Continental Drift! Lecture #5!
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- Poppy Brooks
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1 Continental Drift! Lecture #5!
2 Plate Tectonics!!Rigid outer layer of Earth is broken into ~20 pieces = plates!!! Plates slowly move around the globe!!grand Unifying Theory"! of geology!
3 Earlier Ideas!! Developed in 1960s from:!!! Continental drift!!! Sea-floor spreading!
4 Early Cartographers!!Mercator (1569)!!Abraham Ortelius (1597):!!! The Americas! might have been!!!!! "torn away from Europe and Africa... by earthquakes and floods.... The vestiges of the rupture reveal themselves."!
5 The Power of Deduction!! Ben Franklin (1747)!!! Observed fossil shells near mountaintops, fossil ferns in deep mines!!!!such changes in the superficial parts of the globe seemed to me unlikely to happen, if the earth were solid to the centre. I therefore imagined, that the internal parts might be a fluid more dense than any of the solids we are acquainted with Thus the surface of the globe would be a shell, capable of being broken and disordered by the violent movements of the fluid on which it rested."!
6 !! Earliest known map with SA +AF! Did Continents Move?!! Antonio Snider-Pelligrini (1858)!!! Based on fossils!
7 Alfred Wegener!! Who?!!! German scientist!! When?!!! Early 1900s! P A N G A E A! What?!!! All land was once one continent!!! Moved to present places!!! Wegener had lots of data!
8 Evidence From Fossils!! Found on different continents!!! Could not swim!!! How did they get there??!!with Pangaea, they could stay on land!!
9 Evidence From Climate!! Today, climates ~ latitude:!!! Equator! o! Warm, rainy! o! Coral reefs, rainforests!!! Low latitudes! o! Warm, dry! o! Deserts!!! High latitudes (near poles)! o! Cold, snowy! o! Glaciers!
10 Climatic Zones!
11 Paleoclimates!! Old climates recorded in rocks...!!! Tropical! o! Coral reefs --->! Limestone! o! Rainforests v! Coal!
12 More Paleoclimates!! Low latitudes (20-30 o N/ o S)!!! Deserts! o! Evaporation >! Salt deposits! o! Dunes --->! Sandstone!
13 Still More Paleoclimates!!Polar latitudes (75-90 o N/ o S)!!! Glaciers! o! Erosion >!!!Rocks with scratches!
14 Wegener#s Paleoclimatic Data! coal! limestone! sandstone! salt! Equator!
15 ! This way, it all makes sense!! Pangaea!
16 More Evidence: Matching Rocks!! What matches?!!! Types!!! Ages!!! Deformation! Green ~ 2 Ga, Brown ~ 1 Ga! Mountains ~ 400 Ma!
17 Reaction!! Wegener: evidence overwhelming!! Others:!!! Disbelief!!! Mockery!!! Personal attacks...!
18 Opponents# Opinions"!!"Utter, damned rot!"!!!! -president of American Philosophical Society!! Befogs the minds of students"!! -geologist B. Willis!! Why??!
19 Rejection! 1. Contradicted!conventional wisdom"!!! Continents & oceans are fixed!!! Mountains form through vertical movements! 1852 interpretation of mountains pushing up! o! Wegener said horizontal movements were important, but few people believed him!
20 Another Objection! 2. No reasonable mechanism!!! Wegener: attraction of moon => continents crash through the oceans! (like an icebreaker)!!! This implies that ocean rocks should be deformed, but they are not, so few people believed him!
21 Further Reasons for Rejection! 3. Wegener: worked in Southern Hemisphere!!! NA / EUR geologists didn t know SH rocks, so few people believed him! (They ignored evidence.)! 4. Wegener was not even a geologist, so few people believed him.! (How could he explain to pros??)!
22 Wegener!! At the end of October Wegener! 1930: left Greenland! the central station in atrocious conditions with an!! Inuit Meteorology! sled driver called Rasmus. It was the last time anyone ever saw them alive.!! The Evidence following for summer Wegener#s drift, body from was found NH! sewn into his caribou sleeping bag and!! buried Died there! in ice. It was supposed that he had died of heart failure. His Inuit companion was never found.!!
23 After Wegener!! Little work for next 30 years!! 1950s: new data were obtained!!! Details of sea floor!!! Earthquakes!!! Earth magnetism!
24 Bathymetry!! Def: shape of the ocean floor!!!sonar measures depth!!! Vast, flat plains! (as expected)!!! Oceanic ridges! (unexpected!)! Single-beam echo sounding!
25 Mapping the Atlantic Ocean!! First map published 1954!!! Ridge system winds through all oceans! o!world#s longest mountain range!
26 Another Surprise!! Oceanic trenches: long, narrow troughs! (unexpectedly deep)!
27 Earthquakes!!With improved seismographs, epicenters located!!! more precisely!!! Patterns: EQs occur along ridges and trenches!! Epicenters (1953)!
28 A Second Kind of Layering!! Based on strength of rocks!! Rocks near surface!!! Cool, strong, stiff!!! Lithosphere = crust + upper mantle! o! ~ 100 km thick!
29 Below the Lithosphere!! Rocks at depth!!! Hotter, weaker, softer!!! Asthenosphere = layer that flows!!! Within mantle (under lithosphere)! o! From ~ km in depth!! Plastic vs. brittle deformation!
30 Comparison " Compositional Strength " Layering!!! Layering! Crust! Lith! Mantle! Asthen!
31 Earth Magnetism!!Geophysicists studied! 1.! Magnetic rocks on land! 2.! Magnetic field strength over oceans! o! Details in next lecture!!harry Hess (1962)!!! Combined ideas of continental drift, ocean bathymetry, EQs, magnetism!!!!an essay in geopoetry"!
32 ! Oceanic crust:! Sea-Floor Spreading!!! Forms at undersea mountain ranges!!! Moves laterally away from ridge!!! Sinks down into mantle at trenches!!! Is destroyed! Mechanism for Drift!!
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Video Review. Proof was not enough. Despite these 4 major pieces of evidence, geologists of Wegener's time still did not believe his idea.
Video Review Proof was not enough Despite these 4 major pieces of evidence, geologists of Wegener's time still did not believe his idea. The problem was that while Alfred was able to show evidence that
The Four Layers The Earth is composed of four different layers. The crust is the layer that you live on, and it is the most widely studied and
Earth s Structure The Four Layers The Earth is composed of four different layers. The crust is the layer that you live on, and it is the most widely studied and understood. The mantle is much hotter and