viii Contents Mutus Assemblage Mid-Miocene basalts Correlation with Thailand Sibumasu Block The Palaeo-Tet

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1 CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 1 Authors and Contributors 2 Charles S. Hutchison 2 Denis N. K. Tan 2 Lee Chai Peng 2 Mustaffa Kamal Shuib 3 Samsudin Hj Taib 3 John Kuna Raj 3 Wan Hasiah Abdullah 3 Robert B. Tate 3 Nuraiteng Tee Abdullah 4 Azman A Ghani 4 Ng Tham Fatt 4 Geological publications 4 Acknowledgements 4 2 GEOMORPHOLOGY Introduction Topography Mountain ranges Undulating and rolling terrain Karst Granite landforms Core-boulders Drainage Lakes River capture Weathering processes and profiles Granite bedrock Sedimentary bedrock Metamorphic bedrock Laterite Bauxite Mineral stability Coastal plains West Coast East Coast Inland plains and infilled valleys Terraces Denudational chronology Elliptical or circular structures 28 3 REGIONAL GEOLOGICAL SETTING Introduction Dissimilarity from Sarawak The Andaman Sea Correlation with Sumatra Bentong-Raub Suture Structural similarity Stratigraphic similarity Greywacke terrane Quartzite terrane 37

2 viii Contents Mutus Assemblage Mid-Miocene basalts Correlation with Thailand Sibumasu Block The Palaeo-Tethys Suture East Malaya Block Cenozoic intermontane basins Neogene alkaline basalts Tin mineralization in South-East Asia Sea level changes 40 4 BENTONG RAUB SUTURE Introduction Central area Schist Series Chert-argillite sequence Palaeontology and age of the slaty shale Palaeontology and age of the chert Mélange and olistostrome Amphibole schist Serpentinite Bilut Redbeds Genting Sempah enclave in the Main Range Granite East of the Cameron Highlands East West Highway Southern Area Jelebu district Kuala Pilah district Malacca Correlatives along western margin of the Main Range Port Dickson Kajang Schist Dinding Schist Hawthornden Schist Kuala Kubu Baharu and Fraser s Hill area Trolak Formation Chemistry of igneous and metamorphic rocks 53 5 PALAEOZOIC STRATIGRAPHY Introduction Western Belt Central Belt Eastern Belt Palaeozoic formations in the Western Belt Northwest Domain Machinchang Formation Jerai Formation Setul Group Kaki Bukit Limestone (replacing the Lower Setul Limestone) Tanjong Dendang Formation (replacing the Lower Detrital Band) Mempelam Limestone (replacing the Upper Setul Limestone) The Timah Tasoh Formation (replacing the Upper Detrital Member) Lalang Member (lower part of Timah Tasoh Formation) Bukit Raja Member (upper part of Timah Tasoh Formation) 68

3 Contents ix Chepor Formation Langgun Redbeds Hutan Aji Member Transitional nomenclature: Setul Singa Kubang Pasu Formations Singa and Kubang Pasu Formations Chuping Formation South Kedah Palaeozoic Formations North Perak Palaeozoic Formations Kinta Valley Palaeozoic Formations Devonian and older rocks Carboniferous Permian Palaeozoic west of the Kinta Valley Palaeozoic Formations of Selangor and Kuala Lumpur Lower Palaeozoic Kenny Hill Formation Western Belt east of the Main Range Bentong Group Pelong Beds Karak Formation Palaeozoic rocks of the central belt Bera Formation Raub Group Gua Musang Formation Jengka Pass Outcrop Aring Formation Jelebu Schist Kepis Beds Taku Schist Palaeozoic rocks in the eastern belt Kambing Beds Seri Jaya Beds Kuantan Group Sungai Perlis Beds Dohol Formation Linggiu Formation Sedili Volcanics Pinang and Redang Beds Murau Formation Synthesis 86 6 MESOZOIC STRATIGRAPHY Introduction Western Belt Kodiang Limestone Stratigraphy and Sedimentology Depositional Setting Chuping Limestone Semanggol Formation Stratigraphy and Sedimentology Depositional Setting Discussion Saiong Redbeds Nenering Beds Central Belt 102

4 x Contents Gua Musang Formation Stratigraphy and Sedimentology Discussion Semantan Formation Areal Distribution and Correlation Stratigraphy Sedimentology Palaeontology Discussion Post-Semantan Formation redbeds Tembeling Group Koh Formation Bertangga Sandstone Ma Okil Formation Paloh Formation Depositional Setting Eastern Belt Gagau Group Badong Conglomerate Lotong Sandstone Depositional Setting Lesong Sandstone and Ulu Endau Beds Panti Sandstone Tebak Formation Correlation CENOZOIC STRATIGRAPHY Introduction Onshore Tertiary Basins Bukit Arang Basin, Perlis and Kedah Enggor Basin, Central Perak Batu Arang Basin, Selangor Boulder Beds Coal Measures (Batu Arang Beds) Oil Shale Kampong Durian Chondong Basin, northwest Johor Kluang Niyor Basin, central Johor Layang-Layang Basin, south Johor Lawin Basin, North Perak Correlation of the Tertiary Basins Offshore Straits of Malacca Northern Straits (associated with North Sumatra Basin) Northern Graben MSS-XA Graben Southern Straits (associated with Central Sumatra Basin) Central belt Port Klang belt Johor belt Quaternary Boulder Beds Simpang Formation (Old Alluvium) Kempadang Formation Beruas Formation (Young Alluvium) Gula Formation Peat Occurrence Offshore 162

5 Contents xi Present-day Onshore Peat Swamp Distribution Distribution of Quaternary Sediments North Kedah and Perlis South Kedah and Penang North and Central Perak South Perak Kinta Valley Selangor Kuala Lumpur Negeri Sembilan and Malacca West Johor South Johor East Johor Pahang South and Central Terengganu North Terengganu and Kelantan Other Quaternary Deposits Basaltic Flow Rhyolitic Ash Cave Deposits Tectonic Evolution of the Cenozoic Basins Sea Level Changes Pleistocene Holocene MALAY AND PENYU BASINS Introduction Tectonic Development Malay Basin Structural Framework Stratigraphy and Depositional Environments Palaeocene(?) to early Lower Miocene Syn-rift: Late Lower to Late Miocene: Pliocene to Recent: Heat Flow and Geothermal Gradients Abnormal Pressure Penyu Basin Structural Framework Stratigraphy and Depositional Environments Heat Flow and Geothermal gradients Abnormal Pressure VOLCANISM Introduction Geochronology Western belt Genting Sempah Complex Age Petrology Geochemistry Eastern Belt Kelantan and Pahang Southern Peninsula Explosive ignimbritic volcanism in East and Southeast Johor Tioman, Sibu and Tinggi islands. 205

6 xii Contents Teluk Ramunia, Pengerang Endau Rompin Geochemistry Cenozoic Volcanism Kuantan Basalt Segamat Basalt Mafic to intermediate dykes PLUTONISM Introduction Geochronology Main Range Granite Eastern Belt granites Cretaceous granites The Main Range Granite province Field Occurrence Texture Mineralogy Feldspars Biotite Amphibole Muscovite Garnet Tourmaline Others Secondary textured granite Central plutonic province The Benta Alkalic Series Stong Complex Eastern Belt The Perhentian Kecil Syenite Mineralogy Mafic rocks associated with granitic plutons Pemanggil and Aur Islands, Johore Mineralogy of Eastern Belt Granitoids Plagioclase K-Feldspar Amphibole Biotite Others Cretaceous Plutonic rocks Geobarometer studies Enclaves Geochemistry Secondary-textured granites Alkalic series Tectonic setting of the plutonic rocks Conclusions METAMORPHISM Introduction Stong Migmatite Complex Granitoids Granitoid-metamorphic rock relationships Sungai Renyok 235

7 Contents xiii Metamorphic paragenesis Taku Schist Granite Structure Metamorphic paragenesis Age Relation of the Taku Schist and Stong Complex to the overlying rocks Gunung Jerai dome Granite age Metamorphic rocks Metamorphic facies Gunung Ledang aureole Granite age Rock types Mineralogy Relationship of granites to metamorphism Low grade metamorphic rocks Mersing Beds Langkawi Eastern Belt hornfels aureoles Tourmaline-corundum rocks MAJOR FAULTS Introduction Terrane Bounding Faults Bentong-Raub Suture Zone Lebir fault zone Terrane Parallel Faults Kisap Thrust Balau-Murau Fault zone Bukit Keluang and Kapas Faults Terrane-crossing faults NNW SSE and NW SE faults Kuala Lumpur Fault Zone Bukit Tinggi Fault Zone Seremban Fault Zone Bok Bak Fault Zone Ruok Fault Zone Galas Fault Zone Lepar Fault Zone Mersing-Endau Fault Zone North South Fault Zones Terengganu Negeri Sembilan NNE SSW and NE SW Fault Zones The East West Fault Zones Synthesis and timing STRUCTURES AND DEFORMATION Introduction Jurassic Cretaceous basins Deformation of Jurassic Cretaceous strata Transverse Ranges Structural synthesis of Jurassic Cretaceous strata Pre-Jurassic Formations 281

8 xiv Contents Northwest Area Kuala Lumpur to Malacca area Structural synthesis of the Western Belt Central Belt Bentong-Raub Suture Zone Deformation of the Schist Series Deformation of the Serpentinite Deformation of the Chert-argillite sequence Deformation of the olistostromes Redbeds Permian Middle Triassic metasediments and limestone Deformation of Middle to Late Triassic strata Structural synthesis Eastern Belt Southeast and East Johore Terengganu and Pahang Structural synthesis Metamorphism Structural evolution Lower Cambrian Lower to Mid Devonian Pre-Lower Permian Middle Devonian to Permo-Triassic along Bentong-Raub Zone Permo-Triassic in the Bentong-Raub Zone Pre-Middle Triassic Pan-Peninsular Orogeny Upper Triassic to Lower Jurassic Middle to Upper Cretaceous Lower to Middle Eocene TECTONIC EVOLUTION Introduction Palaeo-Latitude Measurements Stratigraphic Distinction Between Sibumasu and Cathaysialand Plants Limestones and volcanic rocks Marine diamictites (pebbly mudstones) Non diamictite-bearing formations Lower Permian Gondwanaland assembly Palaeogeographic Reconstructions of the Drift Pattern The Indosinian Orogeny Tertiary extrusion tectonics and oroclinal bending Palaeomagnetic research on Peninsular rocks Upper Jurassic Lower Cretaceous Upper Triassic Main Range Granite Lower Palaeozoic Setul Limestone Permo-Triassic limestones Regional tectonic implications Global Positioning System (GPS) results Regional Gravity Profiles Kuala Lumpur to Kuantan Northwest peninsula MINERAL DEPOSITS Introduction Recent Mining Developments 331

9 Contents xv 15.2 Regional Distribution of Tin Placer Tin Stratigraphic Relationships Cassiterite grain-size and deposition Eluvial and colluvial placers Alluvial fan placers Residual bottom placers Fluvial allochthonous bottom placers (kaksa) Fluvial above-bottom placers (mintjan) Fluvial cave placers Littoral and marine placer environment Primary Tinfields Mineralogical associations Major faulting in and around the tin fields Relationship between tin deposits and granites Hydrothermal veins and lodes Cornish-type lodes (Sungai Lembing) Veins, stringers and stockworks Skarn (pyrometasomatic) mineralisation Pelepah kanan Stanniferous skarns Stanniferous pegmatites and aplites Iron Deposits Bukit Besi Bukit Ibam Others Volcanic Arc Mineralization Manson s Lode Mengapur Tasek Chini Prospect Others Gold Mineralisation in Quartz Veins Western Gold Belt Central Gold Belt Selinsing (No. 4, Fig ) Kecau Tui (No. 5, Fig ) Penjom (No. 6, Fig ) Tersang (No. 7, Fig ) Raub Bukit Koman (No. 8, Fig ) Kanan Kerbau (Buffalo Reef) (No. 10, Fig ) Gold Belt 3: Base metal-gold Eastern Gold Belt Source of gold Tungsten Deposits Kramat Pulai Others Bauxite Barite Limestone Quarried for Cement Others OIL AND GAS Introduction Acreage Situation Exploration History 368

10 xvi Contents 16.3 Oil and Gas Occurrences and Resources Malay Basin Hydrocarbon Distribution Petroleum Systems Source Rocks Reservoir Rocks Seal Rocks Overburden Rocks Generation, Migration and Accumulation Trap Formation Petroleum Plays and Trap Styles Compressional Anticlines Traps Associated with Normal Faults NE Ramp Margin Plays High Pressure High Temperature (HPHT) Play Fractured Basement Play Fields Dulang Field Guntong Field Seligi Field Semangkok Field Tapis Field Tinggi Field Angsi Field Jerneh Field Sotong Field Penyu Basin Exploration History Hydrocarbon Occurrences Petroleum Systems Source Rocks Reservoir Rocks Seal Rocks Generation, Migration and Accumulation Trap Formation Petroleum Plays and Trap Styles Post-rift Sunda Fold Play Late Syn-rift Basement-Drape Play Fractured Basement Play 405 REFERENCES 407 INDEX 451