the mountain to explode. Volcanic ash was ejected high into the atmosphere.
When Mount St. Helens erupted, trapped gases caused the north side of the mountain to explode. Volcanic ash was ejected high into the atmosphere. A volcano is a mountain that forms when magma reaches the
CHAPTER ROCK WERE FORMED
HOW CHAPTER 3 ROCK WERE FORMED 1 I. Modern geology- 1795 A. James Hutton- 1. uniformitarianism- "the present is the key to the past" a. b. the geologic processes now at work were also active in the past
Lab 3: Igneous Rocks
Lab 3: Igneous Rocks The Geology in YOUR life initiative Mount Shinmoedake erupts in Japan (Jan 26, 2010) Volcanic smoke rises from Mount Shinmoedake on 1 February, 2011. Smoke rises from Mount Shinmoedake
A bowl shaped depression formed by the collapse of a volcano is called a. Magma that has left the vent of a volcano is known as. Lava.
Magma that has left the vent of a volcano is known as Lava A bowl shaped depression formed by the collapse of a volcano is called a Caldera This can form in a caldera when magma starts to come back up