Bonus Exercises (Reading & Grammar)
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- Collin Charles
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1 Bonus Exerises (Reing & Grmmr) تمرین اضافی )درک مطلب و گرامر( BonEx-2 1 of 22 ابوا لحس ن اتج فر Reing Comprehension متن زیر را بخوانید و به چهار پرسش درک مطلب»عمومی «آن پاسخ دهید. پاسخ تمرین 1 تمرین 1: Divergent plte ounries our where two pltes re moving prt from eh other. When pltes rek prt, the lithosphere thins n ruptures to form ivergent plte ounry. In the oeni rust, this proess is lle sefloor spreing, euse the splitting pltes re spreing prt from eh other. On ln, ivergent plte ounries rete rift vlleys eep vlley epressions forme s the ln slowly splits prt. When sefloor spreing ours, mgm, or molten rok mteril, rises to the se floor surfe long the rupture. s the mgm ools, it forms new oeni rust n lithosphere. The new lithosphere is less ense, so it rises, or flots, higher ove oler lithosphere, prouing long sumrine mountin hins known s mi-oen riges. The Mi-tlnti Rige is n unerwter mountin rnge rete t ivergent plte ounry in the mile of the tlnti Oen. It is prt of worlwie system of riges me y sefloor spreing. The Mi-tlnti Rige is urrently spreing t rte of 2.5 m per yer. The mi-oen riges toy re 60,000 km long, forming the lrgest ontinuous mountin hin on erth. Erthqukes, fults, unerwter volni eruptions, n vents, or openings, long the mountin rests proue rugge sefloor fetures, or topogrphy. Divergent ounries on ln use rifting, in whih ro res of ln re uplifte, or move upwr. These uplifts n fulting long the rift result in rift vlleys. Exmples of rift vlleys re foun t the Krfl Volno rift re in Ieln s well s t the Est frin Rift Zone prt of the Gret Rift Vlley tht extens from Syri to Mozmique n out to the Re Se. In these res, volni eruptions n shllow erthqukes re ommon. 1 The most suitle title for this pssge oul e Oeni Crust Divergent Plte Bounries Lithosphere Continentl Drift 3 The min topi of prgrph 3 is rifting the sefloor uplifts shllow erthqukes 2 The seon prgrph primrily isusses plte tetonis sefloor spreing sumrine mountin hins geologil fetures
2 2 of 22 اکنون با توجه به متن هر پاراگراف پرسشهای زیر را پاسخ دهید. پاسخ تمرین 2 تمرین 2: 1 Divergent plte ounries our where two pltes re moving prt from eh other. When pltes rek prt, the lithosphere thins n ruptures to form ivergent plte ounry. In the oeni rust, this proess is lle sefloor spreing, euse the splitting pltes re spreing prt from eh other. On ln, ivergent plte ounries rete rift vlleys eep vlley epressions forme s the ln slowly splits prt. 1 oring to prgrph 1, wht hppens when pltes move wy from eh other? The plte rupture the ounry. onvergent ounry is forme. The oeni rust reples the lithosphere. The lithosphere eomes thinner. 3 The wor epressions in prgrph 1 oul est e reple y holes hills fetures grief 2 Why oes the uthor strt the lst sentene of prgrph 1 with On ln? To mke trnsition to the next prgrph To introue seon type of ivergent ounry To emphsize the signifine of ivergent ounries To highlight the relevne of ivergent ounries to humns
3 3 of 22 2 When sefloor spreing ours, mgm, or molten rok mteril, rises to the se floor surfe long the rupture. s the mgm ools, it forms new oeni rust n lithosphere. The new lithosphere is less ense, so it rises, or flots, higher ove oler lithosphere, prouing long sumrine mountin hins known s mi-oen riges. The Mi-tlnti Rige is n unerwter mountin rnge rete t ivergent plte ounry in the mile of the tlnti Oen. It is prt of worlwie system of riges me y sefloor spreing. The Mi-tlnti Rige is urrently spreing t rte of 2.5 m per yer. The mi-oen riges toy re 60,000 km long, forming the lrgest ontinuous mountin hin on erth. Erthqukes, fults, unerwter volni eruptions, n vents, or openings, long the mountin rests proue rugge sefloor fetures, or topogrphy. 4 The wor mgm in prgrph 2 is losest in mening to rok mteril sefloor spreing lithosphere melte rok 5 The wor it in prgrph 2 refers to lithosphere oeni rust rok mteril mgm 6 Wht n e inferre from prgrph 2? Mi-oen rnges re the longest geologil fetures. The Mi-tlnti Rige is the longest mioen rige. Mountin rnges on ln re smller thn those in the oens. The Mi-tlnti Rige is the fstest growing rige. 7 oring to prgrph 2, ll of the following re true out vents EXCEPT tht they ontriute to rugge sefloors they re our long the mountin rests they le to unsmooth topogrphy they re the results of volni tivity
4 4 of 22 3 Divergent ounries on ln use rifting, in whih ro res of ln re uplifte, or move upwr. These uplifts n fulting long the rift result in rift vlleys. Exmples of rift vlleys re foun t the Krfl Volno rift re in Ieln s well s t the Est frin Rift Zone prt of the Gret Rift Vlley tht extens from Syri to Mozmique n out to the Re Se. In these res, volni eruptions n shllow erthqukes re ommon. 8 Prgrph 3 sttes whih of the following out rift vlleys? They re sumrine phenomen. They n e foun everywhere. They re ln fetures. They re minly lote in the Gret Rift Vlley. 10 oring to prgrph 3, the Gret Rift Vlley inlues the Est frin Rift Zone Ieln is prt of the Gret Rift Vlley Rift vlleys streth from Syri to Mozmique The Re Se is where rift vlleys en 9 Why oes the use the wor Exmples in prgrph 3? To mention the lrgest rift vlley on ln. To ontrst Ieln n the Est frin Zone topogrphies. To show tht there re other instnes of rift vlleys. To support previously me lim.
5 5 of 22 Struture n Written Expression (Grmmr Fous: Prts of Speeh) در هر یک از پرسشهای زیر گزینهای که جمله را به بهترین شکل کامل میکند کدام است پاسخ تمرین 3 تمرین 3: 1 Plte Tetonis is the theory tht the outer shell of the erth is me up of thin, rigi reltive to eh other. moving pltes tht pltes tht move pltes move tht moving tht ple 2 The theory of plte tetonis uring the erly 1960s, n it revolutionize the fiel of geology. formulte ws formulte hs een formulte ws formulting 3 Plte tetonis rose from n erlier y Germn sientist lfre Wegener in proposing whih theory theory whih propose theory propose theory h een propose 4 Looking t the shpes of the ontinents, Wegener foun they fit together like jigsw puzzle. wht tht whih out whih 5 Wegener evelope the theory of ontinentl sttes tht toy s ontinents were one joine together into one lrge lnmss. rift, whih rift tht rift wht tht rifts
6 6 of 22 6 The rust n upper mntle form the lithosphere. wht is lle tht is lle wht lle lle 7 Uner the lithosphere rok lyer lle the sthenosphere. lies flui fluis lie flui lies lies flui 8 The roks in the sthenosphere move in flui mnner the high tempertures n pressures foun there. tht sine euse of euse 9 The thinnest ontinentl rust, etween tht re moving prt, is out 15 km thik. plte pltes the plte pltes n 10 In some ples, suh s mountin rnges, the rust my e s s 75 km (47 mi) thik. muh mny well long 11 Oeni rust is onstntly eing proue t the ottom of the oens in mi-oen riges. ples where re lle ples where lle ples lle where ples re lle
7 7 of Oeni rust etween 5 n 10 km (etween 3 n 6 mi) thik. verges verging verge whih verge 13 Oeni rust is ompose of top lyer of seiment, mile lyer of rok lle slt, of rok lle gro. whih ottom lyer n ottom lyer of whih ottom lyer of rok the ottom lyer 14 The Coos plte is 2000 km wie, the Pifi plte is the lrgest plte t nerly 14,000 km wie. while when espite however 15 Geologists isovere solute plte motion hins of extint sumrine volnoes. they foun wht tht they foun wht they foun when they foun
8 8 of 22 در هریک از جملههای زیر بخش زیرخطدار نادرست را مشخص کنید. پاسخ تمرین 4 تمرین 4: 16 Sientists hve suessfully use the theory of plte tetonis to explin mny geologil events, suh s erthqukes n volni eruptions s well s mountin uiling n the formtion of the oens n ontinent. 17 Geologist of the 1950s n 1960s foun eviene supporting the ie of tetoni pltes n their movement. 18 Tetoni pltes re me of either oeni or ontinentl rust n the very top prt of the mntle, lyer of rok insie the erth. 19 Tetoni pltes re le to flot upon the flui sthenosphere euse of they re me of rigi lithosphere. 20 By 1968 sientists integrte most geologi tivities into theory lle the New Glol Tetonis, or more ommon, Plte Tetonis. 21 The erth s soli surfe is out 40 perentge ontinentl rust. 22 Geologists pplie Wegener s theory to vrious spet of the hnging erth n use this eviene to onfirm ontinentl rift. 23 Continentl rust is muh oler, thik n less ense thn oeni rust. 24 Ner the surfe, the rust is ompose of rok tht re felsi (me up of minerls inluing felspr n sili). 25 Oeni rust is, in generl, thin n ensity. 26 The proution of rust o not inrese the physil size of the erth, so the mteril proue t mi-oen riges must e reyle, or onsume, somewhere else.
9 9 of Geologists elieve the mteril is reyle k into the erth in res lle suution zones, when one plte sinks unerneth nother n the rust of the sinking plte melts k own into the erth. 28 Deep in the ontinentl rust, the omposition is mfi (me of mgnesium, iron, n other minerl). 29 Oeni rust mkes up nother 60 perent of the erth s soli surfe. 30 Oeni rust is ontinully reyle so tht its ge is generlly not greter thn 200 millions of yers. 31 Either slt or gro re rk-olore igneous, or volni, roks. 32 Currently, there re seven lrge n severl smll plte. 33 The lrgest plte inlue the Pifi plte, the North merin plte, the Eursin plte, the ntrti plte, n the frin plte. 34 Plte sizes vrious gret el. 35 Geologists stuy how tetoni pltes move reltive to fixe spot in the erth s mntle n how they move reltive to eh others. 36 hin of e volnoes form s plte moves over plume, soure of mgm, or molten rok, eep within the mntle. 37 The plumes sty in one spot, n eh one whih retes hot spot in the plte ove the plume. 38 The hot spots whih form into volno on the surfe of the erth. 39 tive volno inites hot spot s well s the youngest region of volni hin.
10 10 of s plte moves, new volno forms in the plte over the ple where hot spot ours.
11 11 of 22 تمرین 4 تمرین 3 تمرین 2 تمرین 1 پاسخ تمرین 1: Divergent plte ounries our where two pltes re moving prt from eh other. When pltes rek prt, the lithosphere thins n ruptures to form ivergent plte ounry. In the oeni rust, this proess is lle sefloor spreing, euse the splitting pltes re spreing prt from eh other. On ln, ivergent plte ounries rete rift vlleys eep vlley epressions forme s the ln slowly splits prt. When sefloor spreing ours, mgm, or molten rok mteril, rises to the se floor surfe long the rupture. s the mgm ools, it forms new oeni rust n lithosphere. The new lithosphere is less ense, so it rises, or flots, higher ove oler lithosphere, prouing long sumrine mountin hins known s mi-oen riges. The Mi-tlnti Rige is n unerwter mountin rnge rete t ivergent plte ounry in the mile of the tlnti Oen. It is prt of worlwie system of riges me y sefloor spreing. The Mi-tlnti Rige is urrently spreing t rte of 2.5 m per yer. The mi-oen riges toy re 60,000 km long, forming the lrgest ontinuous mountin hin on erth. Erthqukes, fults, unerwter volni eruptions, n vents, or openings, long the mountin rests proue rugge sefloor fetures, or topogrphy. Divergent ounries on ln use rifting, in whih ro res of ln re uplifte, or move upwr. These uplifts n fulting long the rift result in rift vlleys. Exmples of rift vlleys re foun t the Krfl Volno rift re in Ieln s well s t the Est frin Rift Zone prt of the Gret Rift Vlley tht extens from Syri to Mozmique n out to the Re Se. In these res, volni eruptions n shllow erthqukes re ommon. 1 The most suitle title for this pssge oul e Oeni Crust Divergent Plte Bounries Lithosphere Continentl Drift 3 The min topi of prgrph 3 is rifting the sefloor uplifts shllow erthqukes 2 The seon prgrph primrily isusses plte tetonis sefloor spreing sumrine mountin hins geologil fetures
12 12 of 22 تمرین 4 تمرین 3 تمرین 2 تمرین 1 پاسخ تمرین 2: 1 Divergent plte ounries our where two pltes re moving prt from eh other. When pltes rek prt, the lithosphere thins n ruptures to form ivergent plte ounry. In the oeni rust, this proess is lle sefloor spreing, euse the splitting pltes re spreing prt from eh other. On ln, ivergent plte ounries rete rift vlleys eep vlley epressions forme s the ln slowly splits prt. 1 oring to prgrph 1, wht hppens when pltes move wy from eh other? The plte rupture the ounry. onvergent ounry is forme. The oeni rust reples the lithosphere. The lithosphere eomes thinner. 3 The wor epressions in prgrph 1 oul est e reple y holes hills fetures grief 2 Why oes the uthor strt the lst sentene of prgrph 1 with On ln? To mke trnsition to the next prgrph To introue seon type of ivergent ounry To emphsize the signifine of ivergent ounries To highlight the relevne of ivergent ounries to humns
13 13 of 22 2 When sefloor spreing ours, mgm, or molten rok mteril, rises to the se floor surfe long the rupture. s the mgm ools, it forms new oeni rust n lithosphere. The new lithosphere is less ense, so it rises, or flots, higher ove oler lithosphere, prouing long sumrine mountin hins known s mi-oen riges. The Mi-tlnti Rige is n unerwter mountin rnge rete t ivergent plte ounry in the mile of the tlnti Oen. It is prt of worlwie system of riges me y sefloor spreing. The Mi-tlnti Rige is urrently spreing t rte of 2.5 m per yer. The mi-oen riges toy re 60,000 km long, forming the lrgest ontinuous mountin hin on erth. Erthqukes, fults, unerwter volni eruptions, n vents, or openings, long the mountin rests proue rugge sefloor fetures, or topogrphy. 4 The wor mgm in prgrph 2 is losest in mening to rok mteril sefloor spreing lithosphere melte rok 5 The wor it in prgrph 2 refers to lithosphere oeni rust rok mteril mgm 6 Wht n e inferre from prgrph 2? Mi-oen rnges re the longest geologil fetures. The Mi-tlnti Rige is the longest mioen rige. Mountin rnges on ln re smller thn those in the oens. The Mi-tlnti Rige is the fstest growing rige. 7 oring to prgrph 2, ll of the following re true out vents EXCEPT tht they ontriute to rugge sefloors they re our long the mountin rests they le to unsmooth topogrphy they re the results of volni tivity
14 14 of 22 3 Divergent ounries on ln use rifting, in whih ro res of ln re uplifte, or move upwr. These uplifts n fulting long the rift result in rift vlleys. Exmples of rift vlleys re foun t the Krfl Volno rift re in Ieln s well s t the Est frin Rift Zone prt of the Gret Rift Vlley tht extens from Syri to Mozmique n out to the Re Se. In these res, volni eruptions n shllow erthqukes re ommon. 8 Prgrph 3 sttes whih of the following out rift vlleys? They re sumrine phenomen. They n e foun everywhere. They re ln fetures. They re minly lote in the Gret Rift Vlley. 10 oring to prgrph 3, the Gret Rift Vlley inlues the Est frin Rift Zone Ieln is prt of the Gret Rift Vlley Rift vlleys streth from Syri to Mozmique The Re Se is where rift vlleys en 9 Why oes the use the wor Exmples in prgrph 3? To mention the lrgest rift vlley on ln. To ontrst Ieln n the Est frin Zone topogrphies. To show tht there re other instnes of rift vlleys. To support previously me lim.
15 15 of 22 تمرین 4 تمرین 3 تمرین 2 تمرین 1 پاسخ تمرین 3: 1 Plte Tetonis is the theory tht the outer shell of the erth is me up of thin, rigi reltive to eh other. moving pltes tht pltes tht move pltes move tht moving tht ple پس از صفت به اسم نیاز داریم. اسم میتواند luse وصفی داشته باشد. 2 The theory of plte tetonis uring the erly 1960s, n it revolutionize the fiel of geology. formulte ws formulte hs een formulte ws formulting formulte در شکل معلوم به مفعول نیاز دارد. چون قید زمان داریم حال کامل )گزینهی ( نادرست است. 3 Plte tetonis rose from n erlier y Germn sientist lfre Wegener in proposing whih theory theory whih propose theory propose theory h een propose پس از حرف تعریف و صفت به اسم نیاز داریم. اسم میتواند luse وصفی و یا شکل reue شدهی آن را به دنبال داشته باشد. Plte tetonis rose from n erlier theory (whih ws) propose y Germn sientist lfre Wegener in Looking t the shpes of the ontinents, Wegener foun they fit together like jigsw puzzle. wht tht whih out whih tht های اسمی فقط luse مشخص شده چیزی کم ندارد. در میان ضمیرهای ربط luse نقشی در luse ندارد. 5 Wegener evelope the theory of ontinentl sttes tht toy s ontinents were one joine together into one lrge lnmss. rift, whih rift tht rift wht tht rifts پس از صفت به اسم نیاز داریم luse وصفی با توجه به معنی باید غیرضروری باشد.
16 16 of 22 6 The rust n upper mntle form the lithosphere. wht is lle tht is lle wht lle lle پس از فعل گذرا به luse اسمی نیاز داریم. tht نمیتواند نهاد luse اسمی و ضمیر ربط آن باشد. 7 Uner the lithosphere rok lyer lle the sthenosphere. lies flui fluis lie flui lies lies flui جمله با قید مکان آغاز میشود. فعل معنی»بودن«یا»جای داشتن«میدهد. پس inversion داریم. نهاد مفرد است. 8 The roks in the sthenosphere move in flui mnner the high tempertures n pressures foun there. tht sine euse of euse بخش مشخص شده یک عبارت اسمی است به حرف اضافه نیاز داریم نه واژهی ربط. 9 The thinnest ontinentl rust, etween tht re moving prt, is out 15 km thik. plte pltes the plte pltes n etween یا با دو اسم میآید یا با یک اسم جمع. She ws sitting etween nne n Julie. She ws sitting etween her friens. 10 In some ples, suh s mountin rnges, the rust my e s s 75 km (47 mi) thik. muh mny well long برای فاصلهها muh به کار میبریم. 11 Oeni rust is onstntly eing proue t the ottom of the oens in mi-oen riges. ples where re lle ples where lle ples lle where ples re lle where قید است نقش نهاد ندارد: پس از آن فعل نمیآید. )گزینههای و نادرستند.( پیش از luse وصفیای که با where آغاز میشود نمیتوان حرف اضافه داشت. )گزینهی نادرست است.(
17 17 of Oeni rust etween 5 n 10 km (etween 3 n 6 mi) thik. verges verging verge whih verge جمله فعل ندارد. verge میتواند نقش فعلی هم داشته باشد. )اینجا کلیک کنید!( 13 Oeni rust is ompose of top lyer of seiment, mile lyer of rok lle slt, of rok lle gro. whih ottom lyer n ottom lyer of whih ottom lyer of rok the ottom lyer حرف اضافه و ساختار موازی ایجاب میکنند یک اسم دیگر داشته باشیم. گزینهی آخر نادرست است چون n ندارد. 14 The Coos plte is 2000 km wie, the Pifi plte is the lrgest plte t nerly 14,000 km wie. while when espite however دو luse داریم بنابراین به واژهی ربط نیاز داریم. 15 Geologists isovere solute plte motion hins of extint sumrine volnoes. they foun wht tht they foun wht they foun when they foun بخش مشخص شده میتواند یک luse قیدی باشد.
18 18 of 22 تمرین 4 تمرین 3 تمرین 2 تمرین 1 پاسخ تمرین 4: 16 Sientists hve suessfully use the theory of plte tetonis to explin mny geologil events, suh s erthqukes n volni eruptions s well s mountin uiling n the formtion of the oens n ontinent. ontinent ontinents اسم قابلشمارش مفرد تنها نمیآید. 17 Geologist of the 1950s n 1960s foun eviene supporting the ie of tetoni pltes n their movement. Geologist Geologists اسم قابلشمارش مفرد تنها نمیآید. 18 Tetoni pltes re me of either oeni or ontinentl rust n the very top prt of the mntle, lyer of rok insie the erth. lyer lyer اسم قابلشمارش مفرد تنها نمیآید. 19 Tetoni pltes re le to flot upon the flui sthenosphere euse of they re me of rigi lithosphere. euse of euse جمله دو luse دارد. به واژهی ربط نیاز داریم. نیز پس از حرف اضافه نمیتوان ضمیر فاعلی داشت. 20 By 1968 sientists integrte most geologi tivities into theory lle the New Glol Tetonis, or more ommon, Plte Tetonis. ommon ommonly برای توصیف فعل به قید نیاز داریم.
19 19 of The erth s soli surfe is out 40 perentge ontinentl rust. perentge perent واژهی perentge همراه شماره نمیآید. We ought 50 perent of the ssets. We ought lrge perentge of the ssets. 22 Geologists pplie Wegener s theory to vrious spet of the hnging erth n use this eviene to onfirm ontinentl rift. spet spets اسم قابلشمارش پس از vrious معموال به شکل جمع میآید. 23 Continentl rust is muh oler, thik n less ense thn oeni rust. thik thiker ساختار موازی و واژهی thn ایجاب میکنند یک صفت»برتر«داشته باشیم. 24 Ner the surfe, the rust is ompose of rok tht re felsi (me up of minerls inluing felspr n sili). rok roks ضمیر tht به اسم پیش از خود اشاره میکند و چون این ضمیر فعل جمع دارد مرجع آن هم باید جمع باشد. 25 Oeni rust is, in generl, thin n ensity. ensity ense ساختار موازی ایجاب میکند یک صفت دیگر داشته باشیم. 26 The proution of rust o not inrese the physil size of the erth, so the mteril proue t mi-oen riges must e reyle, or onsume, somewhere else. o not oes not نهاد مفرد است و با فعل همخوانی ندارد.
20 20 of Geologists elieve the mteril is reyle k into the erth in res lle suution zones, when one plte sinks unerneth nother n the rust of the sinking plte melts k own into the erth. when where ضمیر ربط نادرست مرجع ضمیر مکان است. 28 Deep in the ontinentl rust, the omposition is mfi (me of mgnesium, iron, n other minerl). minerl minerls اسم قابلشمارش مفرد تنها نمیآید. 29 Oeni rust mkes up nother 60 perent of the erth s soli surfe. nother the other اگر عدد زیر 011 بود nother میتوانست درست باشد. 30 Oeni rust is ontinully reyle so tht its ge is generlly not greter thn 200 millions of yers. millions of million شماره جمع بسته نمیشود. 31 Either slt or gro re rk-olore igneous, or volni, roks. Either slt or Both slt n فعل جمع است و با توجه به قاعدهی proximity در مورد واژگان ربط مزدوج either or با نهاد همخوانی ندارد. 32 Currently, there re seven lrge n severl smll plte. plte pltes اسم قابلشمارش پس از severl به صورت جمع میآید.
21 21 of The lrgest plte inlue the Pifi plte, the North merin plte, the Eursin plte, the ntrti plte, n the frin plte. plte pltes نهاد مفرد است و با فعل جمع همخوانی ندارد. 34 Plte sizes vrious gret el. vrious vry جمله فعل ندارد. 35 Geologists stuy how tetoni pltes move reltive to fixe spot in the erth s mntle n how they move reltive to eh others. others other eh همیشه مفرد است. 36 hin of e volnoes form s plte moves over plume, soure of mgm, or molten rok, eep within the mntle. form forms فعل جمع است و با نهاد مفرد همخوانی ندارد. 37 The plumes sty in one spot, n eh one whih retes hot spot in the plte ove the plume. whih retes retes دو luse داریم و واژهی ربط )n( هم داریم. به واژهی ربط دیگری نیاز نداریم. 38 The hot spots whih form into volno on the surfe of the erth. whih form n form جمله یک luse دارد به واژهی ربط نیاز نداریم.
22 22 of tive volno inites hot spot s well s the youngest region of volni hin. tive n tive اسم قابلشمارش مفرد تنها نمیآید. 40 s plte moves, new volno forms in the plte over the ple where hot spot ours. where where the اسم قابلشمارش مفرد تنها نمیآید.
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