Advanced Workshop on Evaluating, Monitoring and Communicating Volcanic and Seismic Hazards in East Africa.
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1 Advanced Workshop on Evaluating, Monitoring and Communicating Volcanic and Seismic Hazards in East Africa August 2009 Seismic monitoring on volcanoes in a multi-disciplinary context Jürgen Neuberg University of Leeds U.K.
2 Seismology at different time scales in the context of volcanic processes Jurgen Neuberg & Diana Roman, Lindsey Collier, David Green, Paddy Smith, and MVO staff Institute of Geophysics & Tectonics School of Earth & Environment The University of Leeds
3 Part I (i) Case study Montserrat (ii) Volcano tectonic earthquakes (VTs) (iii) Very-long-period earthquakes (VLPs) (iv) Long-period earthquakes (LPs)
4 Montserrat
5 Photo : R Herd, MVO
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12 Estimation of dome volume Pause Pause Pause
13 VTs Volcano-tectonic earthquakes: usual earthquakes in a volcanic setting
14 Volcano tectonic events: Indicator of magma ascent not mapping of magma reservoir Changes in stress field: -- temperature -- ascending magma (Aspinall et al, 1998)
15 Indicators of magma ascent: Volcano tectonic events indicate stress changes due to Regional Stress magma ascent VT seismicity Dyke Orientation Superimposed Stress σ1 P P σ1
16 Local stress field rotation at Montserrat (Roman, Neuberg and Luckett, 2006)
17 Dyke perpendicular to regional stress, below epicentres, can explain seismic data z
18 VLPs Very long period earthquakes: Transients implying mass movement
19 Each instrument is a filter Seismometer: - differentiation - bandpass limitation
20 March 3 rd event: NW Buttress (Photos courtesy MVO)
21 March 3rd 2004
22 Multi-parameter data set: velocity - Onset of seismic trace - Explosion signal on seismics & infrasound apparent displacement - Onset of plume forming ash venting pressure:1-5hz 5-20Hz
23 Seismic frequency spectrum Transfer function cuts through long period signal
24 Broadband Seismometer Ground Displacement Differentiator Bandpass Filter Velocity Seismogram Spike Ramp Time [s] Time [s]
25 Fit two stations, use ratio of displacement for ground deformation modelling St George s Hill Lee s Yard
26 Models for seismicity & deformation Modelling parameters: Lee's Yard cylinder and sphere at different depths & topography 3D detail - cut out to see tilt source (vertically exaggerated x 3) Best fitting model: collapsing gas pocket at 500m below dome (Green & Neuberg, 2006)
27 LPs Low frequency/long period earthquakes: involvement of a fluid phase
28 Low-frequency events Characteristics: - Occur in swarms of similar waveforms - Precede volcanic events - Correlated with ground deformation & tilt - P onset & low frequency coda
29 Low-frequency events Characteristics: - Occur in swarms of similar waveforms - Precede volcanic events - Correlated with ground deformation & tilt - P onset & low frequency coda
30 Low-frequency events reference
31 Low-frequency events reference Dome collapse July 12, 2003
32 Example dome collapse 13 July, 2003 Dome collapse July 2003 Digital data sets replace observation books Data acquisition
33 Low-frequency events Characteristics: Dome collapse - Occur in swarms of similar waveforms - Precede volcanic events - Correlated with ground deformation & tilt - P onset & low frequency coda Tilt
34 Low-frequency events Characteristics: - Occur in swarms of similar waveforms - Precede volcanic events - Correlated with ground deformation & tilt - P onset & low frequency coda --30m--
35 Low-frequency events Characteristics: - Occur in swarms of similar waveforms - Precede volcanic events - Correlated with ground deformation & tilt - P onset & low frequency coda
36 Clear resonance modes or harmonic overtones Interaction with the free surface
37 Principle model: "Fluid-filled container embedded in solid medium" crack m dyke m 30 m m 1 cm 100 m 10 m conduit Ferrazzini & Aki, 1987 cylinder Chouet 1986, 1996, Chouet et al 1994, Kumagai et al 2002, Molina et al 2004 Neuberg et al 2000 Jousset et al 2004
38 Principle model: "Fluid-filled container embedded in solid medium" Pressure perturbation in the fluid Excitation of crack waves, tube waves, interface waves Resonance in container Stiffness factor (Aki 1977) C = L B D μ B Bulk modulus L Length of container, wavelength D Thickness, diameter μ shear modulus of solid Dispersive waves : V phase < V acoustic
39 Part II (i) Moment tensor analysis (ii) Magma modelling (iii) Trigger mechanism (iv) Degassing (v) Dynamic behaviour
40 Moment tensor analysis of volcano seismic events 16 % of the events Particle motions compatible with shallow descending magma
41 Moment tensor analysis of volcano seismic events (MTINVERS, courtesy T. Dahm & D. Roessler) Horizontal crack 90% CLVD Compensated linear vector dipole Ring fault
42 Low-frequency events Characteristics: Conduit filled with melt, gas & crystals Montserrat topography conduit (Jousset et al., 2006) Onset contains information on trigger mechanism
43 The Model: Magma flow modelling: Magma = Melt + Crystals + Gas ρ b η b ρ m η m ρ c χ c ρ g η g ρ = ρ (1 χ χ ) b m g c + ρχ + ρχ g g c c const (~ 2300 kg m -3 ) f(cm, P) (Hess & Dingwell, 1996) const (ρ c =2680 kg m -3 χ c = 30 %) mp/rt const (~1, Pa s) Melt viscosity η m Magma viscosity η b
44 Finite Element modelling of magma flow: Employ: Navier Stokes equation for compressible flow, gas loss permeability, temperature loss & friction, water solubility, viscosity Determine: pressure, density, temperature, viscosity, gas volume %, magma velocity, velocity gradient (= strain rate) Pressure Magma velocity (Collier & Neuberg, 2006)
45 Low-frequency events Trigger mechanism: Shear stress Magma ruptures if. 7 ε μ > 10 Pa at constant depth Conduit resonance where viscosity is low velocity profile (Neuberg et al., 2006)
46 Flow direction 1 mm
47 Montserrat: Ash venting in August 2006 Photo: J. Neuberg
48 Degassing of a conduit: Santiaguito, Guatemala; courtesy Bill Rose
49 Conduit widening from 30m to 50m Corresponding frequency shift
50 30m conduit 50m conduit 50m 30m
51 Evolution of single family over several swarms dt (s) Time interval Mean Peak-to-Peak Amplitude (m/s) x Bin No. (10 events per bin) Amplitude Amplitude Bin Number (10 events per bin) Event rate
52 x 10 5 Meanamplitude per 10min Amplitude Single Swarm :00 03:00 06:00 09:00 June 25th 40 Eventrate per 10min Event rate :00 03:00 06:00 09:00 June 25th
53 Average event rates for several swarms Eventrate per 10min Dome collapse 0 23rd 24th 25th 26th June 1997
54 Inverse event rate for several consecutive swarms behaves according to material failure law Note: magma rupture not dome collapse 0.2 Inverse eventrate per 10min Dome collapse (Hammer & Neuberg, 2009) 0 23rd 24th 25th 26th June 1997
55 Models for seismicity & tilt: Modelling parameters: Lee's Yard conduit top & pressure 3D detail - cut out to see tilt source (vertically exaggerated x 3) (Green, Neuberg & Cayol, 2006)
56 Deformation models: P τ Conduit top Tilt: 17 µrad due to pressure 50 MPa 100 MPa Conduit length Tilt Pressure Conduit top Tilt: 17 µrad due to traction 0.5 MPa Tilt Traction Strain rate Magma velocity 1 MPa Conduit length Consider traction not only pressure!!!!! (Green, Neuberg & Cayol, 2006)
57 Observations & Model in summary: No seismicity Gas diffusion 1 Pressure increasing τ Seismicity τ τ Gas loss τ τ No seismicity Magma slowing τ Pressure decreasing Diffusion lags behind Gas diffusion
58 Combining : Magma flow models & Seismic models & Deformation models Link seismicity with magma movement at depth
59 V m/s LP-Seismicity magma flow meter Photo : R Herd, MVO
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